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EN
The author recalls the communist era in the Podhale region and analyses the phenomenon of the titular period as well as its myths and symbols. In a comparison with pre-war Zakopane, he ironically and by keeping a certain distance depicts the pettiness and grotesque traits of the communist resort town.
EN
The article is an attempt to describe the cultural phenomenon of Zakopane in the early 20th century on the basis of Witkacy’s Pożegnanie jesieni [Farewell to Autumn]. In the dynamic and multi-layered plot of his novel Witkacy, emotionally involved but also with his usual sarcastic and critical distance, presents a collection of characters who make up a collective model of a specific group of residents of Zakopane set against the background of a clearly defined mountain space (the action of the novel takes place in Zakopane). The key motifs of the novel correspond to the narcotic Zakopane demonism — a style characteristic of the Zakopane culture at the turn of the centuries and using the legend and creative capital of the Young Poland movement in the Tatras. An important pla­ne bringing together the protagonists’ sentimental sublimations in the novel is music as a universal form of art, using the power of sound, i.e. communication tool available to all sensitive recipients. Two protagonists compose and perform it (Żelisław Smorki and Prince Azalin Prepudrech), others listen to it. Smorski is a pupil of Karol Szymanowski (who lived in Zakopane at the time); the name of the composer recurs several times, which testifies to the author’s intention to make his literary fiction credible. The model of the protagonists’ pianistic interpretation also draws on the virtuoso method of Egon Petri, who in the inter-war period ran his own piano school in Zakopane.
EN
The author introduces the figure of Władysław Matlakowski, a 19th-century “modern man” of many talents, today slightly forgotten despite his important contribution to science and culture in the second half of the 19th century. Chałubiński — awell-known Warsaw physician — became strongly assimilated into the Tatra landscape and people, when he was suffering from tuberculosis. That is why he became passionate about trying to save the highlanders’ culture and language. His memories of his journey and journal of his illness constitute avaluable source of information about how Matlakowski viewed the world around him, and show the sensitivity of this writer and translator.
EN
The paper is an essay showing certain continuity in the process of defining the space of a city and a place. The authoress using examples of American Manhattan and Polish Zakopane, describes two different approaches present in architectural discourse and space design in the first three decades of the XXth century, which promoted defining anthropogenic space in opposition to the nature or as an answer to the challenges arising from the specificity of the geographic context. The visions of the future analysed here can be understood as narrations about ideal ways of the construction of space, not always they have resulted in building certain architectural objects, but they have influenced the imagination of the people of the epoch on the essence of the city and the place, on spaces of home, community and public one, on relations between human being, nature and technology. Historical examples compared to the contemporary visions of the future of cities, such as the concept of smart city (the city packed with sensors and ICT networks) and the concept of postcity (the city which resigns from the dominance of technology in the favor of the ecology and reflection on the role of human being in the urban ecosystem), show that still the nature (its lack or its coexistence) is the important point of reference for contemporary visions of the future, and the element that changes are means of expression, by which designers, architects and urbanists communicate with the public - the users of the urban space. Therefore, it is worth to study the visions which are one hundred years old in order to find their latent narration, having at the same time the consciousness how the visions and technologies evolve before - and if ever - they become reality.
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EN
Reflection on the history of a modernist villa-hotel, built in late 1930s by general Tadeusz Kasprzycki on Butorowy Wierch in Kościelisko, a place that offers one of the most beautiful panoramas of the Tatra Mountains. The article shows not only architectural and construction history of the building, but also circumstances behind the construction. The Minister of Military Affairs erected the house under a cloud of scandal: a broadly-discussed romantic affair, financial abuses, use of military funds for his private purposes. Following the World War II, the building was taken over by the army, which reconstructed the villa without any respect to stylistic values. Fortunately, the name “Salamandra” was left intact. The original architecture of the villa-hotel of general Kasprzycki, a building erected in the years 1937-1939 on a T-plan, resembled other modernist objects of that time, referring to the organic architecture (Kasprowy Wierch cable railway stations, especially the upper one). A three-story western part and a perpendicular four-story eastern part were built, with floors withdrawing in terraces; walls were made of stone and with granite masonry. A flat roof, typical for spa functionalism, was used. Years of neglect and architectural lawlessness have changed a modernist villa into a gloomy mausoleum covered with a socialist-modernist caricature of a mountain-style roof. Today, Salamandra does not match with an idyllic landscape. We can only hope that under the new management it will become a gem of the Zakopane architecture again. One should take care not only of the building, but also of revalorisation of the surroundings, recover park alleys and landscape architecture. The article uses numerous archive materials, coming from, among others, military archives.
PL
W artykule przeanalizowano problem wykorzystania zasobów dziedzictwa architektonicznego do rozwoju funkcji turystycznej na przykładzie Zakopanego. Analizując dawne i obecne funkcje wybranej grupy obiektów wpisanych do gminnej ewidencji zabytków, zbadano występowanie zależności pomiędzy lokalizacją i stanem zachowania obiektu a jego rolą w rozwoju funkcji turystycznej. Na podstawie wyników badań można stwierdzić, że Zakopane ciągle zwiększa (zwłaszcza w wymiarze ilościowym) swój potencjał turystyczny oraz wykorzystuje w tym celu zasób dziedzictwa architektonicznego. Presja rynku jednak skutecznie prowadzi do osłabienia tożsamości miejsca oraz utraty klimatu miejsca i jego oryginalności, zarówno w przypadku poszczególnych obiektów, jak i przestrzeni całego ośrodka.
EN
The article analyses the problem of using architectural heritage resources for the development of tourism, taking the Polish city of Zakopane as an example. By analysing the past and present functions of the selected group of heritage objects included in the municipal register of monuments, the relationship between the location and state of preservation of the object with the occurrence of its role in tourism development is examined. Studies have shown that Zakopane continues to grow, at least in quantitative terms, its tourism potential and that it utilises its architectural heritage resources to that purpose. On the other hand, market pressure is weakening the city’s identity, atmosphere and originality, both in terms of individual objects, and its entirety as a resort.
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2017
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vol. 37
|
issue 2
191-208
PL
Artykuł jest kontynuacją historii „Księżówki” – Domu Rekolekcyjnego Konferencji Episkopatu Polski w Zakopanem. Autor ukazuje w nim funkcjonowanie domu w peerelowskim okresie zmagań z władzami administracyjno-politycznymi o byt w warunkach narzucanych przez totalitarny ustrój.
EN
The article is continuation of the history of “Księżówka” – the retreat house of the Polish Bishops Conference in Zakopane. The author shows the functioning of the house during the time of the Polish People’s Republic and the struggles with the administrative-political authorities for existence under conditions imposed by the Communist regime.
EN
The article concerns the reception and interpretation of contemporary Zakopane’s sculpture between the 1940s and 1970s.  Analyses of art critics’ texts and curator’s strategies of that period reveal that wooden sculptures were easily and stereotypically interpreted as related to folk art. The material (wood) and the artist’s place of birth and living were identified as the key criteria applied by researchers and art critics. The author contends that this point of view-based on modernistic myths qualifying Zakopane’s sculptures as relying on primitive art, was a misinterpretation. The article concludes that the main problem in understanding and adequately interpreting Zakopane’s sculpture derives from using the traditional canon of art based on the opposition between nature and culture. Therefore, the anthropological theories of Timothy Ingold are recalled as a new and prospective methodology.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest recepcja zakopiańskiego rzeźbiarstwa od lat 40. do 70. XX w. Analizie poddane zostały teksty krytyczne i koncepcje kuratorskie, odsłaniające strategie postrzegania i kwalifikowania rzeźby zakopiańskiej w relacji do sztuki ludowej. Wskazano kluczowe kryteria, takie jak: stosowany materiał – drewno, oraz pochodzenie i miejsce zamieszkania twórcy, w oparciu o które dzieła zakopiańczyków stereotypowo przypisywano do obszaru sztuki ludowej. Tendencja ta ukazana została w szerszym kontekście modernistycznych mitów XX w. i zakwestionowana jako niewłaściwa do oceny zakopiańskiego snycerstwa 2. poł. XX w. W zakończeniu artykułu przywołane zostały poglądy współczesnego antropologa Timothy Ingolda, jako możliwa metodologiczna alternatywa spojrzenia na zakopiańskie rzeźbiarstwo z pominięciem modernistycznych kryteriów wyprowadzonych z hylemorficznego modelu świata.
EN
The article discusses the process of increased interest in Zakopane and Podhale culture in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. Discusses the problem of highlanders acquiring national identity. Characterizes the environment of the intellectual and artistic elite of Zakopane. Attempts to analyse how fascination with the Tatra landscape and highlander culture infuenced the formation of one of the myths that fund modern national identity. Tries to show how the artists infuenced the development of Zakopane as a holiday spa. It also shows the impact of bohemia on the transformation of the culture of highlanders in the Podhale region. The second part of the article discusses the relationship of the poet Jan Kasprowicz with Podhale. His peregrinations to Zakopane and Poronin were presented. On the selected example from creativity, an attempt was made to analyse the poet’s fascination with the Tatra Mountains and highlander culture.
PL
Artykuł omawia proces kształtowania się zainteresowania Zakopanem i kulturą Podhala w drugiej połowie XIX w. oraz na początku wieku XX. Porusza problem nabywania przez górali narodowej tożsamości. Charakteryzuje środowisko zakopiańskiej elity inteligenckiej i artystycznej. Podejmuje próbę analizy, w jaki sposób fascynacja tatrzańskim krajobrazem oraz góralską kulturą wpłynęła na ukształtowanie się jednego z mitów fundujących nowoczesną, narodową tożsamość. Jednocześnie stara się ukazać, jak artyści oddziaływali na rozwój Zakopanego jako kurortu. Pokazuje także wpływy bohemy artystycznej na przemiany kultury podhalańskich górali. W drugiej części artykułu omówiono związki poety Jana Kasprowicza z Podhalem. Przedstawiono jego peregrynacje do Zakopanego i Poronina. Na wybranym przykładzie z twórczości podjęto próbę analizy fascynacji poety Tatrami i góralską kulturą.
EN
In his lecture “Beauty in nature from the point of view of spiritual and bodily hygiene”, delivered in 1896 at the Tytus Chałubiński Museum, Henryk Nusbaum described the vividness of the mountain landscape as the object of aesthetic experience, which had apositive impact on the physiological processes of the human body. Emotions stemming from asense of beauty reduce suffering and pain, bring comfort and relief in everyday worries, strengthen the body and make it more resistant to the causes of disease. Nusbaum calls this beauty of nature, alleviating the negative impact of sorrow and suffering, ahygienic factor, which is sometimes of therapeutic nature. In addition, the experience of the beauty of the mountain landscape is something more than just an aesthetic sensation — it is apremise of contemplation, which elevates human beings morally and prompts them to fight for the ideals of love, wisdom and justice.
Artifex Novus
|
2021
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issue 5
136-147
EN
The Author presents new findings regarding the authorship of the ‘Księżówka’ building in Zakopane. Żołynia, a small town in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, seats the Żołynia Dąbrowski Collection with several thousand projects, among which the author found the works of the architect Stanisław Majerski, including the projects of the ‘Księżówka’ in Zakopane. What is more, he found this object’s designs in the National Archives in Krakow, signed by Majerski as well. The analysis performed indicated the authorship of the above-mentioned architect pertaining to the brick part of the ‘Księżówka’, which is a new finding in this matter, because the building was previously attributed to Eugeniusz Wesołowski. The Author also presents a hypothesis stating that the wooden part of the building, erected during the interwar period on the site of the former ‘Adasiówka’, could also had been erected based on Stanisław Majerski’s design.
PL
Autor prezentuje nowe ustalenia dotyczące autorstwa budynku Księżówki w Zakopanem. W Żołyni, niewielkiej miejscowości w województwie podkarpackim, znajduje się Zbiór Dąbrowskich z Żołyni liczący kilka tysięcy projektów. Wśród nich autor odnalazł dzieła architekta Stanisława Majerskiego, m.in. projekty dla Księżówki w Zakopanem. Projekty dla tego obiektu, sygnowane także przez Majerskiego, odszukał również w Archiwum Narodowym w Krakowie. Analiza projektów wykazała, że wspomniany architekt był autorem murowanej części Księżówki. Jest to nowe ustalenie, ponieważ dotychczas budynek przypisywany był Eugeniuszowi Wesołowskiemu. Autor przedstawia także hipotezę, że powstała w okresie międzywojennym na miejscu dawnej Adasiówki drewniana część budynku również mogła zostać zrealizowana według projektu Stanisława Majerskiego.
PL
Turystyka górska jest bardzo popularnym sposobem spędzania wolnego czasu. Jednym z powodów tego, oprócz wspaniałych krajobrazów i potrzeby aktywności fizycznej, jest rozwinięta infrastruktura: duża liczba dobrze oznakowanych szlaków turystycznych, możliwości dojazdu do granic parków narodowych oraz korzystna oferta noclegowa schronisk górskich. Rejon Podhala i Tatr od ponad 100 lat jest popularnym celem podróży. Już w latach 80. XIX w. wędrówki w Tatry odbywał m.in. Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer. Zafascynowani regionem byli też inni wybitni twórcy: Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz i Karol Szymanowski. Przez lata zmieniały się jednak formy uprawianej turystyki oraz profil turysty. Początkowo była to głównie turystyka uzdrowiskowa oraz poszukiwanie przez artystów natchnienia do pracy twórczej, później także turystyka piesza. Celem przeprowadzonych badań było stworzenie charakterystyki typowego współczesnego turysty odwiedzającego Zakopane i Tatrzański Park Narodowy, która może okazać się pomocna w rozumieniu potrzeb odwiedzających oraz dostosowaniu do nich usług, a tym samym pozytywnie wpłynąć na rozwój turystyki w badanym regionie, przynosząc korzyści zarówno turystom, jak i lokalnej społeczności. W pracy posłużono się takimi metodami i narzędziami, jak sondaż diagnostyczny i obserwacja uczestnicząca. Badania przeprowadzono na terenie Zakopanego i Tatrzańskiego Parku Narodowego we wrześniu 2013 r.
EN
Mountain tourism has lately become a more and more popular way of spending free time. One of the reasons for this is the constantly developing infrastructure. The Podhale Region and Tatra Mountains are very popular travel destination. However, the forms of tourism and the profile of a typical tourist have changed over the years. First, Zakopane had become a health resort, where it was hiking in the mountains which brought people here. Afterwards, it was artists coming here looking for the perfect atmosphere. Finally, it was a place to visit for skiing and cycling. The main goal of this research was to characterize the typical, contemporary, tourist visiting Zakopane and Tatra National Park. Finding out the profile of tourists will be helpful in understanding the visitors and, at the same time, it will pave the way for offering services which those visitors expect. This will have a positive influence on the development of tourism in the region, bringing benefits for both the tourists and the local community. During the research, the following methods and tools were used: a diagnostic survey and participant observation. The research took place in Zakopane and Tatra National Park in September 2013.
PL
Artykuł omawia proces kształtowania się zainteresowania Zakopanem i kulturą Podhala w drugiej połowie XIX w. oraz na początku wieku XX. Porusza problem nabywania przez górali narodowej tożsamości. Charakteryzuje środowisko zakopiańskiej elity inteligenckiej i artystycznej. Podejmuje próbę analizy, w jaki sposób fascynacja tatrzańskim krajobrazem oraz góralską kulturą wpłynęła na ukształtowanie się jednego z mitów fundujących nowoczesną, narodową tożsamość. Jednocześnie stara się ukazać, jak artyści oddziaływali na rozwój Zakopanego jako kurortu. Pokazuje także wpływy bohemy artystycznej na przemiany kultury podhalańskich górali. W drugiej części artykułu omówiono związki poety Jana Kasprowicza z Podhalem. Przedstawiono jego peregrynacje do Zakopanego i Poronina. Na wybranym przykładzie z twórczości podjęto próbę analizy fascynacji poety Tatrami i góralską kulturą.
EN
The article discusses the process of increased interest in Zakopane and Podhale culture in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. Discusses the problem of highlanders acquiring national identity. Characterizes the environment of the intellectual and artistic elite of Zakopane. Attempts to analyse how fascination with the Tatra landscape and highlander culture influenced the formation of one of the myths that fund modern national identity. Tries to show how the artists influenced the development of Zakopane as a holiday spa. It also shows the impact of bohemia on the transformation of the culture of highlanders in the Podhale region. The second part of the article discusses the relationship of the poet Jan Kasprowicz with Podhale. His peregrinations to Zakopane and Poronin were presented. On the selected example from creativity, an attempt was made to analyse the poet’s fascination with the Tatra Mountains and highlander culture.
EN
Stanisław Gąsienica Sobczak (1884–1942), a sculptor educated at the Fine Arts Academy in Cracow and at École Nationale des Beaux Arts in Paris came from Zakopane highlander family. He was the pioneer of ceramics in the Podhale region. Since the second half of 1920s’ he created ceramic sculptures, figures and vessels which were displayed at numerous exhibitions. Most of his work was traditional in nature. Folk design and regional themes became his main sources of inspiration. Even after WW II, when Wojciech Łukaszczyk took over Sobczak’s ceramic studio, these tendencies remained important.
PL
Stanisław Gąsienica Sobczak (1884–1942), artysta rzeźbiarz wykształcony na Akademii Sztuk Pięknych w Krakowie i w École Nationale des Beaux Arts w Paryżu, pochodził z góralskiej rodziny z Zakopanego. Był pionierem twórczości ceramicznej na Podhalu. Od drugiej połowy lat 20 XX w. tworzył ceramiczne rzeźby, figury i naczynia, i pokazywał je na licznych wystawach. Większość jego prac miała tradycyjny charakter. Artysta z reguły nawiązywał do ludowego wzornictwa i regionalnej tematyki. Te tendencje uznano za ważne także po zakończeniu II wojny światowej, gdy pracownię Sobczaka objął Wojciech Łukaszczyk.
PL
W artykule opisano zawartość wybranych numerów „Gazety Podhalańskiej” – periodyku ukazującego się na Podhalu w latach 1913–1935 oraz 1946–1947. Autorka skupiła się przede wszystkim na treściach politycznych obejmujących ówczesne wydarzenia, ale też kultywowanie pamięci o dziejowo ważnych momentach (jak powstanie styczniowe czy uchwalenie Konstytucji 3 Maja). Przeanalizowała treści kulturalne zawarte w tekstach literackich publikowanych na łamach czasopisma oraz w artykułach popularyzujących utwory istniejące już na rynku wydawniczym. Ponadto przedstawiła obraz kobiety, jaki wyłania się z „Gazety Podhalańskiej”: z jednej strony przełamujący stereotypy, z drugiej jednak utrwalający je. Podkreśliła rolę pamięci i tradycji, do której dużą wagę przywiązywała zarówno redakcja pisma, jak i jego czytelnicy.
EN
The article describes the content of the selected issues of “Gazeta Podhalańska”, a periodical which appeared in the Podhale region in 1913–1935 and in 1946–1947. The author focuses above all on the political content, which involves current events but also the cultivation of memory about historically important events (such as the January Uprising or the adoption of the Constitution of 3 May 1791); and cultural events, which include both literary texts which were published in the periodical, as well as the popularisation of works which already existed on the publishing market. There is also a presentation of the image of woman which is revealed in the texts of the “Gazeta Podhalańska”: on the one hand, it breaks stereotypes, but on the other hand it solidifies them. The article emphasises the role of memory and tradition, to which great significance is attached by both the editors of the periodical and its readers.
EN
The sense of tourism lies in disinterested move from place to place for purposes relating to entertainment and exploration. In 1841 Thomas Cook organised a train excursion for 570 people in England and thus began the era of collective tourism. In the 20th century mass tourism became passive tourism. Such tourism does not require a lot of physical effort and the only thing tourists expect is appropriate transport, access to interesting sights and infrastructure that will satisfy their basic needs. Another characteristic of this type of tourism is the fact that participants do not have to organise their journeys themselves. It should be stressed, however, that in the 20th century tourism became a substantial social movement of great economic significance. Its essence can be defined in a concise formula: “maximum satisfaction with minimum personal effort”. As a result of economic changes in the interwar period, tourism became increasingly democratic, popular and accessible to the masses. The development of passive tourism, which as time goes by transforms itself into largescale mass tourism, can best be followed in the case of tourism in the Tatras. The Tatras, which were “discovered” quite late, became a tourist destination for an increasing number of people already at the turn of the 20th century. The number of tourists grew rapidly in the second half of the 19th century. However, the first visitors to the Podhale region and Zakopane were not very well prepared for excursions in the mountains. Such visitors were referred by the term “ceper” or lowlander, from the beginning having negative and, if not contemptuous then certainly disrespectful connotations. Its etymology is not known. The ignorance of non-highlanders, i.e. their naivety and inexperience, was quite irritating for the simple and intellectually uncomplicated, but “sharp” and cunning local inhabitants of the Podhale region. That is why lowlanders were often laughed at and ridiculed by them. Throughout the 20th century interesting sociological and cultural changes happened consistently and systematically in tourism. Initially tourists were representatives of the wealthier classes, but owing to the development of collective tourism tourists began to come from many other groups in society. As a result there emerged the problem of anthropogenic impact on the natural environment, which in turn increased the signifi cance of the problem of nature protection.
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