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EN
The paper summarises excavations and conservation works at the 12th-century collegiate church of St. Mary and St. Alexius in Tum near Łęczyca and the foundation walls relics uncovered under the church which are identified with St. Mary’s abbey, mentioned in the Gniezno bulla from 1136. The presumably Benedictine abbey could have been built around the year 1000 and was pulled down before erection of the collegiate church, which started around 1141. After several destructions and reconstructions that took place during the 850 years of existence, the church has recently undergone conservation procedures to allow its further functioning.
EN
This article is about conservational and study works on the enclosure of an old cystercian abbey in Krzeszów, that were made after the Second World War. Post-war history of conservation of this monument exhibits two periods. The first one covers 50 post-war years, where only routine maintenance was done. The latter period began at the beginning of the XXI century. Since then fragments of the building were renovated piece by piece. Current cultural and touristic needs were taken into consideration.Revalorization of Krzeszów Abbey in years 2007-2008 and since 2014 revealed the basements and relicts of the groundfloor of the south and west wings of the complex. At the same time the architectural studies were made, resulting in new conclusions of transformations of this building.
PL
Jeżów to ostatnia z XII-wiecznych fundacji benedyktyńskich na ziemiach polskich. Klasztor od początku pomyślany został jako prepozyturą opactwa benedyktynów w Lubiniu. U schyłku średniowiecza benedyktyni jeżowscy podjęli pierwsze próby zmierzające do likwidacji niektórych obciążeń na rzecz opactwa. Okoliczności sporów, poznajemy dzięki XVII-wiecznemu dziejopisowi klasztornemu Bartłomiejowi z Krzywinia. Jego kronika jest wiarygodnym źródłem, dzięki któremu możemy przyjrzeć się dynamice konfliktów, mechanizmom ich przebiegu, rozświetlić problematykę skutków, zarówno krótko, jak i długofalowych. Ostatecznie próby zrzucenia niektórych ciężarów (np. daniny sukna) podejmowane przez benedyktynów jeżowskich w XV i XVI w. zakończyły się niepowodzeniem i doprowadziły w konse-kwencji do jeszcze większego zbliżenia prepozytury z opactwem w Lubiniu. Wypra-cowane wówczas rozwiązania formalno-prawne, wprowadzone później oficjalnie do statutów kapituły lubińskiej, okazały się być bardzo trwałe, ponieważ w późniejszym okresie, nie dochodziło już do tak gwałtownych i głębokich konfliktów.
EN
Jeżów is the last of the 12th-century Benedictine foundations in Poland. From the very beginning, the monastery was conceived as a prepositure of the Benedictine Abbey in Lubiń. In the late Middle Ages, the Benedictines of Jeżów made the first attempts to eliminate some financial burdens towards the abbey. The circumstances of the conflict are known thanks to the 17th century monastery chronicler Bartholomaeus Crivinius. His chronicle is a reliable source, thanks to which we can look at the dynamics of conflicts and the mechanisms of their course as well as cast some light on the short and long term effects. Ultimately, the attempts to avoid financial burdens made in the 15th and 16th centuries ended in failure and, as a consequence, led to even greater rapprochement. The formal and legal solutions developed at that time, later officially introduced into the statutes of the Lubiń Chapter, proved to be very durable, because in the later period such violent and deep conflicts no longer occurred.
EN
Catholic abbeys destroyed during the 16th century reformation, as well as Orthodox abbeys abandoned in the 20th century, have recently become the centre of restoration movement in Estonia. Various institutions and people have contributed to the reviving of catholic-style pilgrimages, which are both organised institutionally and undertaken privately, sometimes differing from a sightseeing tour mainly in name. As the Estonian pilgrimage culture is re-arising, it is characterised by its oecumenical nature. In Estonia, the tradition of pilgrimages has been historically continuous only to the Orthodox abbeys of Kuremäe and Petseri (Pechory). Everything else is religion tourism. Both private and organised treks involve a geographically wide scope outside Estonia. The following pilgrimage destinations are compared: a) the Svete Gore sacral complex in Slovenia – a reanimated religious Catholic centre, b) key Orthodox centres in Bulgaria: the abbey and chapel of Rila Ivan, carrier of national identity, symbolic of religious continuity throughout the Middle Ages and modern times, and ancient cultural and religious sites of Momchilovtsi village chapels. The latter with its sacral architecture represent an expression of personal perception of religion, used as a building ground for tourism, specifically a village environment living off on religion tourism. The newest layer, the so-called secular pilgrimage sites, in which celebrations include many traits of festivals, is found in Kumrovec, where a monument was erected at the birthplace of Josip Broz Tito, the former president of Yugoslavia. The revival of pilgrimages shares many common traits in post-socialist countries. Of particular interest is the integration of existing and created natural and other sacred sites in the culture of new spiritual and religious movements.
PL
Prepozytura kanoników regularnych laterańskich w Krasnem na Mazowszu, w ziemi ciechanowskiej, rodowym gnieździe Krasińskich herbu Ślepo-wron, została utworzona w 1681 r. Kościół będący siedzibą prepozytury, którego początki sięgają XIV w., został przebudowany przez Jana Kazimierza Krasińskiego (ur. 1607 r., zm. 28 marca 1669 r.), który rozpoczął starania, aby uczynić z niego prepozyturę opactwa czerwińskiego kanoników regularnych laterańskich i Jana Do-brogosta Krasińskiego (ur. 10 czerwca 1639 r., zm. 21 lutego 1717 r.), który usku-tecznił zabiegi ojca, dając początek prepozyturze. Od tej pory parafia w Krasnem, która jest wzmiankowana po raz pierwszy pod datą 1443 r., przeszła w ręce kanoni-ków regularnych laterańskich. Pierwszym prepozytem w Krasnem został 22 stycznia 1681 r. kanonik regularny laterański ks. Franciszek Jagodkowicz. Wśród kanoników regularnych z opactwa czerwińskiego znajdujemy także Pawła Krasińskiego (†1768), który zapewne był także prepozytem kraśnieńskim. Prepozytura w Krasnem funkcjo-nowała do 1819 r., kiedy to uległo kasacie opactwo czerwińskie. Ostatnim prepozy-tem kraśnieńskim był ks. Franciszek Sulima Sułkowski. Jednak okres bytności kano-ników regularnych w Karsnem jest dłuższy, bowiem od objęcia parafii w Krasnem pierwszego kanonika regularnego do śmierci ostatniego, już ekskanonika regularnego, ks. Idziego Godlewskiego, który był proboszczem w Krasnem od 1855 r., minęło 198 lat. Kościół w Krasnem pozostaje do dzisiaj jednym z cenniejszych zabytków architektury sakralnej na Północnym Mazowszu.
EN
The Prepositure of Canons Regular of the Lateran in Krasne in Ma-zovia, in the Ciechanów land, the Krasiński family nest of the Ślepowron coat of arms, was created in 1681. The seat of the prepositure – a church dating back to the 14th century, was rebuilt by Jan Kazimierz Krasiński (born in 1607, deceased on March 28, 1669), who made efforts to make it the prepositure of the Czerwińsk Ab-bey of Canons Regular of the Lateran and Jan Dobrogost Krasiński (born on June 10, 1639, deceased on February 21, 1717), who put his father's efforts into effect, initiat-ing the creation of the prepository. From then on, the parish in Krasne, first mentioned in 1443, passed into the hands of Canons Regular of the Lateran. The first provost in Krasne, Fr. Franciszek Jagodkowicz CRL, was appointed on January 22, 1681. Among the Canons Regular of the Czerwińsk Abbey, we also find Paweł Krasiński († 1768), who most probably was also a provost. The prepositure in Krasne existed until 1819, when the Czerwińsk Abbey was dissolved. The last provost of Krasne was Fr. Fran-ciszek Sulima Sułkowski. However, the Canons Regular of the Laterans stayed in Krasne for the overall period of 198 years: from taking over the parish in Krasne by the first Canon Regular, until the death of the last ex-Canon Regular, Fr. Idzi Godlewski, the provost of Krasne since 1855. The church in Krasne remains to this day one of the most valuable monuments of sacred architecture in northern Mazovia.
PL
Founded in the 12th century, the post-Cistercian Abbey in Ląd is a monument of great im-portance for Polish and European cultural heritage. It is marked for its significant historical, artistic and educational valour. This article opens a series of publications presenting a scientific research on the cultural activities and programs provided for tourists visiting the Abbey. The goal of the article is to gather information about that offer and assess the opinions of tourists on the issue. The research was conducted for a month (4.08 – 4.09.2013). 725 people participated in it answering a 10-point questionnaire. This article presents conclusions based on the answers to the first four questions. Ac-cording to the results, the most attractive cultural offer is visiting the church and the monastery as well as participation in the Festival of Slavic and Cistercian Culture. Further results will be presented successively in next publications.
EN
This article is the second one of the „The Post-Cisterian Abbey in Ląd as a Cultural Centre” series. The first appeared in the 3rd issue of 2014 „Seminare”. It presents the results of research on tourists’ interest in new cultural propositions and sums up potential recipients’ assessment of the ten new cultural offers. The new propositions include scientific symposia, theatrical performances, exhibitions and a new formula of presenting the library sources
EN
The study contains a source edition of four detailed lists of buildings in the village of Podklasztorze near Jędrzejów, namely the church and the buildings of the Cistercian Abbey (including the monks’ house) as well as the buildings housing the Forestry Authority and an inn. The material is an annex to insurance documentation drawn up by the Insurance Directorate in Warsaw in 1848. In addition to a brief historical introduction and archival description of the sources presented, each of the estimate contains a short summary, while at the end readers will find a glossary of specialist terms, many of them archaic, describing the various elements of the structure or furnishings of the buildings. Despite the fact that the documents lack information (apart from technical details) about the appearance of the decoration and the furnishings, they still constitute a very interesting source of information about the preservation and condition of the analysed buildings. An integral part of the detailed estimates, containing very comprehensive lists of all components of the buildings with their valuation, comes in the form of hand-made plans of the analysed buildings. Reproductions of the plans together with photographs of the abbey buildings provide illustration material for the present study.
9
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Norbertanki płockie

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EN
The Norbertine Sisters were brought to Płock by Bishop Wit in 1160-1179. The monastery was located on the bank of the Vistula, close to the crossing of the river. The Norbertine Monastery was one of the oldest monasteries for women inPoland. They were richly endowed with tithes, landed properties, forests, meadows and other goods. Initially, the Sisters were subordinate to the Bishop of Płock, then to the Norbertine abbey in Hebdów, and from 1477 to the abbey in Witów. Over time, the building of the monastery was moved by King Zygmunt III Waza to a better place due to landslides on the Vistula escarpment. The construction was commenced in 1622 and it was completed in 1633. From the very beginning, the Sisters ran a school for girls from wealthy families. In 1819, the sisters were moved to Czerwińsk, where they stayed until 1903. Currently, the building of the State Higher Vocational School is located on the site of their former monastery.
PL
Siostry Norbertanki zostały sprowadzone do Płocka przez biskupa Wita, w latach 1160-1179. Klasztor sióstr znajdował się nad brzegiem Wisły, blisko przeprawy przez tę rzekę. Klasztor norbertanek płockich był jednym z najstarszych klasztorów żeńskich w Polsce. Były bogato uposażone w dziesięciny, majątki ziemskie, lasy, łąki i inne dobra. Na początku swych dziejów siostry podlegały biskupowi płockiemu, potem opactwu norbertanów w Hebdowie, a od 1477 r. opactwu w Witowie. Z czasem budynek klasztorny, na skutek osuwania się skarpy wiślanej, został przeniesiony przez króla Zygmunta III Wazy na lepsze miejsce. Budowę rozpoczęto w 1622 r. i zakończono w 1633 r. Siostry od samego początku prowadziły tu szkołę dla dziewcząt z zamożnych rodzin. W 1819 r. siostry przeniesiono do Czerwińska, gdzie przebywały do 1903 r. Obecnie, na miejscu dawnego ich klasztoru, znajduje się budynek Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej.
EN
The aim of this legal opinion is to address the following question: Who is the real beneficiary of a limited company in which the only (100%) shockholder or shareholder is an order or its organizational unit (a monastic province, an abbey, an independent monastery or a monastic house)? The analysis of Polish law and canon law leads to the conclusion that in the case of a limited company whose only (100%) shockholder or shareholder is an order or its organizational unit (a monastic province, an abbey, an independent monastery or a monastic house), the real beneficiary is the competent higher superior of this order as well as members of its council. These persons satisfy the conditions specified in art. 2 para. 2 of the act of 1 March 2018 on countering money laundering and financing of terrorism, because they are a group of natural persons who exercise direct control of the company due to the entitlements they have (shareholders’ meeting/general meeting), which make it possible to exert a decisive influence on the actions or activities undertaken by the company. This is so because it is a group of natural persons who exert control over a legal person (an order or its organizational unit) who is entitled to hold more than 25% of the shares of the company stock and more than 25% of the voting rights in the decision-making body of the company (art. 2 para. 2 point 1 letter a and tiret three of the act on countering money laundering and financing of terrorism).
PL
Celem niniejszej opinii prawnej jest udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie: Kto jest beneficjentem rzeczywistym w przypadku spółki kapitałowej, której jedynym (100%) udziałowcem czy akcjonariuszem jest zakon bądź jego jednostka organizacyjna (prowincja zakonna, opactwo, klasztor niezależny, dom zakonny)? Przeprowadzone analizy przepisów prawa polskiego i prawa kanonicznego prowadzą do wniosku, że w przypadku spółki kapitałowej, której jedynym (100%) udziałowcem czy akcjonariuszem jest zakon bądź jego jednostka organizacyjna (prowincja zakonna, opactwo, klasztor niezależny, dom zakonny) beneficjentem rzeczywistym jest właściwy wyższy przełożony tego zakonu oraz członkowie jego rady. Osoby te spełniają przesłanki określone w art. 2 ust. 2 pkt 1 ustawy z dnia 1 marca 2018 r. o przeciwdziałaniu praniu pieniędzy oraz finansowaniu terroryzmu, ponieważ stanowią one grupę osób fizycznych sprawujących bezpośrednio kontrolę nad spółką poprzez posiadane uprawnienia (zgromadzenie wspólników/walne zgromadzenie), które wynikają z okoliczności prawnych (przepisów prawa kanonicznego), umożliwiające wywieranie decydującego wpływu na czynności lub działania podejmowane przez spółkę. Jest to bowiem grupa osób fizycznych sprawujących kontrolę nad osobą prawną (zakonem bądź jego jednostką organizacyjną), któremu łącznie przysługuje prawo własności więcej niż 25% ogólnej liczby udziałów spółki i łącznie dysponującym więcej niż 25% ogólnej liczby głosów w organie stanowiącym spółki (art. 2 ust. 2 pkt 1 lit. a tiret trzecie ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu praniu pieniędzy oraz finansowaniu terroryzmu).
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