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EN
Each order has its own history of creation, and new rules or regulations are introduced. Most religious are perceived as clergy who, by joining a given congregation through their lives and activities, try to be closer to God and want to go towards it. The Cistercian Order helps by strict adherence to the rules of Saint Benedict, simplicity, poverty, work, and constant approach to Christ through asceticism, chastity, obedience, silence, community of life anddevotion to the Mother of God. Through their lives and missionary activities, they contributedto the development of education, music and architecture. In their actions, they emphasized in particular the integration and development of the human person. It should be mentioned that the motto that has accompanied and is still very important in the life of monks is: Ora et labora, which is translated as: „Pray and work”. The slogan is argumentation in terms of work and prayer is extremely important and should be kept between these prices. In addition, by fulfilling their duties, the monks helped the community that was outside the walls of the monastery. Realizing their ministry, the Cistercians met people who were „unfaithful”. By their actions in currencies with quotas, they often became the guardians of recently established knight orders, but also attempts were made to convert them. The Cistercian archiopathy in Jędrzejów in its history struggled with events that were unfavorable for development, for example: famine, Mongol invasion, Swedish deluge, partition of Poland, fires, or even the period of the Duchy of Warsaw. These circumstances caused: many people died, documents were destroyed, valuables of the abbey were robbed, the number of monks decreased, the property of monks was sold and economic development collapsed. However, the Cistercians take action every time. The aim of the paper is to present the genesis of bringing the Cistercians to Polish lands and their settlement in Jędrzejów. Moreover, when discussing the aforementioned order, one cannot ignore the historic organs and the activities they conduct. For this purpose, the author analyzes, first of all, the history and activities of the Cistercian Order in Jędrzejów.
EN
Between 1714 and 1715, enrollments in the registry of births in the parishes at the Plasy monastery document in 70-100 % of baptisms as first name Evženie or Evžen. It is certain that this phenomenon is related to abbot Evžen Tyttl. Perhaps in this way he was trying to leave behind a trail and he compensated to the parents their charges of baptism in the case that their child was named after him.
EN
The study investigates the period of high colonisation in Police region and Broumov region, which was organised by the Benedictine monastery in Břevnov (near Prague). Because most sources regarding this topic are mediaeval falsified documents, the study investigates the origin and significance of these falsified documents for ascertaining facts about the coloni-sation process. The conclusion outlines a hypothesis that these falsified documents may have arisen in relation with the Břevnov monastery abbot’s attempt to ensure that the monastery’s real estate pledged to Kłodzko’s House of Pannewitz could be returned not to King John, but to the monastery.
Polonia Sacra
|
2017
|
vol. 21
|
issue 3(48)
167-189
PL
W artykule podjęto tematykę konferencji jako formy przepowiadania słowa Bożego. Jest to przedmiot zainteresowania homiletyki fundamentalnej. Zakres artykułu obejmuje konferencje drukowane o. Augustyna Jankowskiego OSB, zebrane w książce Ciasna brama i wąska droga. O współczesną odnowę życia zakonnego. Są one zapisem konferencji autora o życiu konsekrowanym. Ponadto jako źródło pracy wykorzystano kroniki z archiwum opactwa tynieckiego z lat 1985–1993, lkiedy to o. Augustyn pełnił urząd opata. Celem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie: jakie są cechy identyfikujące o. Augustyna jako konferencjonistę?
EN
This article investigates the conference as a means of preaching the word of God. This is a subject of interest for fundamental homiletics. The article was based on the material from Fr. Jankowski’s conferences in print, gathered in the book Ciasna brama i wąska droga. O współczesną odnowę życia zakonnego (The narrow gate and the hard way. The renewal of contemporary religious life). It is a record of Author’s conferences on consecrated life. The chronicles of Abbey of Tyniec, from the period of 1985–1993 (the time when fr Jankowski served as an Abbot), were used as a source as well. The main purpose of the article is to answer the question: what are the features that allow us to identify Fr Augustyn as a conference giver?
Vox Patrum
|
2006
|
vol. 49
195-207
EN
This article describes the death of the famous medieval abbot, Aelred, from the Cistercian abbey of Rievaulx (England, Yorkshire) (1110-1167). Walter Daniel of Rievaulx, Aelred’s secretary and caretaker, was the only person who wrote about his death. Daniel was a very skillful monk, whose description of Aelred’s death constituted a last part of his writings about Aelred’s life.
EN
The article focuses on the monastic writings attributed to the circle of St. Fructuosus of Braga. One of them, Rule for the Monastery, was written by Fructuosus. Those works present an image of the monastic life on the Iberian Peninsula. In the organizational structure of the monastery the most important person was the abbot (abbas), whose duties are precisely defined in the Rules. He was to be of strict moral standards and have intellectual qualifications. He was responsible for the prayer in the monastery in his care, and individually for each monk. He often shared his duties with the superiors, which in some measure restricted his authority. The abbot also showed some democratic tendencies, in a sense imposed on him by the Rules. The abbot shared with the superiors and elders the responsibility for the monastic life, the abbot and the elders inflicted punishments on the monks, but important decisions were taken by the so-called council of brethren. Democracy in Fructuosian monasteries was also visible in the ties among them, involving abbots meeting, possibly once a month, in order to safeguard the common discipline in their subordinate monasteries.
PL
Przedmiotem opracowania są pisma monastyczne zaliczane do kręgu św. Fruktuoza z Bragi. Jedno z nich - Reguła mnichów – wyszło spod pióra Fruktuoza, pozostałe powstały za jego czasów. Zawierają one obraz życia monastycznego na Półwyspie Iberyjskim. W strukturze organizacyjnej klasztorów najważniejszy był opat (abbas), którego zadania zostały dosyć dokładnie określone. Musiał posiadać wysokie kwalifikacje moralne i intelektualne, odpowiedzialny był za modlitwę w podległym mu klasztorze, ale też za każdego mnicha. Swoje obowiązki dzielił często z przełożonymi, przez co jego władza została nieco ograniczona. Opaci wykazywali się także postawami demokratycznymi, które w pewnym sensie zostały im narzucone przez Reguły. Polegały one na tym, że wraz z przełożonymi i starszymi dzielili odpowiedzialność za życie w klasztorze, opat i starsi nakładali na mnichów kary, ważne zaś decyzje zapadały na tak zwanej radzie braci. Demokracja w klasztorach fruktuozjańskich przejawiała się także w tym, że istniał związek pomiędzy klasztorami. Polegał on na tym, że opaci spotykali się, być może raz w miesiącu, by zapewnić wspólną dyscyplinę w podległych im klasztorach.
EN
The Regula Tarnantensis (The Rule of Tarn) is an interesting and little-known early Christian writing. Most likely, the monastery for which it was established was located on the River Tarn in south-eastern Gaul, and the Rule itself dates back to the 6th century. This research deals with the organizational structure of the monastery, i.e. functions performed by individual monks and the scope of their tasks. The most important person in that community was the abbot who was responsible to God and people for the functioning of the entire monastery, both in spiritual and organizational terms. Important tasks were also in charge of the prior. He shared some of them with the abbot, such as correcting and disciplining the brethren. Moreover, the prior verified the candidates’ reasons for choosing religious life. The other important officials in the monastery were seniores (seniors), who, among other things, provided spiritual care for candidates for the religious community. There was also a house steward, a librarian, a gardener as well as cellarers in charge of provisions for the community. Further, the Rule lists the typical agricultural tasks of monks: plowmen, reapers, vineyard workers and shepherds.
PL
Ciekawym i mało znanym pismem wczesnochrześcijańskim jest Reguła Tarnateńska. Najprawdopodobniej klasztor, dla którego ona powstała, leżał w południowo-wschodniej Galii, samą zaś Regułę datuje się na VI wiek. Przedmiotem badań jest struktura organizacyjna klasztoru, czyli pełnione w nim funkcje przez poszczególnych mnichów i zakres ich zadań. Najważniejszą osobą w tej wspólnocie był opat, odpowiadał przed Bogiem i ludźmi za funkcjonowanie całego klasztoru, zarówno pod względem duchowym jak i organizacyjnym. Istotne zadania należały również do przeora. Niektóre z nich dzielił z opatem, jak chociażby kontrolowanie i dyscyplinowanie mnichów. Przeor weryfikował też powody, którymi kierowali się kandydaci pragnący podjąć życie zakonne. Byli też w klasztorze seniores (starsi), którzy między innymi sprawowali duchową opiekę nad kandydatami do klasztoru. Spotykamy w klasztorze Tarnateńskim również szafarza, bibliotekarza, ogrodnika, magazynierów, którzy dbali o gospodarcze zaplecze wspólnoty. Reguła wymienia także typowo rolnicze zadania mnichów należące do oracza, żniwiarza, uprawiających winnicę i pasterzy.
EN
The twelfth part, closing the series Source extracts, comprises three sections. The first two, entitled Monastica and Varia, bring another portion of information, taken from the archives and manuscripts, for the biographies of the representatives of the Old Polish hierarchy of the Catholic Church - bishops, abbots and abbesses. The third one is a cumulative index of the included persons, which comprises all the previous parts of Source extracts. It enables researchers to easily explore the rich and diverse material published in 2004-2013, and referring to a total of 683 characters. The index also includes the related editions on this topic, published by the same publisher in the pages of the semi-annual “Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne” – it mentions, however, only those persons who appear in the individual parts of Source extracts. A wealth of factual data, introduced into the scientific world thanks to this series, should greatly assist in further prosopographical studies on the Old Polish church elites, particularly in the often postulated development of biographical dictionaries of both bishops and abbots from the time of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
EN
The tenth part of the cycle for Source extracts for the biography of the Polish bishops and abbots from the time of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Partitions of Poland is entirely dedicated to the testimonies of the ordination of bishop representatives of the Old Polish Catholic episcopate at various times and circumstances. These testimonia consecrationis were taken from different categories of sources-primarily from (acta sacrarum functionum), from the books acta episcopalia, acta actorum capituli, records of informative process concerning bishoprics, from correspondence and diaries-only unpublished. These testimonies refer to the group of 195 hierarchs (including 11 of the Greek Catholic rite, 2 the Armenian Catholic Rite and the rest-the Latin rite), but when it comes to particular centuries these testimonies are presented as follows: 15th. – 4, 16th. – 7, 17th – 43, 18th – 91, 19th – 50. So far, there has been no information where and when a large number of bishops were consecrated, so the following work, presenting substantial portion of factual data acquired directly from archive material, contributes enormously to the state of research on this issue.
EN
The eleventh part of the cycle of the Source extracts for the biography of the Polish bishops and abbots from the time of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Partitions of Poland was divided into two separate subject areas, the fi rst of which is the continuation of the material presented in the previous part and it contains the information about the ordination of bishops (date, place, main consecrator, co-consecrators). This subject area includes notes regarding anointment of a total of 100 hierarchs of the 16th-19th centuries, representing mainly the Latin rite (only four Eastern rites). The other subject area, with the heading monastica, presents the materials for the biographies of abbots (this number also includes commendatory abbots) and abbesses of the Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian lands, representing both Latin and Greek-Catholic rite (Basilian Archimandrites). The total number is 43 people from the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. The information presented in this and the previous ten parts of the Source extracts gives way to the study which could contribute significantly to the development in the area of biographical lexicons of Old Polish bishops and abbots. The issuing of such publication is something that is urgently demanded from the native church historiography as in this respect it remains far behind historiographies of other countries with Christian traditions.
15
67%
EN
The monasteries which were raised in the Church in first centuries demanded rules stating life of their members. The initatior and founder of these monasteries was saint Pashomius. It’s noteworthy to remind anonymous work which were made in nine century called The Regula Magistri. This extensive ancient opus containing collection of monastic rules written by author of unknown name, was created in about fifth century south of Rome. Nowadays, we assume that The Regula Magistri became a model for the rule of Saint Benedict. The Rule of the Master was written for the monastery where the leading role was up to Abbot. He was the one who was preaching, teaching and he, indeed, was a master for his dis­ciples. Several chapter of this monumetal work is dedicated to the rules and proce­dures of choosing the abbot. It also contains list of the most important tasks which belonged to his office – these are the subject of this study. What’s interesting is that, the new abbot was being elected by his predecessor when he sensed that he is going to die shortly or serious ill makes him incapable of continuing his tasks. Abbot was looking after his brothers and encouraged them to acquire virtues. This kind of challenge could seem useful, because it was the motivating factor to, fulfill God’s will with dignity and humble, and also to life by the abbey’s rules. On the other hand, it could also had been dramatic, because the ascetic way of life sometimes was understood only in human succes category. The candidate was introduced on his duty by local bishop in special liturgical rite. There were also rules dedicated to possibly removal of the abbot, who – when his predecessor still lived – seemed to be unhumble and improper man for this office. The Rule also contains special instruction for the situation, when abbot dies in sudden death and had not decided who would have been his successor. The author of the Master’s Rule also draws attention to the manner of teaching conducted by the Abbot. The most important was the testimony of life, fidelity to the binding rules, exercising in virtues and avoiding sins. The Rule of the Master teach the Abbot, that he should be humble, treat the brothers equally, be responsible for the others and for himself, and ask as all brother for the opiniong in issues relating to the monastery.
PL
Jan Ponętowski (ok. 1530–1598) w latach 1577–1587, opat w Hradište na Morawach, zgromadził jedną z najcenniejszych polskich kolekcji sztuki swego czasu. W Bibliotece Jagiellońskiej zachował się zbiór około 900 grafik w oprawnych tomach, ponadto książki ilustrowane rycinami i 3 akwafortowe rolki. Jest to grafika z XVI wieku, niemal wyłącznie w technikach metalowych, w 4/5 pochodzenia niderlandzkiego, w drugiej kolejności włoskiego. Zachowała się też część biblioteki, w tym kilka rękopisów średniowiecznych i inkunabułów. Zwracają uwagę cenne oprawy artystyczne między innymi z aksamitu i jedwabiu, zdobione perłami lub koralami, zaś inne, skórzane, zdobione są najczęściej plakietami. Większość opraw powstała w Czechach. Znaczna część kolekcji, w tym tkaniny, obrazy na płótnie lub desce i większość paramentów liturgicznych nie dochowała się do naszych czasów, również większość biblioteki uległa rozproszeniu. Ponętowski dbał bardzo o upamiętnienie swej osoby, używał kilku superekslibrisów i ekslibrisów, lubił podkreślać drogocenność i urodę posiadanych dzieł. W kolekcji grafiki przeważa tematyka religijna i historyczna, zwykle dotycząca nieodległej przeszłości i widoczne jest upodobanie do alegorii. Nie można odmówić Ponętowskiemu smaku artystycznego: nie spotyka się w zbiorze dzieł o niskiej jakości. Celem publikacji jest ustalenie listy zachowanych obiektów z kolekcji i dostępnych informacji o obiektach zaginionych. Artykuł zawiera zestawienie obiektów przechowywanych w Bibliotece Jagiellońskiej (w porządku sygnatur), wspomniano też o kilku znajdujących się w innych miejscach. Uwzględniono też spis daru Ponętowskiego dla krakowskiego uniwersytetu sporządzony przez ofiarodawcę w 1592 roku. Spis nie jest precyzyjny: pewne obiekty traktuje tylko zbiorczo, niektóre bardzo skrótowo. Tam gdzie było to możliwe i potrzebne dodano uzupełnienia lub objaśnienia – niekiedy tylko hipotetyczne – zapisów dotyczących przeważnie obiektów, które się nie zachowały.
EN
Jan Ponętowski (ca. 1530–1598), who was the abbot in Hradište (Moravia) from 1577 to 1587, was also a collector who managed to bring together one of the most valuable Polish art collections of his time. Of this collection, about 900 prints bound in volumes, a number of books illustrated with engravings and woodcuts as well as three rolls of etchings are now held by the Jagiellonian Library. All of these are sixteenth-century prints, made for the most part by the use of metal techniques. Four fifths of them come from the Netherlands and the rest from Italy. Part of Ponętowski’s library has also survived, including several manuscripts and incunabula. Some of these books have extremely fine artistic bindings made of materials such as silk or velvet and adorned with pearls and coral, while others – made of leather – are mostly decorated with plaques. Most of the bindings come from Bohemia. Unfortunately, a large part of Ponętowski’s collection – including fabrics, paintings on canvas and on wooden boards as well as most of the church paraments – has not survived. Additionally, most of the library has been dispersed. Ponętowski, who very much wished to be remembered by future generations, used several supralibros and bookplates. He also liked to highlight the beauty and costly nature of the artworks in his possession. The subjects which prevail among Ponętowski’s etchings are religion and history, the latter concerning events from the recent past. It is also evident that the abbot was very fond of allegories. His artistic taste is unquestionable, as no poor quality works can be found in his collection. The aim of this publication is to make a complete list of both the preserved and the lost items from Ponętowski’s collection. The article contains a list of objects held by the Jagiellonian Library (according to the shelf marks). It also mentions several items that are to be found in other locations as well as the list of Ponętowski’s donation to the Cracow University (written by the donator himself in 1592). The present list is not a detailed one. Certain objects are mentioned collectively – some in a very brief manner. Where possible and where necessary, the author has added appropriate explanations (which in some cases are only hypothetical). These mostly concern the entries on lost objects.
EN
Jan Ponętowski (ca. 1530–1598), abbot of Hradište (Moravia) from 1577 to 1587, was a collector who managed to bring together one of the most valuable Polish art collections of his time. Of this collection, about 900 prints bound in volumes, a number of books illustrated with engravings and woodcuts, as well as three rolls of etchings are now held by the Jagiellonian Library. All of these are sixteenth-century prints, made for the most part using metal techniques. Four fifths of them come from the Netherlands and the rest from Italy. Part of Ponętowski’s library has also survived, including several manuscripts and incunables. Some of these books have extremely fine artistic bindings made of materials such as silk or velvet and adorned with pearls and coral, while others – made of leather – are mostly decorated with plaques. Most of the bindings come from Bohemia. Unfortunately, a large part of Ponętowski’s collection – including fabrics, paintings on canvas and on wooden boards, as well as most of the church paraments – has not survived. Additionally, most of the library has been dispersed. Ponętowski, who strongly wished to be remembered by future generations, used several supralibros and bookplates. He also liked to highlight the beauty and costly nature of the artworks in his possession. The subjects which prevail among Ponętowski’s etchings are religion and history, the latter concerning recent events. It is also evident that the abbot was very fond of allegories. His artistic taste is unquestionable, as no poor quality works can be found in his collection. The aim of this publication is to make a complete list of both the preserved and the lost items from Ponętowski’s collection. The article contains a list of objects held by the Jagiellonian Library (according to the shelf marks). It also mentions several items that are to be found in other locations as well as the list of Ponętowski’s donation to the University of Kraków (written by the donator in 1592). The present list is not a detailed one. Certain objects are mentioned collectively – some in a very brief manner. Where possible and where necessary, the author has added appropriate explanations (which in some cases are only hypothetical). These mostly concern the entries on lost objects.
PL
Jan Ponętowski (ok. 1530–1598) w latach 1577–1587, opat w Hradište na Morawach, zgromadził jedną z najcenniejszych polskich kolekcji sztuki swego czasu. W Bibliotece Jagiellońskiej zachował się zbiór około 900 grafik w oprawnych tomach, ponadto książki ilustrowane rycinami i 3 akwafortowe rolki. Jest to grafika z XVI wieku, niemal wyłącznie w technikach metalowych, w 4/5 pochodzenia niderlandzkiego, w drugiej kolejności włoskiego. Zachowała się też część biblioteki, w tym kilka rękopisów średniowiecznych i inkunabułów. Zwracają uwagę cenne oprawy artystyczne między innymi z aksamitu i jedwabiu, zdobione perłami lub koralami, zaś inne, skórzane, zdobione są najczęściej plakietami. Większość opraw powstała w Czechach. Znaczna część kolekcji, w tym tkaniny, obrazy na płótnie lub desce i większość paramentów liturgicznych nie dochowała się do naszych czasów, również większość biblioteki uległa rozproszeniu. Ponętowski dbał bardzo o upamiętnienie swej osoby, używał kilku superekslibrisów i ekslibrisów, lubił podkreślać drogocenność i urodę posiadanych dzieł. W kolekcji grafiki przeważa tematyka religijna i historyczna, zwykle dotycząca nieodległej przeszłości i widoczne jest upodobanie do alegorii. Nie można odmówić Ponętowskiemu smaku artystycznego: nie spotyka się w zbiorze dzieł o niskiej jakości. Celem publikacji jest ustalenie listy zachowanych obiektów z kolekcji i dostępnych informacji o obiektach zaginionych. Artykuł zawiera zestawienie obiektów przechowywanych w Bibliotece Jagiellońskiej (w porządku sygnatur), wspomniano też o kilku znajdujących się w innych miejscach. Uwzględniono też spis daru Ponętowskiego dla krakowskiego uniwersytetu sporządzony przez ofiarodawcę w 1592 roku. Spis nie jest precyzyjny: pewne obiekty traktuje tylko zbiorczo, niektóre bardzo skrótowo. Tam gdzie było to możliwe i potrzebne dodano uzupełnienia lub objaśnienia – niekiedy tylko hipotetyczne – zapisów dotyczących przeważnie obiektów, które się nie zachowały.
EN
The literary portrayal of the charismatic founders of monastic communities, and of their successors, abounds in descriptions of ascetic practices and devotion. However, the hegumenoi also needed to be individuals of the right standing and competence, as it was only such people who could properly represent the communities in relations with both lay and ecclesiastical authorities, secure the obedience of all the brethren, as well as efficiently manage the community and its assets. The nature and the exact procedure of superior’s appointment became increasingly relevant and began to interest both the church and the secular authorities once the monastic movement reached such a magnitude that it could no longer be left without proper institutional surveillance. In parallel, there was a growing awareness among monks themselves of the need to standardise the existing practices and experience. In this article I focus on the legal conditions delimiting the transfer of headship over monastic communities and their reflection in mundane reality. My aim is to see how documents of legal practice relate to the imperial legislation dealing with the appointment of the people in charge of the monasteries. The analysis of the superior selection process will allow for commenting on both the legal framework within which the monastic communities functioned, and the much broader issue of imperial policy towards the emerging holy houses. It should also enable some conclusions on the legal status of monastic communities and how it may have influenced the realities of appointing their administrative and spiritual heads.
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