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In Defence of a Fallacy

100%
Davies R.
Studia Semiotyczne
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2020
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vol. 34
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issue 2
EN
In light of recent developments in argumentation theory, we begin by considering the account that Aristotle gives of what he calls sophistical refutations (elenchoi sophistikoi) and of the usefulness of being able to recognise various species of them. His diagnosis of one of his examples of the grouping that he labels epomenon is then compared with a very recent account of the matter, which, like Aristotle, calls on us to attribute a mistake or confusion to anyone who uses this kind of argument. From examination of three other examples that Aristotle himself supplies of epomenon, it appears that there are cases of inferences of this kind that we need not, and perhaps cannot, avoid making. The suggestion is made that this is because the whole family of what Peirce calls abductions have important characteristics in common with epomenon.
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Abduction: Some Conceptual Issues

100%
Urbański M., Klawiter A.
Logic and Logical Philosophy
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2018
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vol. 27
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issue 4 Special Issue on Logic, Cognition, Argumentation. Guest Editors: Mariusz Urbański, Michiel van Lambalgen and Marcin Koszowy
583-597
EN
We claim that abduction should primarily be studied from the perspective of its use. The big question “What is abduction?” is most often interpreted substantively and this distracts attention from the instrumental aspect of this form of reasoning. We propose to address the problem by asking “How abduction is used?”. As a result of our approach we see the fact that abduction needs to be construed as concerned with both generation and evaluation of hypotheses, and, furthermore, that abduction is a compound form of reasoning.
3
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Correlative thinking: From abduction to Ars Contextualis in early Chinese cosmology

100%
Ames R. T.
Azja-Pacyfik
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2020
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issue XXIII
17-35
EN
The items available for ars contextualis can be characterized in terms of the focal point from and to which the lines of divergence and convergence attributable to them move and find resolution, and the field from which and to which those same lines proceed and have influence. To take Confucius himself as a concrete example, we would have to allow that he is corporate in the sense that the lines of divergence and convergence that constitute his focus and meaning move throughout the entire field of the Chinese cultural tradition. Confucius is both focus and China as a focused field.
4
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Abduction in Teaching: Results of a Qualitative Research

100%
Sántha K., Gyeszli E.
The New Educational Review
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2022
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vol. 68
173-185
EN
The paper discovers the presence of abduction in teachers’ activities and emphasises the role of trichotomous systems (abduction, deduction, induction) in discovering human reality. The paper focuses on the presence of abduction in education sciences research, and its main goal is to detect abduction in teaching activities and classroom interaction. Abduction is a type of reasoning requiring philosophical, logical, and psychological background, distinct from induction and deduction, and it contributes to a viewpoint in social research that strives to make research in human reality easier to understand. The qualitative study involved explores the presence of abduction in teachers’ communication based on unstructured observation. The observation was carried out in a primary school. The objects of observation were the Geography, Art, and PE classes of the same teacher. The data of the class observation were recorded verbatim. The records were processed using an inductive, data-driven method after the classes. The reliability of the process was ensured by intracoding. The results of the observations reflect the presence of abduction in classroom interaction. The results showed that abduction appeared in the Geography, Art, and PE classes observed, and every class witnessed right and wrong abductive conclusions. The paper is relevant to anybody interested in the appearance of abduction in education sciences research and aims at completing the arsenal of tools available for analysing teachers’ activities.
5
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Raptus puellae jako przeszkoda małżeńska w Dekrecie Gracjana

100%
Wojciechowska B.
Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne
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2016
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vol. 1
48-53
EN
Marriage has always been a concern of the Church. Christian doctrine gave matrimonium sacred meaning and at the same time fully endorsed the concept of mutual consent which originated from Roman law. The act of abduction with its legal and ethical consequences was described in detail in the Decretum Gratiani. The punishment for the abductor was public penance and prohibition of marriage. If the fiancé was unwilling to take back the abducted bride he was allowed to marry another woman. However, if the fiancé and the bride wanted to get married afresh, they were to be both excommunicated until they had made their reparation. The Decretum Gratiani clearly indicated that the raptus puellae was an obstacle which prevented marriage. The reason was the duress of abduction, which was contrasted with free will, voluntarily consent and the approval of father, parents or guardians.
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Per posterius: Peirce, Hume, miracles and the boundaries of the scientific game

88%
Tritten T.
ARGUMENT: Biannual Philosophical Journal
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2014
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vol. 4
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issue 2
247-266
EN
This article provides a response to David Hume’s argument against the plausibility of miracles as found in Section 10 of his An enquiry concerning human understanding by means of Charles Sanders Peirce’s method of retroduction, hypothetic inference, and abduction, as it is explicated and applied in his article entitled A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God, rather than focusing primarily on Peirce’s explicit reaction to Hume in regard to miracles, as found in Hume on miracles. The main focus will be on Peirce’s neglected argument rather than his explicit confrontation with Hume on the issue of miracles, because his criticisms of Hume demands a methodological approach appropriate for scientifically analysing surprising phenomena or outliers, of which miracles or the reality of God would be but two examples amongst many. This article, then, consists of an attempt to construct this method as one that draws inferences neither a priori nor a posteriori, but per posterius, because such a method is capable of rigorously questioning rogue or surprising phenomena, e.g. miracles.
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Peirceovo chápanie abdukcie z metodologicko-epistemologického hľadiska

75%
Országh L.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
|
2019
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vol. 67
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issue 1
45-67
EN
The question of the nature of scientific discovery and the attempt to answer it has not so far met with success. One of the approaches taken, introduced by C. S. Peirce, is the model of abduction. This study sets itself two goals. The first goal is to point to the original purpose and understanding of logic and abduction in the mature work of Peirce as a complex of processes whose analysis falls within the area of the metho­dology of science and epistemology rather than within formal logic. The second goal is to present elements of abduction in Peirce’s mature conception of science which have been given less attention than has the analysis of the formal-logical structure of that conception. Relevant here, above all, are the influences of unconscious processes, such as inspiration and instinct, on the creation of explanatory hypotheses, and their place in abduction. On the basis of this analysis we arrive at two conclusions. Firstly, abduction does not fulfill the requirements of the “logic of discovery” that are set out by formal logic. Secondly, Peirce’s historical, progressive approach, the aim of which is to connect the study of mental processes and the logic and theory of science, constitutes a possible alternative to the purely formal approach to the question of scientific discovery.
DE
Die Frage der wissenschaftlichen Entdeckung und die Bemühung um eine Lösung dieser Frage sind bislang nicht von Erfolg gekrönt. Einen Lösungsansatz stellt hier das von Ch. S. Peirce eingeführte Modell der Abduktion dar. Die vorliegende Studie hat zwei Ziele: Erstens den Hinweis auf die ursprüngliche Stoßrichtung und das Verständnis der Logik und der Abduktion beim späten Peirce als ein Komplex von Prozessen, deren Analyse eher in den Bereich der wissenschaftlichen Methodologie und der Epistemologie als in den Bereich der formalen Logik fällt. Das zweite Ziel besteht darin, jene Elemente der Abduktion des Wissenschaftskonzepts beim späten Peirce vorzustellen, denen im Vergleich zur Analyse ihrer formal-logischen Struktur geringere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet wird. Es handelt sich dabei insbesondere um die Einflüsse unbewusster Prozesse wie beispielweise Inspiration und Instinkt auf die Bildung der erläuternden Hypothese und auf deren Stellung in der Abduktion. Die vorgenommene Analyse bringt dabei zwei Schlussfolgerungen: Erstens erfüllt die Abduktion nicht die Anforderungen an die „Logik der Entdeckung“, so wie sie die formale Logik stellt. Zweitens kann Peirces historisch-fortschrittlicher Ansatz, dessen Ziel die Verbindung des Studiums mentaler Prozesse mit der Logik und der Wissenschaftstheorie ist, eine Alternative zum rein formalen Ansatz bezüglich der Frage der wissenschaftlichen Entdeckung darstellen.
8

Developing and Creating Information Management Systems to Meet the Needs of the Centre for Abductions

75%
Wiciak K.
Internal Security
|
2014
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vol. 6(2)
107-116
EN
Conducting research and development in the area of internal security involves a response from the worlds of scienceand business to the needs of law enforcement and justice. The response in this instance was in accordance with the recommendationsof an interdepartmental team established as a result of errors made in the conduct of investigative activities related to the KrzysztofOlewnik abduction as well as to the study of files on abductions in Poland for the period 2000–2010. The panel’s report concludedthat there was a need to create a Centre for Abductions but that the creation of such a structure should be preceded by relevantresearch and development to produce a considered design. In this case, one can say that it was indeed a model for action, the effectof which is the current project “Developing and creating information management systems to meet the needs of the Centre forAbductions” (project number: OROB 0003 03 001), funded by the National Centre for Research and Development, with the aimof creating a fully functional structure with the necessary tools and technology. As a result of these initiatives, the qualityof investigative activities will significantly improve, which will directly contribute to increasing public confidence in law enforcementand increased security.
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Informal Fallacies as Abductive Inferences

75%
Kreider A. J.
Logic and Logical Philosophy
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2016
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vol. 25
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issue 1
73-82
EN
All who teach logic are familiar with informal fallacies such as ad ignorantium (appeal to ignorance) and ad populum (appeal to popularity). While it is easy to give clear examples of poor reasoning of this sort, instructors are also cognizant of what might be called “exceptions”: when it is legitimate to appeal to popularity or to an absence of evidence. The view I defend here is that appeals to popularity and ignorance (and some other fallacies) should best be viewed as instances of abductive reasoning, or inferences to the best explanation. Thus, determinations of whether these types of arguments are good ones will rest on the criteria that determine good reasoning for abductive arguments generally.
10

Plausible Reasoning for the Problems of Cognitive Sociology

75%
Finn V. K., Mikheyenkova M. A.
Logic and Logical Philosophy
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2011
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vol. 20
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issue 1-2
111-137
EN
The plausible reasoning class (called the JSM-reasoning in hon- our of John Stuart Mill) is described. It implements interaction of three forms of non-deductive procedures-induction, analogy and abduction. Empirical induction in the JSM-reasoning is the basis for generation of hy- potheses on causal relations (determinants of social behaviour). Inference by analogy means that predictions about previously unknown properties of objects (individual’s behaviour) are inferred from causal relations. Ab- ductive inference is performed to check on the explanatory adequacy of generated hypotheses. To recognize rationality of respondents’ opinion de- ductive inference is used. Plausible reasoning, semantics of argumentation logic and deductive recognition of opinion rationality represent logical tool for cognitive sociology problems.
11
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Identyfikacja mechanizmów społecznych z wykorzystaniem instytucjonalizmu zorientowanego na aktora

63%
Krupnik S.
Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance
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2013
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issue 2-3(24-25)
127-139
PL
Artykuł jest teoretycznym podsumowaniem projektu badawczego, którego celem była identyfikacja mechanizmu dotacji inwestycyjnych. Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie ram teoretycznych umożliwiających uzyskanie zaplanowanego efektu. Zostały one opracowane z wykorzystaniem koncepcji instytucjonalizmu zorientowanego na aktora. Zastosowanie ram umożliwiło, oprócz osiągnięcia głównego celu projektu, uzyskanie dodatkowych efektów: identyfikację dysfunkcjonalnych aspektów interwencji oraz opisanie mechanizmu sprawiającego, że nieefektywna interwencja była nadal wdrażana.
EN
The article summarizes a research project whose aim was to identify the mechanism of public subsidies. It aims to present the theoretical frameworks of the research project, which were designed on the basis of actor-centred institutionalism. The frameworks made it possible not only to achieve the main aim of the project but also to identify the dysfunctional features of the intervention and the mechanism accounting for the permanence of the public subsidies.
12
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Społeczno-ekonomiczne oddziaływanie muzeów

63%
Murzyn-Kupisz M.
Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance
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2014
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issue 2(28)
49-62
PL
Instytucje muzealne mają duży, choć nie w pełni rozpoznany i nie zawsze wykorzystany, potencjał do tworzenia różnorodnych korzyści społeczno-ekonomicznych w różnych skalach przestrzennych. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie na istotne implikacje działalności muzeów, przemawiające za ich rozpatrywaniem nie tylko jako miejsc generowania kosztów i instytucji stanowiących wyłącznie obciążenie dla budżetu publicznego lub placówek, których gospodarcze oddziaływanie sprowadza się jedynie do wspomagania sektora turystyki poprzez zapewnianie rdzenia produktów turystycznych. Wychodząc od specyfiki muzeów jako organizacji non-profit oferujących złożone usługi, autorka pokazuje wielość interesariuszy, którzy mogą wyrażać zainteresowanie muzeami i czerpać korzyści z ich działalności, oraz definiuje zróżnicowane płaszczyzny wpływu tych placówek na szeroko rozumiane otoczenie.
EN
Museums have a great, though still not fully acknowledged nor always used, potential to create diverse socioeconomic benefits at different spatial scales. The aim of the paper is to discuss important social and economic implications of museum activities which make it worthwhile to look at them not only as cost-generating enterprises and a ballast to public budget, or as institutions with an economic impact limited to supporting the tourism sector through providing the core of a tourism product. Departing from the consideration of museums as specific non-profit institutions producing a complex offer, the author points to a broad variety of museum stakeholders and defines various spheres of potential impact of museums.
13
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Problemy terminologiczne w argumentach za istnieniem Boga

63%
Wolak Z.
ARGUMENT: Biannual Philosophical Journal
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2014
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vol. 4
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issue 2
341-358
EN
In the article I deal with some paradoxes and errors caused by improper usage of logical and philosophical terms appearing in the arguments for existence of God and other philosophical issues. I point at first some paradoxes coming from improper usage of propositional calculus as an instrument for analysis of a natural language. This language is actually not using simple sentences but rather propositional functions, their logical connections, and some replacements for variables in them. We still have to deal with so called paradox of material implication. The second paragraph provides formal and metatheoretical critics of Charles Sanders Peirce’s theory of deduction, induction and abduction. I argue that what Peirce and his followers call abduction is actually deduction or some reasoning unable to describe in terms of the logic used by them. Both syllogistic and inferential theory of abduction generate some paradoxes and contradictions. In the last paragraph also some paradoxes and contradictions resulting from the theory of causation by Jan Łukasiewicz are presented. The central issue of the article is erroneous usage of the implication: in logical paraphrases of a natural language, in description of the scientific reasoning, and in description of causality. However, my objective is not to solve all problems mentioned above but rather to open a discussion over them.
14
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Kilka uwag o problemie demarkacji ze stanowiska informacjonizmu

63%
Gorzula B.
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce
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2013
|
issue 52
107-130
PL
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a different perspective on the problem of demarcation. It presents the results achieved by J. Hintikka and the Finnish school of the philosophy of science. However, the origins of this approach can be traced to the work of R. Carnap and Y. Bar-Hillel. The controversy over confirmationism and falsificationism is based on false assumptions. We need both probability and informative content. Our theories must have a connection with reality (high probability) and reflect its deep structure (information). Expected informational content allows us to define a “negative” demarcation criterion between science and pseudoscience.
15
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Język, kultura, wartość – ku lingwistyce opartej na abdukcji i wyrazistości

63%
Peeters B.
Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury
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2015
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vol. 27
EN
In recent work, I have laid the foundations of a framework which I refer to as applied ethnolinguistics, and which is intended as a tool that can be used in the advanced foreign language classroom to make students aware of the fact that the language they are learning contains numerous cues that can help them gain a better understanding of the cultural values generally upheld by native speakers of their chosen foreign language. The notions of languaculture, abductive reasoning, and salience will be integrated into what is hoped to be a coherent procedure for dealing with apparently inexplicable cultural behaviours. Six pathways, ethnolexicology, ethnorhetoric, ethnophraseology, ethnosyntax, ethnopragmatics, and ethnoaxiology, are proposed as specific directions guiding the process of language and culture teaching in a multicultural classroom.
PL
W jednej z niedawnych prac autor zaproponował model etnolingwistyki stosowanej jako narzędzia do wykorzystania w nauce języka obcego na poziomie zaawansowanym (na uczelniach wyższych). Model ten ma służyć uświadomieniu studentom, iż poznają oni liczne wskazówki mogące pomóc w zrozumieniu wartości kulturowych wyznawanych przez rodzimych użytkowników danego języka obcego. Jest to zintegrowany model łączący pojęcia języko-kultury, abdukcji i wyrazistości, mający pomóc w zrozumieniu pozornie niewytłumaczalnych zachowań o podłożu kulturowym. Służy temu sześć „ścieżek” funkcjonujących jako drogowskazy dla nauczycieli i studentów, pomagających im wykorzystać możliwości stwarzane przez kontekst wielokulturowych zajęć uniwersyteckich; są to: etnoleksykologia, etnoretoryka, etnofrazeologia, etnoskładnia, etnopragmatyka i etnoaksjologia.
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Beginnings of Human Reasoning: Manifestations of Induction, Deduction and Abduction in Hominid Activities

63%
Ratajczyk D.
Studia z kognitywistyki i filozofii umysłu
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2017
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vol. 10
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issue 1
PL
Reasoning is a significant feature of humans and it might be one of the main reasons for their evolutionary success. Reasoning is a broad concept and can be divided into types (according to a classification system). Logical classifications propose to distinguish inductive, deductive and abductive reasoning.I try to investigate at which point of human evolution particular types of reasoning arose and why. The study presents deliberation on changes in human lifestyle and their impact on reasoning. It also presents possible hominid activities, which evidence usage of different types of reasoning at different stages of human evolution. Early stages (passive scavengers) suggest no need for creative reasoning. It seems induction was sufficient for hominids to perform their activities. However, some strategies of food foraging applied by hunter-gatherers suggest the usage of abductive reasoning. Social interactions need transitive reasoning to occur and this is an indication of deductive reasoning. I put forward a hypothesis that abduction is necessary to create beliefs, so the ability to abduct arose when humans started to consider afterlife at the latest. I also suggest that abductive reasoning is one of the newest achievements in human evolution.
17
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Philosophical Constraints on Normativity

63%
Margolis J.
Eidos. A Journal for Philosophy of Culture
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2019
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vol. 3
|
issue 4(10)
101-113
EN
This essay is an exploratory reflection on a theme drawn from the work of Pierre Hadot and Juliusz Domański regarding “philosophy as a way of life.” I approach the matter from the naturalistic outlook of classic pragmatism and its own limitations. This approach stresses the possible improvement of the analysis of normativity by way of some neglected contributions regarding the nature of history and the evolution of Homo sapiens applied to the formation of the human self or person. I take Hadot’s proposal seriously, therefore, as contributing to a mature conception of philosophy. But I deliberately restrict my own conjectures to naturalistic constraints, which begins to suggest an enlargement of pragmatism itself and an assessment of Hadot’s Greco-Roman and Christian themes.
18

Co znaczy „rozumieć” w „perspektywie i metodzie” interakcjonizmu symbolicznego Herberta Blumera?

63%
Wroniecka G.
|
2016
|
vol. 8(44)
|
issue 4
51-66
PL
W artykule przedstawiam stworzoną przez Herberta Blumera w jego programie metodologicznym interakcjonizmu symbolicznego procedurę rozumowania teoretycznego. Polemizuję z odczytaniami, które interpretują tę perspektywę jako skrajnie nominalistyczną i hermeneutyczną. Argumentuję za takim odczytaniem, w którym program Blumerowskiego interakcjonizmu przedstawia się jako ściśle przestrzegająca wymogów adekwatności wobec świata empirycznego nauka empiryczna. Jako nauka teoretyczna ma ona respektować obiektywny charakter powstających w interpretatywnych interakcjach zdarzeń. Przedmiotem teorii interakcjonistyczno-symbolicznej są obiektywne fakty powstające wtedy, gdy ludzie wzajemnie przystosowują do siebie swoje działania. Teoria formalna ludzkiego życia zbiorowego jest możliwa, choć nie będzie ustalona raz na zawsze ze względu na permanentną zmienność cechującą sam jej przedmiot.
EN
The paper presents Blumer’s procedure of theoretical reasoning formulated in his symbolic-interactionist program. I discuss with those who read this perspective as a radically nominalistic and hermeneutic one. In my interpretation, Blummer’s program claims for empirical social science which is to seek for adequacy of its thesis and the empirical world. As a theoretical social science, it has to respect objective character of facts that are created in human interactions. They are created when people negotiate mutually their lines of action; the last ones become the real object for symbolic-interactionism science. A formal, abstract theory of human social life is possible, but such a theory will remain permanently unstable and variable because of lability and variability of its objects themselves.
19
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Formalnoprawne aspekty uprowadzeń w społecznym odbiorze policji, jako służby porządku publicznego zwalczającej przestępczość i zapobiegającej jej

63%
Maciejczyk R.
Studia Administracji i Bezpieczeństwa
|
2019
|
issue 6
63-73
PL
Uprowadzenia dla okupu budzą wśród polskiego społeczeństwa wiele emocji. Zazwyczaj powodują sprzeciw oraz oburzenie, szczególnie, gdy ofiarą staje się dziecko. Zwiększająca się przestępczość oraz zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego wskazują, jak ważna jest ochrona i obrona prawa jednostki do wolności. Przedmiotowe opracowanie wskazuje, jakie są podstawy prawne ścigania i wykrywania sprawców przestępstw oraz elementy pracy policji w procesie wykrywczym po uprowadzeniu dla okupu lub wymuszenia określonego zachowania.
EN
He ransom abductions give rise to many emotions among Polish society. They usually cause opposition and indignation, especially when the child becomes a victim. Increasing crime and threats to internal security indicate how important it is to protect and defend the individual’s right to freedom. This study shows what are the legal grounds for prosecution and detection of perpetrators of offenses and elements of the work of the police in the detection process after abduction for ransom or forcing a particular behavior.
20
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Modelowanie rozumowań abdukcyjnych: przypadek gry Takie Życie

51%
Żyluk N., Urbański M., Żelechowska D.
Studia Semiotyczne
|
2018
|
vol. 32
|
issue 1
53–75
PL
Prezentujemy dwa formalne narzędzia służące do modelowania rozumowań, za pomocą których rozwiązywane są szczególnego rodzaju problemy abdukcyjne. Pierwszy model, osadzony w formalizmie logiki pytań, bazuje na pojęciu słabej implikacji erotetycznej. Drugi model wykorzystuje relacje zawężania i odsiewania definiowane za pomocą logiki pytań, semantyki sytuacyjnej i pojęcia relewancji wątku. Na przykładzie analizy rozgrywek w grę Takie Życie pokazujemy, że oba modele adekwatnie charakteryzują dane empiryczne.
EN
Our research provides formal tools for analyses of reasoning involved in solutions to a specific class of abductive problems. We present two models of this reasoning. The first one is grounded in the logic of questions and employs a weak version of erotetic implication. The second one is construed in terms of relations of sifting and funneling. Definitions of these relations involve the logic of questions, situational semantics, and the concept of topic relevance. As we show on the basis of a Mind Maze gameplay case study, these models account well for empirical data.
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