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EN
The current study represents an initial approach to the analysis of the textual macro and microstructure, which deals with the Text unit, not only following traditional criteria of textual description applied by Beaudegrande/Dressler (1981), but also according to the postulates of the valency theory. The study of the textual description under the previously mentioned parameters will be applied in this research to the Abstract textual type, which will be followed by a contrastive study of the obtained results.
EN
Abstracts are short and dense summaries of the main aspects of academic work. Major rhetoric moves, such as the aim the research, description of the methodology, the summary of the results, are identified in 52 undergraduate theses written by Hungarian students of English. Emphasis is given to the academic lexical bundles, the use of tenses and aspects, personal pronouns, modal auxiliaries, hedging in the realization of these moves. Comparison is made between novice and experienced writers. The pedagogical implications of the findings are also discussed.
Stylistyka
|
2010
|
vol. 19
343-354
EN
The text consists of two parts: the first is longer and concems the much discussed links between the grammar of natural language and logie, the second - the existence o f surprising geometrical objects called fractals. The coda presents the link between the objects mentioned in the title.
EN
Abstract and annotation as an element of bibliographic description in the iSybislaw databaseAbstract (sometimes called summary) of a scientific publication is a brief text that contains keywords. It is one of the elements of a bibliographic description in the bibliographic database iSybislaw – a modern information retrieval system. In the paper definitions of terms such as abstract, annotation and summary along with their constitutive elements are presented. A characteristics of such short texts inserted in the iSybislaw database in the fields Abstract and Abstract 2 is also given. Based on some examples excerpted from the iSybislaw system a typology of short texts, which are elements of the database bibliographic description, is proposed. The material allows to list three kinds of texts that are being used in the iSybislaw database: annotations, abstracts and biographic annotations. Abstrakt i adnotacja jako element opisu dokumentu w bazie iSybislawPrzedmiotem analizy artykułu są krótkie teksty, które stanowią jeden z elementów opisu bibliograficznego w systemie wyszukiwawczym iSybislaw. W praktyce naukowej używane są różne terminy odnoszące się do takich tekstów (abstrakt, adnotacja, streszczenie). Autor podaje ich definicje oraz wskazuje elementy konstytutywne. Na podstawie przykładów wyekscerpowanych z systemu iSybislaw przedstawia ich typologię oraz omawia miejsce i funkcje w opisie bibliograficznym.
EN
Abstract (sometimes called summary) of a scientific publication is a brief text that contains keywords. It is one of the elements of a bibliographic description in the bibliographic database iSybislaw – a modern information retrieval system. In the paper definitions of terms such as abstract, annotation and summary along with their constitutive elements are presented. A characteristics of such short texts inserted in the iSybislaw database in the fields Abstract and Abstract 2 is also given. Based on some examples excerpted from the iSybislaw system a typology of short texts, which are elements of the database bibliographic description, is proposed. The material allows to list three kinds of texts that are being used in the iSybislaw database: annotations, abstracts and biographic annotations.
PL
Przedmiotem analizy artykułu są krótkie teksty, które stanowią jeden z elementów opisu bibliograficznego w systemie wyszukiwawczym iSybislaw. W praktyce naukowej używane są różne terminy odnoszące się do takich tekstów (abstrakt, adnotacja, streszczenie). Autor podaje ich definicje oraz wskazuje elementy konstytutywne. Na podstawie przykładów wyekscerpowanych z systemu iSybislaw przedstawia ich typologię oraz omawia miejsce i funkcje w opisie bibliograficznym.
Vox Patrum
|
1983
|
vol. 4
314-336
EN
bibliography
PL
bibliografia
EN
The purpose of this academic publication is to analyze the permissible methods of tax optimization using intangible property rights. The discussed methods are: optimization through the sale of intangible rights created within joint organizations and the use of license agreements. In both cases the methods are presented together with a discussion giving examples and methods of entrepreneurs applying the above mentioned solutions. Tangible benefits from the use of certain methods are presented, as well as potential threats, such as questioning the legitimacy of the transaction or the value of the fee.
PL
Celem tej publikacji naukowej jest analiza dopuszczalnych metod optymalizacji podatkowej z wykorzystaniem niematerialnych praw majątkowych. Omawianymi sposobami są: optymalizacja poprzez sprzedaż praw niematerialnych wytworzonych w ramach wspólnych organizacji oraz zastosowanie umów licencji. W obu przypadkach zostały przedstawione sposoby wraz z omówieniem podając przykłady i metody przedsiębiorców stosujących wymienione rozwiązania. Zostały ukazane wymierne korzyści z wykorzystania określonych sposobów oraz potencjalne zagrożenia, takie jak kwestionowanie zasadności wartości transakcji czy wartości wysokości honorarium.
EN
Writing abstracts, both in a professional and academic environment, is a crucialskill, reflecting the ability to think synthetically and express thoughts in a concise way. Due to the rising popularity of indexing scientific papers in different databases, abstracts can determine the readability of a paper and its future quotation rate. This paper presents the results of an analysis of the microstructure of 40 abstracts from prestigious impact factor medical and economics journals, offering guidelines for designing abstract writing exercises in foreign language courses for specific purposes
EN
The thesis of the paper is the statement that in theoretical assumptions of abstract painting the Platonic conception of art is to be found. It is an interesting coincidence, especially that it is independent and does not arise from inspiration of abstractionist painters by Plato’s philosophy or their reference to his conception of art. Plato, likewise, did not predict a development of such an art movement but despite that, in theoretical foundations of abstract painting the same truth cognitive assumptions can be identified as in Plato’s conception of art. They define its essence as well as function and value. They are also expression of Plato’s negative attitude to imitative painting.
PL
Tezą artykułu jest twierdzenie, że w założeniach teoretycznych malarstwa abstrakcyjnego odnajdujemy Platońską koncepcję sztuki. Jest to interesująca zbieżność, tym bardziej że jest ona niezależna, nie wynika z inspiracji abstrakcjonistów filozofią Platona, czy odwoływania się do jego koncepcji sztuki. Także Platon nie zakładał rozwoju takiego kierunku w sztuce, a mimo to u podstaw teoretycznych malarstwa abstrakcyjnego odnajdujemy te same prawdziwościowe, poznawcze założenia co w Platońskiej koncepcji sztuki. Określają one zarówno jej istotę, jak i funkcję oraz wartość. Stanowią także wyraz negatywnego stosunku Platona do malarstwa naśladowczego.
Poradnik Językowy
|
2022
|
vol. 799
|
issue 10
215-236
EN
This article discusses strategies of developing text mediation competences in the field of Polish Language for Academic Purposes taking into account the needs of students from Ukraine and the phenomenon of language interference. The author proposes a list of language proficiency indicators as part of the processing of texts based on the indicators of the Council of Europe published in the CEFR-Companion Volume on the example of an abstract. Based on the phenomenon of language interference, she defines the area of positive and negative transfer, comparing genre features and lexical structures from the CALP (Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency) in Polish and Ukrainian, to finally present teaching strategies helpful in developing mediation skills related to writing and editing the abstract.
PL
W artykule omówiono strategie rozwijania kompetencji mediacji tekstowej w zakresie dydaktyki języka polskiego do celów akademickich z uwzględnieniem potrzeb studentów z Ukrainy oraz zjawiska interferencji językowej. Autorka proponuje listę wskaźników biegłości językowej w ramach przetwarzania tekstów na podstawie deskryptorów Rady Europy (opublikowanych w dodatku CEFR-Companion Volume) na przykładzie abstraktu. Zgodnie z ideą uczenia w kontraście określa obszar transferu pozytywnego i negatywnego, porównując cechy gatunkowe oraz struktury leksykalne z rejestru naukowego w języku polskim i ukraińskim, by ostatecznie przedstawić strategie dydaktyczne pomocne w kształceniu umiejętności mediacyjnych związanych z redakcją abstraktu.
EN
The article concentrates on the specificity of philosophical cognition. Referring to Mieczysław A. Krąpiec’s study, the author proves that the process of thinking is not to be necessarily identified with the process of cognition, as in fact the former is merely a secondary phase of the latter. When identified with thinking, the philosophical cognition would undermine the very sense of cognition, which means the understanding of reality. When based on thinking alone, philosophy does not grasp real things, but operates with abstracts of being and being’s representations (concepts). As for the correctness of philosophical thinking the laws of logic, with ensuring non-contradictory operations, are sufficient enough. However, any knowledge that aspires to be philosophical has to start from really existing beings. In the next phases of cognition, such beings are grasped more and more particularly and precisely—starting from their transcendental properties and principles, then their structure and categorial properties, and finally their individual characteristics and actions. The very first act of cognition is directed to real beings, which are immediately grasped in respect of their existence and real essence. The second act of cognition deals with signs. The precedence of being in human cognition makes the philosophy charged not with a task of thinking about the world, but with the task of knowing and understanding it within possible and verifiable limits. Therefore, according to Krapiec, the very first philosophical discipline is metaphysics, which has real beings as its object. Thus, philosophical cognition should preserve its objective character, as this is the only way to guarantee its realism.
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