They are representatives (a glorification and doubts), directives (a request, questions, an encouragement and a temptation, an invitation, an advice, a prohibition), commissives (a promise and an obligation), expressives (a thanks, a greeting) and declarations. Thanks to them reaching the goal of persuasion: coming into a contact between sender and recipient becomes possible.
We begin our considerations with claiming that in the process of teaching a foreign language, the primary aim is to develop the pragmatic and communicative competence which means, among others, the ability to construct utterances that are correct and adequate for a particular communicative situation. The subject of this article is to present formal strategies concerning the act of apology, employed by Polish students in the process of learning Portuguese as a foreign language. Since the act of apology can be considered as one of the most essential acts of speech in communication, it is, therefore, important to verify which type of the act of apology is employed by students who are not native users of the Portuguese language.
CONDOLENCE, as an act of courtesy, belongs to acts of speech which might give rise to face threatening acts (FTA) and the resulting conflicts. On the one hand, the face of the mourner, who must find his or her way in the new extremely difficult situation, is threatened; on the other hand, the face of the speaker, whose task is to react properly to the fact of someone’s death, is threatened. What is helpful in avoiding confl icts is politeness strategies used by both senders and recipients. They constitute the research material excerpted from Polish and German obituaries and entries in books of condolence. The author of this paper has proved that both parties signalise there both positive politeness, which arises from the need of appreciation and support, and negative politeness, which is connected with the need of unlimited autonomy of acting. The nature of the performed analysis is pragmalinguistic and is based on the politeness theory of P. Brown and S.C. Levinson [1987], the focus of which is the concept of face understood as an image or representation.
Artykuł jest próbą pragmatycznej analizy zachowań komunikacyjnych o charakterze szantażu emocjonalnego w języku polskim i czeskim. Szantaż emocjonalny rozumiany jest jako manipulowanie rozmówcą przy pomocy wykorzystania emocji łączących nadawcę i odbiorcę. Analiza dotyczy omówienia czterech strategii komunikacyjnych: „Prokurator”, „Biczownik”, „Cierpiętnik” i „Kusiciel”. W tekście przedstawiono również sposoby realizacji poszczególnych strategii. Opierają się one na występowaniu określonych aktów mowy z grupy dyrektywów, komisywów, emotywów i illokucji o charakterze mieszanym, a także stosowaniu konkretnych operatorów interakcyjnych i łamaniu maksym konwersacyjnych.
EN
The article is an attempt of a pragmatic analysis of communication behaviours such as emotional blackmail in the Polish and Czech languages. Emotional blackmail means manipulation of the interlocutor while taking advantage of the emotions that connect sender and receiver. The analysis concerns four communication strategies: ‘Prosecutor’, ‘Flagellator’, ‘Martyr’ and ‘Tempter’. The article also presents the ways to implement particular strategies. They are based on determined speech acts from the group of directives, commissives, emotives and illocutions of mixed character, as well as on applying interactive operators and breaking conversational maxims.
The authors focused primarily on a typical act of politeness i.e., congratulations as understood and verbalized by the students of secondary schools. They were mostly interested in student’s answers to the following questions: Can students construct the correct definition of this notion? What advantages, apart from giving pleasure to the person who receives congratulations, does the sender want to achieve by using utterances of this kind? Can one congratulate against oneself, insincerely? Consequently, the definitions of the lexeme created by secondary school students underwent careful scrutiny, and also the addressee of congratulations, the reasons for expressing the words of praise as well as the intentions of congratulating, which can be very different: from demonstrating admiration for the attainments of the allocutor, through motivating them for further efforts, until the desire to achieve one’s own aims and awaiting reciprocity.
The article describes Józef Piłsudski’s texts on various types of speech. The bibliography of Piłudski’s works includes over thirty types of speech, which speaks to his linguistic agility. Our outline includes the analysis of four selected types of texts: aphorism, diatribe, denunciation and feuilleton written in various times in the course of his life. All of them were persuasive in nature and were written using a highly emotional language.
Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu omówienie aspektów pragmatycznego funkcjonowania języka portugalskiego, a mianowicie aktu prośby, w podręczniku do nauki języka portugalskiego jako obcego Português XXI 1. Na podstawie zebranego korpusu przyjrzymy się, jakie strategie grzecznościowe aktu prośby zostały użyte w omawianym podręczniku. Przedstawimy propozycję ćwiczeń sugerujących bardziej funkcjonalne formy aktu prośby.
EN
The starting point is the statement that in teaching a foreign language, the primary aim is to develop the pragmatic and communicative competence which, among others, signifies the ability to construct correct utterances that are adequate for the situation, as well as for other participants of social interaction. The present article aims at discussing the aspects of pragmatic functioning of the Portuguese language, that is the act of request in Portuguese as a Foreign Language student’s book Português XXI 1. On the basis of the gathered corpus, we will observe which politeness strategies of the act of request were used in the student’s book discussed. At the end of our considerations, we will propose some exercises which suggest more productive pragmatic forms.
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