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EN
Obesity is considered a major epidemic of the 21st century. In developed countries, about 1/3 of adults are obese and another 1/3 overweight according to the oversimplified measure - the Body Mass Index. More precise indicators of adiposity: waist circumference, skinfolds, underwater weighing and absorptiometry indicate similar levels of fatness. Obesity per se does not necessarily lead to pathological states, nor to premature mortality. Recent results of large sample studies indicate that more than 1/3 of people classified as obese by fatness indices are physiologically normal. Others, however, suffer from a number of pathological conditions, common among them being the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. The classical explanation for increasing obesity is the positive energy balance - too much food intake and too little exercise. It seems, however, that this explanation is too simplistic. In societies, and in families, exposed to overeating and lazy lifestyles, about 1/3 of individuals have normal body mass and low levels of fatness, while others become obese. There is, therefore, individual variation in propensity for obesity. We have identified two specific variables differentiating fatness. People who have large lean trunk frames - large volumes of abdominal cavities and thus large gastrointestinal tracts - put on more subcutaneous fat than those with smaller trunk frames (Henneberg and Ulijaszek 2010). This may be a result of larger volumes of food required for antral extension to release ghrelin, or larger surface area of small intestines for food absorption. The second variable is concentrations of Alanine Transaminase, an enzyme responsible for conversion of an amino acid to a carbon skeleton that can be used in fat synthesis. Our study of 46000 young Swiss males (Henneberg, Rühli, Gruber and Woitek 2011) found consistent correlation between levels of Alanine Transaminase and body weight in groups of normal body mass individuals, overweight individuals and moderately obese individuals. Coupling this finding with the fact that among vegetarians, even those living in North America with overabundance of food and low levels of exercise, obesity and overweight are much less common than among non-vegetarians, we have now hypothesized that the increased obesity of modern affluent societies is a result of consumption of animal protein when energy needs are already covered by carbohydrates and fat consumed concurrently. Until the advent of agriculture, humans relied on consumption of a variety of terrestrial and aquatic animals supplemented by relatively small amounts of plant foods. In this situation our bodies became adapted to use proteins as a source of energy, and became efficient at storing occasional surpluses of amino acids by their deamination and conversion to fats. In the modern diets carbohydrates are abundant and provide, together with fats, energy required by human bodies, proteins after deamination are efficiently converted to fats. When new types of crops are introduced to mass production of cheap foods our bodies may not be able to react correctly to all their contents and some of the ingredients may cause additional fatness. An example of widespread recent introduction of industrially processed soybean products that correlates with prevalence of obesity across countries of the world is discussed
EN
The aim of this study was to analyze the body posture and arches of the feet of rural boys with deficiency or excess of body fat, and to compare these parameters with those of participants with normal adiposity. The study was conducted in 2008 among rural children and adolescents from Biała Podlaska Province. Adiposity and body posture of 589 boys aged between 7 and 18 years were analyzed. Three groups of boys, with deficiency or excess of adipose tissue and normal adiposity, were identified on the basis of percentile charts of percentage body fat. Body posture was examined with Posturometr-S device and classified according to Wolański’s typology modified by Zeyland-Malawka. Arches of the feet were determined with podoscope, according to Weissflog. Analysis of the prevalence of various types of body posture revealed that the kyphotic type was most frequent among boys with normal percentage of body fat. Balanced type of body posture was more prevalent among the participants with deficiency of body fat, and the lordotic type among those with excessive adiposity. Scoliosis was documented most often among boys with low percentage of body fat, and flat feet among those characterized by high adiposity.
PL
Celem pracy była ocena postawy ciała oraz wysklepienia stóp chłopców wiejskich z niedoborem i nadmiarem tkanki tłuszczowej na tle badanych o prawidłowej zawartości tej tkanki w organizmie. Badania przeprowadzono w 2008 roku wśród dzieci i młodzieży wiejskiej z powiatu bialskiego. Scharakteryzowano otłuszczenie i postawę ciała 589 chłopców w wieku 7-18 lat. Wykorzystując wartości centylowe tkanki tłuszczowej w procentach wydzielono 3 grupy chłopców: z niedoborem, z nadmiarem i o prawidłowej zawartości tkanki tłuszczowej. Postawę ciała oceniono przy pomocy Posturometru-S, określając typ postawy ciała wg metody Wolańskiego z uwzględnieniem modyfikacji Zeyland-Malawki. Wysklepienie stóp badano podoskopem, przy zastosowaniu metody Wejsfloga. Analizując częstość występowania poszczególnych typów postawy ciała można stwierdzić, że najwięcej sylwetek kifotycznych zaobserwowano u chłopców o prawidłowej zawartości tkanki tłuszczowej. Postawy równoważne dotyczyły w większym stopniu badanych z niedoborem, a postawy lordotyczne z nadmiarem tkanki tłuszczowej. Boczne skrzywienie kręgosłupa najczęściej stwierdzano u chłopców o niskim otłuszczeniu, natomiast płaskostopie u badanych o dużej zawartości tkanki tłuszczowej.
PL
Wstęp. Pozytywnym miernikiem stanu zdrowia jest stopień i rodzaj otłuszczenia ciała. Cel badań. Ocena rozwoju otłuszczenia dzieci i młodzieży, obojga płci, z Rzeszowa, w wieku od 4 do 18 lat oraz jego zmiany w przeciągu ostatnich 35 lat. Materiał i metody. W latach 2013/2014 przebadano łącznie 1563 dzieci z Rzeszowa. Zmierzono grubość trzech fałdów tłuszczowych: nad mięśniem trójgłowym ramienia, w okolicy pępka, pod łopatką, obliczono całkowite otłuszczenie ciała. Dane poddano analizie statystycznej. Porównano do danych zgromadzonych w poprzednich latach: 1978/79, 1993/1994, 2003/2004. Wyniki. Do wieku wczesnoszkolnego przyrosty fałdów skórno-tłuszczowych są stabilne. W wieku od 11–12 lat u obojga płci stwierdzono, statystycznie znamienny, większy przyrost fałdów skórno-tłuszczowych nad mięśniem trójgłowym ramienia oraz globalnego otłuszczenia ciała. U chłopców w tym przedziale wiekowym zjawisko to dotyczy fałdu w okolicy pępka, a u dziewcząt podłopatkowego. Od 14 do 15 roku życia u chłopców obserwuje się przyspieszony rozwój fałdu podłopatkowego, a u dziewcząt w okolicy pępka. Obok przyrostów otłuszczenia stwierdzono jego spadki. W okresie pokwitania wartości odchylenia standardowego są najwyższe. Analiza porównawcza wykazała, że w przedziale czasowym 1978/79-2013/14 u chłopców i dziewcząt tendencja wzrostowa otłuszczenia utrzymuje się w przypadku wszystkich zmierzonych fałdów skórno-tłuszczowych. U obu płci w okresie analizowanego 35-lecia utrzymuje się wzrost całkowitego otłuszczenia ciała, natomiast w okresie ostatniego 10-lecia ulega wyhamowaniu. Wnioski. 1. Rozwój otłuszczenia u dzieci i młodzieży z Rzeszowa charakteryzuje się zróżnicowaniem międzypłciowym, dużą zmiennością w okresie pokwitania. 2. W rozwoju otłuszczenia do wieku wczesnoszkolnego obserwowane są stopniowe jego przyrosty, a następnie, nie tylko znamiennie statystycznie przyrosty, ale również spadki (wahania otłuszczenia). 3. Można stwierdzić, że u obu płci w okresie analizowanego 35-lecia utrzymuje się akceleracja otłuszczenia ciała, chociaż w okresie ostatniego 10-lecia ulega ona wyhamowaniu.
EN
Introduction. Level and type of body adiposity is a positive measure of health condition. Purpose of the study. Assessment of development of adiposity in children and adolescents of both sexes, aged 4–18, and its changes in the period of 35 years. Material and methods. The total of 1563 children from Rzeszów were examined in 2013/2014. Measurements were carried out to examine thickness of three skinfolds: above triceps brachii muscle, in the umbilical area, and below the scapula; based on that whole body adiposity was calculated. The findings were subjected to statistical analyses. The results were compared with the data collected previously, in: 1978/79, 1993/1994, 2003/2004. Results. Up until early school age there is stable increase in the skinfold thickness. Starting with the age of 11–12 years subjects of both sexes are found with significantly higher growth in triceps skinfold thickness and greater total body adiposity. In the boys of this age group the phenomenon is observed in the umbilical skinfold, and in the girls in the subscapular skinfold. At the age from 14 to 15, the boys are found with higher rate of growth in subscapular skinfold and the girls in umbilical skinfold. Besides the growth, adiposity has also been found to decrease. During puberty standard deviations assume the highest values. Longitudinal analysis of the data for the period from 1978/79 to 2013/14 shows increasing adiposity in boys and girls and the trend is observed in all the examined skinfolds. Subjects of both genders in the relevant period of 35 years are found with continued increase in whole body adiposity, yet during the most recent decade the trend has been inhibited. Conclusions. 1. Development of adiposity in children and adolescents from Rzeszow differs between the sexes, and is highly variable during puberty. 2. Up until early school age development of adiposity tends to be gradual, and then it is found not only to significantly increase but also to decrease (adiposity fluctuation). 3. It can be concluded that during the relevant period of 35 years body adiposity in both sexes tends to accelerate, yet during the most recent decade the trend has been inhibited.
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