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PL
Na przestrzeni lat w doktrynie powojennego sądownictwa administracyjnego dokonywano klasyfikacji podmiotów legitymowanych do wniesienia skargi, posługując się różnymi kryteriami. Jednym z nich było kryterium istnienia interesu prawnego lub publicznego bądź ich braku. Przedstawiona poniżej klasyfikacja opiera się na posiadaniu przez dany podmiot interesu prawnego czy publicznego jako wyznacznika przynależności do odpowiedniej grupy podmiotów, lub nieposiadaniu któregokolwiek z nich, gdyż ustawodawca go nie wymaga do uruchomienia postępowania sądowo-administracyjnego.
EN
Over the years entities have been categorised as those authorised to lodge a complaint according to various criterions within the doctrine of the post-war administrative judiciary. One of the criterions was the legal or public interest or a lack thereof.
PL
Prawo skarżącego do obiektywnego rozpoznania sprawy sądowoadministracyjnej obejmuje dwa kierunki rozważań. Pierwszy to określenie niezależności sądownictwa administracyjnego jako równoprawnej pozostałym władzom państwowym, drugi natomiast dotyczy samej osoby sędziego jako człowieka i podmiotu rozstrzygającego. Obie te kwestie mają niebagatelne znaczenie w ochronie publicznych praw podmiotowych skarżącego, ale także w wykształcaniu w nim poczucia sprawiedliwości.
EN
The right of the complainant to objective examination of an administrative law case entails two directions of discussion. The first of them is the definition of the administrative judiciary’s independence as equal to that of the other state authorities while the other concerns the judge as the human being and adjudging entity. Both the issues are of the vital importance not only for the protection of the complainant’s subjective public rights but also for the establishment of his or her sense of justice.
EN
The paper indicates the most important arguments raised by the participants in the dispute concerning the possibility of control by the administrative courts of decisions of the President of the Republic of Poland on the refusal to appoint a judge and an attempt to make a substantive evaluation of them. In my opinion, the refusal to appoint a judge, as well as refusal to accept the judge’s position under the amended Act on the Supreme Court (SC) should be strictly exceptional and in principle be justified at the constitutional level, which should be seen as the duty of the President to ensure compliance with the Constitution. Both of these resolutions should contain the motives of the President, which would make this act, with all its arbitrariness, more transparent. This is important not only from the point of view of the person concerned, but this also has an important social dimension. The public has the right to know, not only which candidates, who met the requirements for the appointment as a judge and were recommended by the National Council of the Judiciary of Poland (NCJ), were not appointed by the President, but also what reasons were at the heart of such a decision of the Head of State.
EN
This disputable issue was regulated in the provisions of the Act on Arms and Ammunition. The article contains numerous references to the jurisprudence of the Supreme Administrative Court and provincial (voivodeship) administrative courts. The author presented the administrative solutions to this issue and presented controversial and doubtful regulations. The presented de lege ferenda conclusions are aimed at introducing a precise and compatible procedure for approving shooting range regulations by the head of a commune, mayor or president of a city, in order to eliminate discretion in this respect.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia pytań prejudycjalnych zadawanych przez Wojewódzki Sąd Administracyjny we Wrocławiu do Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej. Przedstawiona zostaje ogólna istota pytań prejudycjalnych oraz kluczowe elementy w postępowaniu sądowoadministracyjnym. Następnie zostają omówione pytania prejudycjalne tego sądu w zakresie treści pytań, zawieszenia postępowania oraz wpływu orzeczenia wydanego przez TSUE na orzeczenie kończące postępowanie sądowoadministracyjne. Dokonana zostaje także analiza tychże pytań w aspekcie statystycznym na tle wszystkich sądów krajowych Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej oraz sądów wszystkich państw członkowskich Unii Europejskich.
EN
Abstract: The paper deals with the issue of questions referred to the Court of Justice of the European Union by the Provincial Administrative Court in Wrocław. The general essence of the questions for preliminary rulings is presented and the key elements in the judicial-administrative proceedings. Then the questions referred for a preliminary ruling by this court are discussed in terms of the content of the questions, the suspension of proceedings, and the impact of the ruling issued by the CJEU on the ruling ending the administrative court proceedings. An analysis is also made of these questions in terms of statistics against all national courts of the Republic of Poland and with the courts of all Member States of the European Union.
EN
The article discusses the changes occurring in the annulment model in administrative courts jurisdiction in connection with the concepts of the effective judicial protection that have been recently developed in European ‘case law’ and ‘soft law’. The comparison of the legal solutions adopted in Germany, Austria and Poland confirms that in each of the abovementioned countries courts have acquired competences and legal instruments appropriate for the full appeal model. One of the reasons that leads to the adoption of such changes is, among others things, low effectiveness of legal procedures, especially at the stage of judicial decisions being enforced by the public authorities. These changes, however, should be considered in a wider perspective related to the new role of administrative courts since these courts are seen as guarantors of effective protection of individual rights and as such ought to be equipped with appropriate legal instruments necessary for its implementation.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest zmianom, jakie następują w kasacyjnym modelu jurysdykcji sądów administracyjnych w związku z rozwijaną w europejskim case law i soft law koncepcją efektywnej ochrony sądowej. Porównanie rozwiązań prawnych przyjętych w Niemczech, Austrii oraz w Polsce stanowi potwierdzenie, że w każdym z tych krajów doszło do wzbogacenie kompetencji sądów o środki prawne właściwe modelowi pełnego orzekania. Wśród przyczyn podnosi się niską efektywność procedur, zwłaszcza na etapie wykonania wyroku przez organy administracji publicznej. Zmiany te należy jednak postrzegać w szerszej perspektywie związanej z nową rolą sądów administracyjnych, które są gwarantem skutecznej ochrony praw jednostki i które powinny posiadać właściwe instrumenty prawne dla jej realizacji.
Prawo
|
2017
|
issue 323
35-45
EN
The Constitution is directly applied by administrative courts. Constitutional regulations are the basis for shaping the control pattern. The pro-constitutional interpretation of law is of great importance. The direct application of the Constitution by the administrative courts concerns different matters and serves to ensure the rule of law in the executive branch activities.
EN
The commented judgement of the Regional Administrative Court in Warsaw of 2nd June 2015 (SA/Wa 1920/14) has had a significant impact on the change of the interpretation of the regulation on decisions issued by the President of the Supreme Audit Office. Namely it accelerated the court and administrative control of adjudicating related to a negative evaluation of a nominated auditor. Simultaneously, the Court decided – unjustly, according to the authors of the article – that a negative evaluation by the supervisor of a nominated auditor is an administrative decision of first instance. While a decision of the President of NIK, made on the basis of Article 76a (3) of the Act on NIK – is considered the final administrative decision. In their article, the authors present in detail the legal status and they analyse the stance of the Regional Administrative Court, justifying their reasoning in the area.
EN
This article deals with the role of the principle of proportionality in the system of Lithuanian administrative law.The aim of this article is to observe the implementations of the principle of proportionality in Lithuanian administrative law and the application of this principle in Lithuanian courts. This paper offers an examination of the nature of the principle of proportionality in administrative law, a review of the representation of this principle in Lithuanian legislation, and in particular makes an observation of the role of this principle in the judicial review of Lithuanian courts - specifically, the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania and the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania. The article reviews the recent practice of these courts.The article consists of two main parts: a review of relevant legislation and a review of the implementation of this principle in Lithuanian courts. In connection with the place and importance of the principle of proportionality in Lithuanian administrative law, this article distinguishes two fields for the implementation of this principle: (1) the application of the principle of proportionality when the subject of public administration makes the decision on a private person and (2) an assessment of the legitimacy of the decision made by the subject of public administration in the judicial process on the basis of this principle.
EN
The judgement of the Supreme Administrative Court referred to in the document relates to the issue of the statute of limitations of a tax liability, which is a construction of tax law. The legal question that raised serious doubts in a specific case was whether tax law is part of administrative law or constitutes a separate branch of law. The problem arose in connection with Article 15zzr(1)(3) of the COVID-19 Act. The result of the analysis confirms the thesis that the statute of limitations on tax liabilities cannot be regulated by provisions of administrative law, as tax law does not fall within the category of administrative law but constitutes a separate branch of law.
EN
The article presents an analysis of legal regulations concerning supervisory insti-tutions as a key element in how local government functions. The effectiveness of supervision institutions is analyzed on the basis of legal regulations concerning bodies supervising the activities of local government. Exercising legal supervision contributes to restoring the state of affairs consistent with law, if it has been violat-ed, thus presenting statutory supervisory measures at the disposal of supervisory authorities. Ongoing supervision of voivodes and regional accounting chambers, as a matter of principle, is related to examining the legality of the legislative activity of the decision-making bodies of local government units, therefore the article discusses the process of supervisory proceedings related to the issuance of a supervisory deci-sion by the supervisory authority. In order to exercise supervision more effectively, in addition to appropriate legislative changes and the elimination of existing legal loopholes, in the author’s opinion, it is necessary to define the principles of coop-eration between supervisory authorities and other entities, including developing and agreeing on procedures for the mutual exchange of information. In addition, the actions taken by prosecutors, who, using their statutory powers, file numerous complaints to administrative courts against resolutions of local government units are also indicated. However, there is a complete lack of knowledge on the part of the supervisory authorities in this regard. The text recapitulates the results of the audit carried out by the Supreme Audit Office which concerned the supervision of voivodes over law-making by local government units in 2017–2019. The analysis of the subject of legal regulations relating to the exercise of supervision provides the basis for the author to formulate de lege ferenda postulates and to present the proposed directions of changes.
EN
In order to ensure that the right to bring an action before a court, which in substantive terms is understood as safeguard of the effective protection of individuals’ rights, is exercised and that a fair judgment is entered, the administrative courts may review the correctness of actions taken by governmental bodies in establishing the facts of the case, subject to the principle of legality. For this reason, it is necessary for the administrative courts to provide reasons for their judgments so as to demonstrate that the review of an administrative instrument was comprehensive and took account of all the facts of the case. The reasons so provided may cause the complainant to believe that he has indeed been granted legal protection. Moreover, this may demonstrate that the administrative courts not only review compliance with the principle of legality, but primarily exercise judicial power conferred on them. Therefore, it is appropriate to state that the applicable Polish regulations on the  administrative courts safeguard the individual’s right to bring an action before a court both in formal and material sense.
PL
In connect judgement, the Supreme Administrative Court granted right, a taxable person who has been refused the right of assistance thus also possibility of defending their position on the complaints about the decision of the tax authority concerning the multimillion tax liability. The Court of second instance states that the Provincial Administrative Court in assessing the reasons justifing the application of the law should help carry out simulations of the effects of incurring expenses related to legal entry to the assets of the taxable person and the people with him in the household. In addition, the Supreme Court stresses that in determining the value of the assets of the taxpayer must be taken into account only the assets – without excercising a taxable person claims and obligations. According to the author the vote decision is an example of a rational approach to the issue of the right of assistance in the case of taxable persons whose entire property subject to execution. It is essential that the courts processed the applications for the grant of the right in the help i.a. in the context of the possibility of payment of legal entry and real estate has the taxpayer. In the case entry of the Court is 100 000 PLN (maximum) and every taxable person whose tax liability would amount to tens of millions of zloty wouldn’t be able to pay such costs. This may not however prevent the implementation of the right to go to court against such taxpayer.
PL
In connect judgement, the Supreme Administrative Court granted right, a taxable person who has been refused the right of assistance thus also possibility of defending their position on the complaints about the decision of the tax authority concerning the multimillion tax liability. The Court of second instance states that the Provincial Administrative Court in assessing the reasons justifing the application of the law should help carry out simulations of the effects of incurring expenses related to legal entry to the assets of the taxable person and the people with him in the household. In addition, the Supreme Court stresses that in determining the value of the assets of the taxpayer must be taken into account only the assets – without excercising a taxable person claims and obligations. According to the author the vote decision is an example of a rational approach to the issue of the right of assistance in the case of taxable persons whose entire property subject to execution. It is essential that the courts processed the applications for the grant of the right in the help i.a. in the context of the possibility of payment of legal entry and real estate has the taxpayer. In the case entry of the Court is 100 000 PLN (maximum) and every taxable person whose tax liability would amount to tens of millions of zloty wouldn’t be able to pay such costs. This may not however prevent the implementation of the right to go to court against such taxpayer.
EN
The paper indicates the most important arguments raised by the participants in the dispute concerning the possibility of control by the administrative courts of decisions of the President of the Republic of Poland on the refusal to appoint a judge and an attempt to make a substantive evaluation of them. In my opinion, the refusal to appoint a judge, as well as refusal to accept the judge’s position under the amended Act on the Supreme Court (SC) should be strictly exceptional and in principle be justified at the constitutional level, which should be seen as the duty of the President to ensure compliance with the Constitution. Both of these resolutions should contain the motives of the President, which would make this act, with all its arbitrariness, more transparent. This is important not only from the point of view of the person concerned, but this also has an important social dimension. The public has the right to know, not only which candidates, who met the requirements for the appointment as a judge and were recommended by the National Council of the Judiciary of Poland (NCJ), were not appointed by the President, but also what reasons were at the heart of such a decision of the Head of State.
PL
W artykule wskazano najbardziej istotne argumenty podnoszone przez uczestników sporu dotyczącego możliwości kontroli przez sądy administracyjne postanowień Prezydenta RP o odmowie powołania na stanowisko sędziego oraz podjęto próbę dokonania ich merytorycznej oceny. Zdaniem autora odmowa powołania na stanowisko sędziowskie oraz niewyrażenie zgody na dalsze zajmowanie stanowiska sędziego przewidziane na gruncie znowelizowanych przepisów ustawy o SN po winny mieć charakter ściśle wyjątkowy i w zasadzie znajdować swoje uzasadnienie na płaszczyźnie konstytucyjnej, w czym należy upatrywać realizacji obowiązku Prezydenta czuwania nad przestrzeganiem Konstytucji. Zarówno jedno, jak i drugie rozstrzygnięcie powinno zawierać motywy, jakimi kierował się Prezydent, co czyniłoby ten akt, przy całej jego arbitralności, bardziej transparentnym. Jest to istotne nie tylko z punktu widzenia samego zainteresowanego, ale ma także ważny wymiar społeczny. Społeczeństwo ma bowiem prawo wiedzieć nie tylko, którzy kandydaci spełniający wymogi do objęcia urzędu sędziego i rekomendowani przez KRS nie zostali powołani przez Prezydenta, ale także jakie przyczyny legły u podstawy takiej decyzji Głowy Państwa.
|
2018
|
vol. 16
|
issue 1 (1)
141-154
EN
The constitutional right to the court is the right to effective legal protection. It may be exercised if the law provides for the legal measures to ensure enforceability of the judgments. Local law enacted by the local government authority constitutes the source of universally binding law. Polish administrative courts exercise the control over hierarchical compatibility of a local legal act with the higher-order acts. This control is of comprehensive character, as the administrative court is not bound by the objectives indicated in the complaint, nor by the legal basis presented by the complainant. If the complaint against an act of local law is accepted, the administrative court renders its judgment declaring this act invalid. Frequently, a local law act which is invalidated constitutes the legal basis for an administrative decision (tax decision) or an order. Therefore, the enforcement of the judgment of the administrative court declaring a local law act invalid relates to an individual act. The legislator indicated that such acts may be challenged in accordance with the procedure determined in the administrative proceedings or specific proceedings. The author formulates and justifies the thesis that the most appropriate procedure of the enforcement of the described court ruling in the case of a specific decision is the reopening of the administrative proceedings (tax proceedings).
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie specyfiki postępowania dowodowego przed sądem administracyjnym, które z uwagi na zakres dokonywanej kontroli sądowoadministracyjnej, jest bardzo ograniczone. Zgodnie z obowiązującymi przepisami, wszechstronne wyjaśnienie sprawy i ustalenie stanu faktycznego, należy do właściwego rzeczowo organu administracyjnego, którego legalność działania następnie ocenia sąd administracyjny. Jedynym dowodem, który może przeprowadzić sąd administracyjny w ramach uzupełniającego postępowania dowodowego jest dowód z dokumentu. Należy jednak pamiętać, że dowód ten nie może prowadzić do ponownego ustalania stanu faktycznego sprawy, albowiem nie mieści się to w ramach kognicji sądu administracyjnego. W artykule odwołano się do bogatego orzecznictwa Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego, które w omawianym zakresie jest jednolite.
EN
The main objective of this article is the presentation of the specific character of evidence proceedings before an administrative court, which could be very restricted due to the range of conducted legal-administrative control. According to valid regulations, a comprehensive explanation of facts of a case belongs to a competent administrative body, whose legality of action is then assessed by the administrative court. The only evidence that could be conducted by an administrative court within supplementary evidence proceedings is documentary evidence. However, it is worth remembering that the evidence cannot lead to a repeated establishing of facts of the case, as it is beyond the cognition of an administrative court. This article refers to the ample rulings of The Supreme Administrative Court, which is homogeneous within the discussed range.
EN
The article deals with the importance of the Austrian state’s legal act of 1867 on the judiciary. This law, as part of the so-called December constitution, was the first constitutional document to confirm the individual’s right to go to court to defend their public rights affected by the act of the administration. Although this constitutional law not yet established the general administrative court, it meant the promise of its establishment, which took place later in October 1876. The article analyzes the various models of administrative justice (especially English, French, and Prussian) that were known at the time of the December constitution and points to the originality of the Austrian administrative justice model (which was constituted by a single administrative court as a special court, was focused exclusively on the protection of subjective public rights of the individuals, was exercising justice and not administration, was not determining, what should be public interest). The article discusses how the December constitution was implemented in a subsequent legal act on the establishment of an administrative court in 1875 and how the Austrian administrative justice concept was reflected in the following eras, including the present.
CS
Článek se věnuje významu rakouského státního zákona z roku 1867 o moci soudcovské. Tento zákon, jako součást tzv. prosincové ústavy, byl prvním ústavním dokumentem, který zakotvil právo jednotlivce obrátit se k soudu za účelem obrany svých veřejných práv zasažených aktem správního úřadu. Ačkoli tento ústavní zákon ještě všeobecný správní soud nezřídil, znamenal jeho příslib, který byl pozdějším zákonem z října 1876 realizován. Článek analyzuje jednotlivé modely správního soudnictví (především anglického, francouzského a pruského), které byly v době přípravy prosincové ústavy známy, a ukazuje na originalitu modelu správního soudnictví rakouského (bylo tvořeno jediným správním soudem jako soudem zvláštním, bylo zaměřeno výhradně k ochraně subjektivních veřejných práv, vykonávalo spravedlnost, nikoli správu, neurčovalo, co má být veřejným zájmem). Článek rozebírá, jak byla úprava z prosincové ústavy naplněna v pozdějším zákoně o zřízení správního soudního dvora z roku 1875 a jak se rakouská koncepce správního soudnictví projevila i v dalším období, včetně současnosti.
PL
Przedmiotem rozpoznania w sprawie sądowoadministracyjnej (postępowaniu sądowoadministracyjnym) jest sprawa administracyjna. W konsekwencji można uznać, że granice podmiotowe i przedmiotowe sprawy administracyjnej, wyznaczone co do zasady ramami stosunku materialnoprawnego, wytyczają podmiotowe i przedmiotowe granice rozpoznania sprawy sądowoadministracyjnej.
EN
I accept that the statics of the administrative court case, i.e. the real subject of the proceeding (trial) of the administrative court, is the administrative case (in positive and negative terms). It constitutes an emanation of an objectively existing administrative-legal relationship, usually of a material nature, more specific in the form of a legal form of action. The boundaries of this legal relationship set the limits of the administrative case, which is the subject of a court case in the administrative court case.
PL
W artykule omówiono sposoby powstawania zobowiązań podatkowych i terminy ich płatności, przedstawiono rodzaje ulg w spłacie zobowiązań podatkowych oraz omówiono przesłanki do ich udzielania, bazując na orzecznictwie sądów polskich. Przedstawiono orzecznictwo sądów administracyjnych związane z zagadnieniem stosowania ulg w spłacie zobowiązań podatkowych dla osób niebędących przedsiębiorcami, jak i dla przedsiębiorców. Przedstawiono również orzecznictwo sądów administracyjnych związane z postępowaniem w sprawie udzielenia ulgi w spłacie zobowiązań podatkowych oraz w zakresie charakteru decyzji przyznającej ulgę, a także zagadnienia dotyczące ciężaru dowodzenia. Przedmiotem opracowania jest również kontrola organów administracji publicznej przez sądy administracyjne w zakresie udzielania ulg przez organy podatkowe.
EN
What is presented in this study on the basis of polish courts judicial decisions is the creation of tax liabilities, time limits for payment, different kinds of tax liability reductions and situations when they can be used. The article presents judicial decisions of the administrative courts concerning tax reductions for non- entrepreneurs as well as for entrepreneurs. It also illustrates judicial decisions of the administrative court concerning legal procedures of the cases of tax reduction and types of decisions granting them as well as issues dealing with the burden of proof. Another subject of this study is the control of public administrative authorities over administrative courts concerning tax reductions granted by tax authorities.
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