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1

Administrative Courts in Lithuania: History, Evolution, the Present, and Perspectives

100%

Bareikytė S., Deviatnikovaitė I., Jacevič B., Paužaitė-Kulvinskienė J.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2023

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vol. 22

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issue 2

11-42

EN

Judicial review of the legality of administrative acts is one of the most important elements of the rule of law. The institute of administrative justice began to develop in the 19th century: in 1872 The French Council of State was given a function of judicial review, the Administrative Court in Vienna (Austria-Hungary) was established in 1867, in Baden (Germany) in 1863, etc. After the First World War, administrative courts were established in several European countries. The law on the Supreme Administrative Court and its Jurisdiction in Czechoslovakia was adopted in 1918. The Law for the Supreme Administrative Court in Poland was issued in 1922. Administrative courts were also functioning in other countries (Latvia, Estonia). In Lithuania administrative courts were established for the first time in 1999, although up to fifteen draft laws on the Administrative Court were prepared in the interwar Lithuania. This article was written on the occasion of the centenary of the Polish administrative courts. Thus, the purpose of the article is to familiarize the readers with Lithuanian administrative courts, starting with the development of the institute of administrative justice from 1918 and ending with the perspectives of judicial review formed in that time. Therefore, the authors of the article set the following objectives: to remind of the origins of administrative justice in Lithuania from 1918 to 1940; to reveal the course of the establishment of administrative courts after the Restoration of the Independence of the Republic of Lithuania in 1990, briefly discussing who and on the basis of which legal acts controlled the legality of administrative acts during the Soviet era; to provide the insights of institutional development as well as competence development of the administrative courts; to present contemporary administrative process, giving some insights about the status quo; to present the features of and the most relevant reforms of administrative process. Abbreviations used in the article are as follows: CSARL – Central State Archive of the Republic of Lithuania, MDWLLAS – Manuscript Department of the Wróblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences.

2

Military and Civilian Requisitions in Light of the Rulings of the Supreme Administrative Tribunal from 1923 to 1931

100%

Konarski M.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2023

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vol. 22

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issue 1

201-222

EN

The institution of military and civilian requisitions is inextricably linked with the obligation to comply with public burdens and contributions, and it may be applied both in wartime and in peacetime. In-kind contributions in the form of requisitions by competent State authorities of items necessary to serve an unspecified public purpose, usually to meet the needs of the army, have from time immemorial been among the most onerous burdens to benefit the State. Requisitions – the subject of this analysis – constitute a means of searching for items that are of interest to the army and are a direct form of duty imposed on individuals to make them contribute to the public administration, thus constituting a breach of the principle of the inviolability of private property rights. The main focus of this discussion, however, is not an analysis of the substantive legal aspects concerning requisitions, but an analysis of the body of administrative rulings on these matters. Military requisitions constituted the basis of the system of wartime contributions that gave the State, through authorized bodies, the right to demand these contributions from the population, in particular the right to transfer to the State, in return for payment, ownership or the right to use movable and immovable property, directly or indirectly needed for the purposes of supplying the army and the state upon the outbreak of war or the ordering of a partial or general mobilisation. Some cases that found their way to the Supreme Administrative Tribunal in the first years of its existence resulted from complaints against the activities of military requisitioning bodies, mainly during the Polish-Bolshevik War. Civilian requisitions, on the other hand, became the subject of the rulings of the Supreme Administrative Tribunal as a result of complaints over the obligation to provide housing for servicemen and civilian officials in the first years of a reborn Poland, the direct cause of which should be attributed to the dramatic shortage of housing during the first years after the end of the First World War.

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The administrative justice in the Czech Republic – changes and expectations

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Potěšil L.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

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2018

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vol. 16

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issue 4 (2)

87-95

EN

This article deals with the changes that were made and with possible expectations in the field of administrative justice which can be observed on the example of (not only) the Czech Republic. To this end, the contribution focuses, first, on the purpose of the administrative justice as such and on its history and development. Then it gives consideration to the current stat and form of the legal framework of the administrative justice in the Czech Republic. On this basis, the last part of the contribution deals with the changes which have been made in the administrative justice as well as with possible expectations that may be placed on the administrative justice, going hand in hand with its possible changes in the future.

4

Správny súdny poriadok a možnosti alternatívneho riešenia sporov

88%

Molitoris P.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

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2016

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vol. 155

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issue 11

982-998

EN

The continuous growth of agenda of administrative judiciary bodies results in disproportionate delays in the overall duration of court proceedings with the proceedings becoming ineffective and, oftentimes, also inefficient in terms of parties to the proceedings and their rights. The Administrative Procedure Code which, as a new procedural code applicable to administrative judiciary, becomes effective in July 2016 aims, inter alia, to form conditions allowing for faster, more economical and, thus, more efficient court procedures.Means of alternative disputes resolution could represent one of the tools contributing to the speeding up of court proceedings by eliminating the excess of administrative courts agenda. This paper analyses particular alternatives to litigation presented by the Recommendation Rec (2001)9 of the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers while confronting them with the new administrative judiciary legislation in the Slovak Republic. The author of the paper concludes that the space which has opened up during the drafting of the new comprehensive administrative courts adjudication codification for a wider utilisation of alternatives to litigation has been mostly left unused. This fact, connected with the absence of relevant regulations governing the procedures to be adhered to by administrative bodies in administrative proceedings, can potentially result in the situation when the anticipated effect represented by the speeding up of court proceedings secured, inter alia, by alternative means of disputes settlement is not achieved.

SK

Kontinuálny nárast agendy prejednávanej súdmi v správnom súdnictve má za následok neúmerné predlžovanie celkovej dĺžky súdneho konania, ktoré sa takto stáva z hľadiska ochrany verejných subjektívnych práv účastníkov konania neefektívnym a často neúčinným. Správny súdny poriadok, ktorý jako nový procesný kódex pre oblasť správneho súdnictva nadobudne účinnosť v júli 2016 si za jeden z cieľov kladie vytvorenie podmienok pre rýchlejšie, hospodárnejšie a tým aj účinnejšie a efektívnejšie konanie súdov.Nástrojmi pomáhajúcimi zrýchleniu súdnych konaní elimináciou nadbytku rozhodovanej agendy správnych súdov by mohli byť aj prostriedky alternatívneho riešenia sporov. Článok analyzuje vybrané alternatívne riešenia prezentované Odporúčaním Výboru ministrov Rady Európy Rec (2001)9, pričom tieto konfrontuje s novou právnou úpravou správneho súdnictva v Slovenskej republike.V závere článku autor konštatuje, že priestor, ktorý sa pri príprave novej komplexnej kodifikácie rozhodovania v správnom súdnictve otvoril širšiemu využitiu prostriedkov alternatívneho riešenia sporov ostal z veľkej časti nevyužitý. Táto skutočnosť môže mať v spojení s absenciou súvisiacej právnej úpravy v predpisoch regulujúcich postup správnych orgánov v správnom konaní za následok, že očakávaný efekt v podobe zrýchlenia súdneho konania dosiahnuteľný využitím prostriedkov alternatívneho riešenia sporov sa v konečnom dôsledku nedostaví.

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Review of Administrative Justice in the Republic of Kosovo

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Pepaj I.

Academicus. International Scientific Journal

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2015

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issue 12

155-168

EN

The present paper aims to provide a real view of adjudication of administrative cases in Kosovo. The issue of adjudication of administrative cases in the Republic of Kosovo remains a challenge following justice reforms which began in 2013 and are still on-going. Kosovo as a new country faces difficulties in professionalization of public administration and this is closely related to large number of case that are subject of judicial review which is not a case with other countries which have longer experience in public administration. In this context, more attention has been paid to review of administrative acts and issues with special focus on judicial review, following with legal remedies, administration silence as cause of judicial review. The paper also contains information about administrative justice in Kosovo before and 2013, and its current state. New court structure brought with New Law on Courts which entered into force in 2013 affected administrative justice substantially. In the previous system, Kosovo Supreme Court was the only instance handling administrative disputes. In this regard, the issue of effective legal remedies was not in place as required by international standards. However, new court structure brought significant changes regarding legal remedies in administrative justice by setting up three court instances; Administrative departments within Prishtina Basic Court and Appellate Court as well as Supreme Court extraordinary legal remedies review.

6

Koncepcje postępowania sądowoadministracyjnego w okresie funkcjonowania Rządu Tymczasowego Rosji

63%

Sadłowski M. P.

Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego

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2017

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issue 20

205-216

EN

This article presents the tradition and process of shaping the administrative judiciary before 1917 in the Imperial Russia and the reform of the Provisional Government of 30 May 1917, which introduced independent administrative courts in that country. According to this regulation, the administrative judiciary in democratic Russia was to be tri-state, which meant that it would be performed by administrative judges in the ujezd, the departments of the administrative courts of the district courts in the provinces or vicissitudes and finally by the Ruling Senate. The speed with which new courts were introduced was motivated by the fact that the reforms of local self-government bodies and the elections to them were legally protected by new courts. However, the breakup of the state and the Bolshevik revolution made it impossible to apply the new regulations in practice.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia tradycję i proces kształtowania się sądownictwa administracyjnego przed 1917 r. w Rosji oraz reformę Rządu Tymczasowego z dnia 30 maja 1917 r., która wprowadzić miała w tym państwie niezależne sądy administracyjne. Zgodnie z omawianą w artykule regulacją, sądownictwo administracyjne w demokratycznej Rosji miało być trójinstancyjne, co oznaczało, że wykonywane będzie przez sędziów administracyjnych w powiecie, wydziałach sądów administracyjnych sądów okręgowych w guberniach lub obwodach i wreszcie przez Senat Rządzący. Szybkość wprowadzania nowych sądów motywowana była planem przeprowadzenia reformy organów samorządu terytorialnego i wyborów do nich – legalność tych wyborów chronić miały nowe sądy. Rozpad państwa i przewrót bolszewicki sprawiły jednak, że nowych regulacji nie zastosowano w praktyce.

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Rekursy administracyjne w systemie sprawiedliwości administracyjnej w Kościele

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Bałdyga M.

Tarnowskie Studia Teologiczne

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2017

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vol. 36

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issue 1

EN

Administrative justice in the Church is overall legislative measures thanks to which the faithful may request actions from the administrative authority of the Church in accordance with the law and in a broad sense of justice. It reflects the fundamental rights of defence that have all the faithful and which flows from their dignity and a specific position in the Church.Through the principle of legality of the church legislature indicates that the Church executive authorities are responsible for issuing decisions and regulating specific administrative acts in accordance with standards of canon law that should be understood as set of rules situated in laws and other legal acts respectively classified both of a purely human and divine origin.In the system of ecclesiastical administrative law the faithful have a wide range of legal means to protect the rights owed to them. By way of starting with reconciliation measures, aim of which is to take measures to avoid the administrative dispute, the forms which have their justification by the way of dispute, enabling investigation of one’s own rights in court or administrative forum.

PL

Sprawiedliwość administracyjna w Kościele to całokształt środków prawnych, dzięki którym wierni mogą domagać się od władzy administracyjnej Kościoła działania zgodnego z przepisami prawa i szeroko rozumianą sprawiedliwością. Jest ona odzwierciedleniem podstawowego prawa do obrony, które przysługuje wszystkim wiernym, a które wynika z ich godności i konkretnej pozycji w Kościele.Poprzez zasadę legalności ustawodawca kościelny wskazuje, że kościelne organy władzy wykonawczej mają obowiązek wydawania decyzji oraz stanowienia konkretnych aktów administracyjnych z zachowaniem norm prawa kanonicznego, które należy rozumieć jako zespół norm usytułowanych w ustawach i innych aktach prawnych, odpowiednio usystematyzowanych, zarówno pochodzenia czysto ludzkiego, jak i Bożego.W systemie kościelnego prawa administracyjnego wierni mają szeroki wachlarz środków prawnych, służących ochronie należnych im praw podmiotowych: od środków pojednawczych, których celem jest podjęcie działań zmierzających do uniknięcia sporu administracyjnego, po środki odwoławcze, umożliwiające dochodzenie własnych praw na sali sądowej czy forum administracyjnym.

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The Role of National Ombudsman’s Offices in Promoting the Concept of good Administration in Albania, Macedonia and Kosovo. The way ahead

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Memetaj A.

Academicus. International Scientific Journal

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2018

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issue 17

94-110

EN

The private persons in any democratic state should have a right to dispute the administrative decisions affecting their rights, freedoms or interests before (among others) competent independent courts. It is the key precondition for the principle of transparent and responsible public administration as an integral part of democratic governance. In addition to the “judiciary control of the administrative decisions”, the private persons` human rights against the public administration may be also protected through the Ombudsman office. The increasing importance of the afore mentioned issues relating public administration and the various types of control of the administrative acts been long time ago reflected in the mandate of almost all of the key international inter-governmental organizations, especially the European ones including the Council of Europe, the European Union and the OSCE. The establishment of both effective public administration and administrative justice system has been for a long period of time among the most “important and urgent” final strategic objectives of almost any country in the Balkans region, including Albania, Macedonia and Kosovo. This process included (among others) establishing European-like Ombudsman offices in these countries. Against the above background the present paper firstly explains why the administration action must be controlled by the public, and it then outlines the European Right of Good Administration, the Ombudsman Office`s mandate. This is then followed by presenting the concept of European Administrative Space in terms of the Role of the OECD-SIGMA in Developing the Standards of Good Administration. Against the preceding sub-sections the paper further presents the basic legislative framework for action of the National Ombudsman Offices in Albania, Macedonia and Kosovo, which is then followed by a short review of the actual state of play of the Principle No.2 of the SIGMA European Principles for Public Administration (as specifically related to the accountability) in the three countries, on the basis of the relevant international monitoring reports, including the most recent EU Commission`s Progress Report on those countries. The paper finally concludes that Albania, Macedonia and Kosovo all have already established the basic legislative framework for establishing their national administrative judiciary system alongside which there is the one related to their own national Ombudsman office as well, while all of them are still more or less far from being fully in line with the principle No.2 of the SIGMA European Principles for Public Administration (as specifically related to the accountability). As to later, the paper particularly stresses that Albania, Macedonia and Kosovo have (more or less) adopted rules on independent status, functioning and powers of their own ombudsman office and other oversight institutions in line with the relevant international standards, but their administrations are still too far of being ready and willing to fully implementing the ombudsman institutions` recommendations. The fully implementation of the above Principle No.2 is therefore one of the most important and serious present challenges for Albania, Macedonia and Kosovo on their individual road towards the EU membership, in terms of building up their individual European administrative capacity.

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Perspektivy práva na příznivé životní prostředí : vzor přezkumu socioekonomických práv a test racionality

51%

Müllerová H.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

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2019

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vol. 158

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issue 6

533-554

EN

The right to a favourable environment has been a part of the Czech human rights catalogue since 1993. It forms the constitutional background of the environmental protection in the Czech Republic. Nevertheless, the right to environment has not yet developed into a functioning legal instrument that could serve improved environmental protection. The high Czech courts have not even pronounced on the substance and content of the right. The article firstly summarizes the achievements in judicial reviewing of the right to a favourable environment that are rather minimal and almost exclusively concentrated on the procedural aspects of the right. Then the author presents her propositions about the methods and necessary steps which can help a substantive application of the right to environment in courts. She suggests to proceed from the pattern established by the Czech Constitutional Court for enforcement of socio-economic rights and to apply it to the right to a favourable environment, while taking its particularities into account. Therefore, the focal point of the article lies in formulating the essential core of the right to environment in a similar way as the Court has done for other rights from the same category, and in considering how the steps of the doctrine of rationality, used by the Czech Constitutional Court in social rights, may help reviewing positive and negative obligations derived from the right to a favourable environment.

CS

Právo každého na příznivé životní prostředí je součástí české Listiny základních práv a svobod a důležitou součástí ústavních základů ochrany životního prostředí v ČR. Přesto nelze říci, že by toto právo bylo funkčním ústavněprávním nástrojem využívaným ve prospěch ochrany životního prostředí. Nejvyšší české soudy se dosud nevyjádřily k podstatě ani obsahu tohoto lidského práva. Článek nejprve shrnuje dosavadní skrovné, téměř výhradně procesněprávní poznatky ze soudního přezkumu práva na příznivé životní prostředí, a poté předkládá návrh metod a kroků k dosažení jeho praktické aplikace. Vychází ze zařazení práva na příznivé životní prostředí mezi práva hospodářská, sociální a kulturní, pro něž Ústavní soud rozvinul ve své rozhodovací praxi způsob přezkumu založený na vymezení jejich esenciálního jádra a provedení testu racionality (namísto testu proporcionality, využívaného u občanských a politických práv). Těžištěm pojednání je proto návrh formulování esenciálního jádra práva na příznivé životní prostředí a uvažování o krocích testu racionality v případě jeho přezkumu, což předpokládá identifikovat typy zásahů do tohoto práva a rozlišit je podle pozitivních a negativních závazků. Pro účely aplikování poznatků z přezkumu socioekonomických práv na oblast ochrany práva na příznivé životní prostředí jsou zdůrazňována specifika environmentálních hodnot oproti hodnotám chráněným ostatními právy hlavy čtvrté Listiny; tato specifika je nutno při přezkumu brát v úvahu.

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2 Academicus. International Scientific Journal

2 Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

2 Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

1 Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

1 Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego

1 Tarnowskie Studia Teologiczne

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1 2019

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1 Bareikytė S.

1 Bałdyga M.

1 Deviatnikovaitė I.

1 Jacevič B.

1 Konarski M.

1 Memetaj A.

1 Molitoris P.

1 Müllerová H.

1 Paužaitė-Kulvinskienė J.

1 Pepaj I.

1 Potěšil L.

1 Sadłowski M. P.