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1
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Administracyjne kary pieniężne związane z wprowadzaniem do obrotu nielegalnie pozyskanego drewna i produktów z drewna

100%
Leśkiewicz K.
Studia Iuridica Agraria
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2017
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vol. Studia Iuridica Agraria, 2017, tom XV
EN
The legislator imposes a number of obligations on Member States to combat the illegal harvest of timber resulting from Regulations No. 2173/2005 and 995/2010. Member States should ensure that effective, proportionate and dissuasive sanctions are applied for infringement of the provisions of this Regulation, including by entities, traders and monitoring organizations. The rules of liability for infringement of the provisions of EU regulations No. 2173/2005 and 995/2010 are regulated by the the Forest Act in Art. 66a-66i. As a rule, the Polish legislator has complied the obligation to introduce sanctions for infringements of the UE regulations to prevent the marketing of illegally harvested timber and timber products. The measures introduced as a administrative sanctions can be assessed as sufficient in the context of effectiveness features, because they are applicable to administrative enforcement and may be treated as public law fees. From the proportionality point of view, certain legal conditions for determining the amount of penalties, such as the value of timber and timber products in the light of the Article 66f 2 of the Forest Act, are too vague, because they have no reference criterion. The legislator may impose a specific criterion for evaluation, eg. in relation to the level of income achieved.
2

Kary pieniężne jako sankcje wymierzane na podstawie art. 13k ustawy o drogach publicznych za nieuiszczenie opłaty elektronicznej

100%
Szwed I.
Przegląd Prawa Publicznego
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2013
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issue 7-8
68-76
EN
The penalty system specified in the Act on public roads for non-payment of electronic tolls on a national road and the cumulative way of imposing them by the Inspectorate of Road Transport raise doubts both at the level of administration substantive law and procedural law. The paper addresses the problem of inconsistent determination by the legislature of the entity obligor to pay a fee (a road user) and the entity threatened with sanction (a driver). Discussions have been taken up on the disproportionate penalties imposed pursuant to Article 13k of the Act on public roads.
3
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Detours in Hungarian administrative criminal justice

88%
Árva Z.
Central European Papers
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2019
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vol. 7
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issue 1
71-86
EN
One of the key directions of change in the Hungarian administrative sanctioning system is represented by a shift from the classic, subjective sanctions that are difficult to be enforced by the authorities towards objective sanctions. This change has impacted the offenses established by the local governments specifically, which revived first in the form of decrees regulating anti-social behaviors, and subsequently that of peaceful public coexistence and the sanctions included therein. The process was also supervised by the Constitutional Court, however, the antecedents reach all the way back to the period preceding the change of regime in Hungary, when the legislator at first attempted to preserve the unity of offenses, which may be seen as a melting pot of numerous anti-administrative and petty crimes; then subsequently we could witness a degree of restoration despite all efforts in which the offenses have again assumed the characteristics of criminal law. This paper provides an overview of the process that led not necessarily to the complete withdrawal of the Hungarian offense law but its termination in the classic sense of the term, while the elements of the legal institution continue to live on as other types of administrative sanctions and helped the institution of administrative criminal law survive.
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Deference to the administration in judicial review in the Czech Republic

75%
Kühn Z., Staša J.
The Lawyer Quarterly
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2018
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vol. 8
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issue 4
348-366
EN
Administrative courts at the onset of the new century face the challenge of ever-changing legislation. Frequent amendments do solvee some gaps but creat even more gaps which have to be filled by the courts. in the CZech Republic relative ease of judicial review by the courts of first instance and the wide open access to the Supreme Administrative Court mean that many administrative cases are resolved in four instances - two instances of administrative proceedings and additional two instances of judicial proceedings. All these things considered, it is not surprising that neither legal scholarship nor case law defines any general concept of judicial deference (or self-restraint) to the administration. Various areas of public law contain some expressions of judicial deference (most notably the limitation of judicial review of administrative discretion and subsidiarity of judicial review). Nevertheless, both case law and scholarship are far from subsuming these concepts under the common label of "judicial deference to the administration". This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the notion of judicial deference in the Czech Republic as well as some prospects in this field.
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Rozważania w przedmiocie adekwatności i sprawiedliwości administracyjnych kar pieniężnych na gruncie ustawy o ochronie przyrody, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kar z tytułu usunięcia drzew i krzewów bez wymaganego zezwolenia

63%
Staniszewska L.
Studia Prawa Publicznego
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2013
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issue 3
137-158
EN
The aim of this paper is evaluation of the adequacy and fairness of the regulations governing financial sanctions for administrative torts pursuant to the provisions of the Polish Nature Conservation Act. The paper addresses the nature of administrative liability in the above respect. The nature of administrative liability and its purpose requires to pose a question whether the financial sanctions administered by administrative courts are adequate and not unnecessarily excessive, i.e. whether, in other words, if they are not unproportional to the ‘weight’ of the committed tort. Administrative monetary penalties should be proportional to the seriousness of the tort and to the individual circumstances of each case. Only a just punishment may act preventively on the perpetrator and on the society as well. The manner in which the proceedings aimed to determine administrative responsibility and sanction rulings are formed is discussed, and it is pointed out that the quasi-penal nature of administrative financial penalties should ensure that the procedural differences increase the procedural guarantees due to the administrated parties. The current legal system does not account for the possibility of waiving the punishment by an administrative body under special circumstances. However, this issue is currently being a subject of consultations in the course of a legislative process on the amendments to the proceedings regarding the Nature Conservation Act. The analysis of the existing regulations shows that illegal felling of trees is subject to excessive fines and is, therefore, in disproportion to the importance of the protected values.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest próba oceny adekwatności i sprawiedliwości regulacji prawnej dotyczącej wymiaru sankcji pieniężnych z tytułu deliktów administracyjnych na gruncie ustawy o ochronie przyrody. Omówiony został charakter administracyjnoprawnej odpowiedzialności administrowanych oraz jej celu i funkcji, co w konsekwencji pozwala na dokonanie oceny, czy dolegliwości związane z wymierzaniem sankcji za delikty godzące w ochronę obiektów przyrody nie są nadmierne i nieproporcjonalne w stosunku do wagi popełnionych deliktów. Stymulacja ekonomiczna winna być proporcjonalna do wagi czynu i chronionych dóbr oraz do indywidualnych okoliczności sprawy. Tylko kara sprawiedliwa może oddziaływać prewencyjnie na sprawcę, a także na ogół społeczeństwa. Autorka opracowania zwraca także uwagę na sposób ukształtowania postępowania zmierzającego do orzeczenia sankcji. Odrębności proceduralne powinny zapewnić administrowanym gwarancje procesowe ze względu na quasi-penalny charakter administracyjnych kar pieniężnych. Na gruncie obowiązujących przepisów nie istnieje możliwość odstąpienia przez organ od wymierzenia kary pieniężnej ze względu na okoliczności szczególne. Kwestie te jednak są obecnie przedmiotem konsultacji w ramach procesu legislacyjnego nad zmianą przepisów ustawy o ochronie przyrody w zakresie administracyjnych kar pieniężnych. Dokonana analiza regulacji prawnych pozwala postawić tezę, że administracyjne kary pieniężne wymierzane za delikty godzące w ochronę terenów zielonych i zadrzewień są zbyt dotkliwe i nieproporcjonalne do wagi chronionych dóbr.
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Administratywizacja karania

63%
Śliwiński E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica
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2021
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vol. 97
199-224
EN
  The article describes the phenomenon of “administrativisation” of punishment. The legislator, when regulating an area of social relations, frequently chooses administrative monetary penalties instead of other instruments of repressive law, such as creating a crime or a petty offence. In particular the reasons for such a decision were analysed. On the basis of statutes adopted during last few years the character of the administrative monetary penalties was described. The possible directions of development of administrative liability in the context of system of law were also indicated.
PL
Artykuł opisuje zjawisko administratywizacji karania. Polega ono na wyborze przez ustawodawcę przy regulowaniu danej dziedziny stosunków społecznych administracyjnych kar pieniężnych zamiast klasycznych instrumentów prawa represyjnego, takich jak utworzenie typu przestępstwa czy wykroczenia. Przeanalizowano w szczególności przyczyny takiego zjawiska. Ponadto (na przykładzie ustawodawstwa z ostatnich lat) opisano charakter administracyjnych kar pieniężnych. Dokonano także wskazania możliwych kierunków rozwoju odpowiedzialności administracyjnej w kontekście systemowym.
7
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Regulation of Administrative Fines in the Polish Code of Administrative Procedure

63%
Stankiewicz R.
Studia Iuridica
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2019
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vol. 82
263-273
EN
This article presents the problems of administrative fines in the Code of Administrative Procedure. These solutions were introduced to this act in 2017. The amendment to the Code of Administrative Procedure provided for the introduction of a new section (Section VIa), the provisions of which lay down the rules for imposing administrative penalties, ie penalties, cases justifying waiving the imposition of a penalty and granting the public administration authority the prescription, limitation of the imposition and enforcement of the penalty, and also the rules of postponement, payment in installments and cancellation of penalties. This article presents only selected issues of the regulation of imposing administrative fines in the Code of Administrative Procedure.
8
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Problem wielości sankcji represyjnych za nieszczepienie dziecka z perspektywy skutecznego wykonania obowiązku szczepień

63%
Czechowicz S.
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
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2021
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vol. 83
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issue 1
37-46
EN
The mandatory vaccination of children raises a lot of controversy in the public space. Anti-vaccination movements have been increasingly active in recent years. The aim of this article is to present the problem of sanctions with regard to mandatory vaccination of children, around which a lot of social and legal controversy has arisen. Sanctions used in connection with the evasion of the obligatory preventive vaccination of children in Poland are analysed. The essence of administrative sanctions in the case of mandatory vaccination of children is considered, as well as the transfer of the execution of this obligation to criminal courts. It is pointed out that absolute distinction has to be drawn between the scope of possibilities of applying administrative sanctions in the course of enforcement proceedings in administration and those provided for in the petty offences law. An analysis of normative acts and the literature on the subject as well as court decisions concerning the presented problem is made. Using a dogmatic-legal method and an analysis of court rulings, it is established that the aim of the application of administrative-law sanctions may only be to compel a person to fulfil an obligation. On the other hand, penalties on the grounds of the petty offences law will be administered for the evasion of obligatory preventive vaccination of children in Poland.
PL
Obowiązkowe szczepienia ochronne dzieci budzą wiele kontrowersji w przestrzeni publicznej. Szczególnie w ostatnich latach widoczna jest wzmożona aktywność ruchów antyszczepionkowych. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie problematyki sankcji w odniesieniu do obowiązkowych szczepień ochronnych dzieci, wokół których narosło wiele kontrowersji natury społecznej i prawnej. Analizie poddane zostały sankcje stosowane w związku z uchylaniem się od obowiązkowych szczepień ochronnych dzieci w Polsce. Rozważano istotę sankcji administracyjnej w przypadku obowiązku szczepień ochronnych dzieci, a także przeniesienie egzekucji tego obowiązku na sądy karne. Wskazano na konieczność bezwzględnego rozróżnienia zakresu możliwości stosowania sankcji administracyjnych w toku postępowania egzekucyjnego w administracji od sankcji przewidzianych na gruncie prawa wykroczeń. Dokonano analizy aktów normatywnych i literatury przedmiotu oraz orzecznictwa sądowego dotykających prezentowanej problematyki. Przy wykorzystaniu metody dogmatycznoprawnej oraz analizy orzecznictwa sądowego ustalono, że celem stosowania sankcji administracyjnoprawnych może być jedynie przymuszenie do wykonania obowiązku. Natomiast sankcje na gruncie prawa wykroczeń wymierzane będą za uchylanie się od obowiązkowych szczepień ochronnych dzieci w Polsce.  
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Česká cesta adaptace obecného nařízení aneb hmotněprávní exempce přestupků podle zákona o zpracování osobních údajů

51%
Matejka J., Mates P.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2021
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vol. 160
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issue 10
843-853
EN
The need for effective sanctioning of the infringements which amount to administrative offenses in the field of personal data protection arises primarily from EU law, which is based on the requirement of an effective threat of sanctions in the form of effet utile. The imposed sanctions must therefore have a sufficiently deterrent effect, both in terms of possible recidivism on the part of the offender himself and in terms of other entities. However, the Czech legislator has chosen a different path for some entities (public authorities and public entities), which, on the basis of the Adaptation Act, leads to the obligation of the supervisory authority to waive administrative sanctions for these privileged entities without further ado. Although the fact that some categories of entities have different procedural or substantive regimes can generally be accepted, in the present case the legislator chose a problematic method of implementation (adaptation), which in essence completely misses the intended purpose of the EU personal data protection system, and in addition to entities that are usually the largest controllers of personal data in the Czech Republic. The article thus deals with related aspects and consequences of this erroneous adaptation, whether it is the fulfillment of the principle of equality and non-discrimination, the principles of administrative punishment, as well as aspects of indirect public support in competition and other related issues. Scholars are critical of this adaptation of regulation, concluding that the chosen method of adaptation creates strong unconstitutional inequality, leads to indirect public support in competition relations and at the same time does not meet other parameters imposed by national and EU law on this regulation.
CS
Nutnost účinně sankcionovat protiprávní jednání naplňující skutkové podstaty správních deliktů v oblasti ochrany osobních údajů vyplývá pro Českou republiku primárně z unijního práva, které stojí na požadavku efektivní hrozby sankcí v podobě užitečného účinku (effet utile). Udělované sankce tak musí mít dostatečně odrazující účinek, a to jak z hlediska případné recidivy ze strany samotného delikventa, tak i z hlediska ostatních subjektů. Český zákonodárce však u některých subjektů (orgány veřejné moci a veřejné subjekty) zvolil jinou cestu, která na základě adaptačního zákona vede k povinnosti dozorového orgánu od správní sankce u těchto privilegovaných subjektů bez dalšího upustit. Tento způsob implementace (adaptace) se ve své podstatě míjí se sledovaným účelem unijního systému ochrany osobních údajů, a to navíc u subjektů, které představují zpravidla největší správce osobních údajů v České republice. Článek se tak zabývá souvisejícími aspekty a důsledky této chybné adaptace, ať již jde o naplňování principu rovnosti a nediskriminace, principy správního trestání, či o aspekty nepřímé veřejné podpory v hospodářské soutěži a další související otázky. Autoři se k této adaptační úpravě staví kriticky, přičemž dovozují, že zvolený způsob adaptace zakládá silnou protiústavní nerovnost, v soutěžních vztazích pak vede k nepřímé veřejné podpoře a současně nesplňuje další parametry, jež na tuto úpravu klade vnitrostátní a unijní právo.
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