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Comparative Characteristics of Functional Capability of 11–12 year-old Swimmers Connected with Their Gender and Possibilities of Its Improvement

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GOLOVKINA V., SALNUKOVA S.
Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie Kultura Fizyczna
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2018
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vol. 17
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issue 1
79-85
EN
In the initial stages of the long-term swimmers’ training, the age-related functional capability of athletes should be taken into account. The improvement of young swimmer’ skills should be done in terms of an integrated approach to the promotion of physical fitness. The article presents the results of the study of aerobic and anaerobic capacity of 11–12-year-old swimmers under the condition of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), the maximum amount of external mechanical work for 10s (VanT10), 30s (VanT30), 60s (MKMMD). For the scientific substantiation of the expediency of implementing the method of interval hypoxic training and elements of aquafitness in the training process of 11–12 year-old swimmers, it is necessary to investigate the indexes of functional preparedness of 11–12 year-old swimmers, depending on their gender. It has been found out that the level of aerobic productivity of the boys’ bodies equals “good”, and the girls’ – “excellent” according to Y.P. Pyarnat. Elements of aquafitness and interval hypoxic training are recommended to be applied to improving aerobic and anaerobic capacity of swimmers at the stage of initial basic training.
PL
W początkowym okresie długofalowego treningu pływaków i pływaczek należy uwzględnić wydolność czynnościową zawodników związaną z wiekiem. Poprawę umiejętności młodych pływaków i pływaczek należy osiągać poprzez zintegrowane podejście do sprawności fizycznej. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wydolności w aerobiku i anaerobiku jedenasto- i dwunastoletnich pływaków i pływaczek w warunkach maksymalnego zużycia tlenu (VO2max), maksymalnego zewnętrznego wysiłku przy pracy mechanicznej przez 10 s (VanT10), 30 s (VanT30), 60 s (MKMMD). W celu uzasadnienia praktycznych korzyści zastosowania metody przerywanego treningu w warunkach hipoksji (interwal hypoxic training) z elementami aquafitnessu w cyklu treningowym jedenasto- i dwunastoletnich pływaków i pływaczek konieczne jest zbadanie wskaźników przygotowanej wydolności czynnościowej jedenasto- i dwunastoletnich pływaków i pływaczek, w zależności od ich płci. Stwierdzono, że – według Y.P. Pyarnata – poziom wydajności organizmów chłopców można określić jako „dobry”, a dziewcząt jako „doskonały”. Elementy aquafitnessu oraz przerywanego treningu w warunkach hipoksji zaleca się stosować w celu poprawienia wydolności aerobicznej i anaerobicznej pływaków i pływaczek w początkowym etapie treningu podstawowego.
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How genetic predispositions may have impact on injury and success in sport

88%
Justyna Czarnik-Kwaśniak J., Konrad Kwaśniak K., Jacek Tabarkiewicz J.
European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
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2018
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issue 4
366-375
EN
Introduction. Studies investigating the determinants of physical endurance were initiated nearly 30 years ago. The research was inspired by the curiosity to find out about the nature of talent for sport and why some athletes are better than others, despite the same or even greater effort in training routine, diet and the supplementation. An attempt was therefore made to determine the genotype of a perfect athlete, but conducted research showed that it is a very difficult task. Although 140 genes were proposed to affect of ideal sportsman fitness, scientists are still far from formulating answers about the nature of physical abilities and genotype. Aim. Our main goal was to review the literature about the selected genes and polymorphisms which are most often investigated in the context in relation to injury in sports. Materials and methods. Analysis of literature from US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, PubMED, Google Scholar. Results. We review the selected genes and polymorphisms which are most often investigated in the context in relation to injury in sports, we also present the function of genetic variants prevalent in athletes which are able to achieve better physiological adaptation during the training. Conclusions. There are probably more than 140 genes involved in physical performance. Changes in even one nucleotide within the gene (SNP) can improve the body’s adaptation to better physical performance and the frequency of injury to athletes.
3

КОРЕКЦІЯ ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ АНЕМІЇ ЯК ОДНА ЗІ СКЛАДОВИХ ЗДОРОВ’ЯЗБЕРЕЖУВАЛЬНОЇ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ СТИМУЛЯЦІЇ ПРАЦЕЗДАТНОСТІ В ПРОФЕСІЙНОМУ СПОРТІ

75%
Гуніна Л.
Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології
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2016
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issue 3(57)
122-128
EN
The purpose of the article is to improve oxygen transport as one of the components of healthy development technology stimulation of physical performance of professional athletes. It is known that the emergence of functional sports events anemia is an important factor of the inhibition of stimulation or decrease of physical performance, primarily aerobic nature. This calls for timely correction of this phenomenon, but, unfortunately, most often it is made by using toxic substances or pharmacological agents that are banned in sports, or because it does not take into account the genesis of this anemia. In this regard we used for sport anemia's correction not forbidden, practically nontoxic, metabolic medical drug epadol that based on ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids. The study involved 56 qualified athletes – the representatives of cyclic sports (runners on middle distance, skiers, rowing and canoeing; all men aged 19 to 24 years), in which the formation of the energy needed to create adequate levels of physical activity is mainly an aerobic way. In preparation for the competition the highly qualified representatives of cyclic sports assessed a structural and functional state of erythrocyte membranes and changing content level of indicators of red blood under the influence of the drug epadol. It is shown that the drug has no direct erythrostymulative activity. However, using modern biochemical and hematological methods proved its favorable action on changes in the level of malonic dialdehyde and reduced glutathione directly to the membrane of red blood cells that have a positive impact on increasing the content of corpuscular hemoglobin while the growth parameters of aerobic capacity. When applying epadol any athlete complained of side effects. This proves the feasibility and validity of the use of such non-toxic antioxidants and membranoprotectors of metabolic nature to improve the transport of oxygen during exercise and increase the efficiency of the results of training athletes. Moreover, since epadol is not a banned substance by the World Anti-Doping Agency, its use in professional sports does not need to obtain permission for therapeutic use, which reduces psychological stress on the athlete. The authors of article consider that the application of epadol as any other metabolitotropic pharmacological means should not be «bound» for a specified period of preparation, and it can be used for years in the macrocycle highly professional athletes, regardless of their individual characteristics and objectives of training work.
4
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Assessing peak aerobic capacity in Dutch law enforcement officers

75%
Wittink H., Takken T., de Groot J., Reneman M., Peters R., Vanhees L.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2015
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vol. 28
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issue 3
519-531
EN
Objectives To cross-validate the existing peak rate of oxygen consumption (VO₂peak) prediction equations in Dutch law enforcement officers and to determine whether these prediction equations can be used to predict VO₂ₚₑₐₖ for groups and in a single individual. A further objective was to report normative absolute and relative VO₂ₚₑₐₖ values of a sample of law enforcement officers in the Netherlands. Material and Methods The peak rate of oxygen consumption (ml×kg⁻¹×min⁻¹) was measured using a maximal incremental bicycle test in 1530 subjects, including 1068 male and 461 female police officers. Validity of the prediction equations for groups was assessed by comparing predicted VO₂ₚₑₐₖ with measured VO₂ₚₑₐₖ using paired t-tests. For individual differences limits of agreement (LoA) were calculated. Equations were considered valid for individuals when the difference between measured and predicted VO₂ₚₑₐₖ did not exceed ±1 metabolic equivalent (MET) in 95% of individuals. Results None of the equations met the validity criterion of 95% of individuals having ±1 MET difference or less than the measured value. Limits of agreement (LoAs) were large in all predictions. At the individual level, none of the equations were valid predictors of VO₂ₚₑₐₖ (ml×kg⁻¹×min⁻¹). Normative values for Dutch law enforcement officers were presented. Conclusions Substantial differences between measured and predicted VO₂ₚₑₐₖ (ml×kg⁻¹×min⁻¹) were found. Most tested equations were invalid predictors of VO₂ₚₑₐₖ at group level and all were invalid at individual levels.
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