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Józef Maria Poniatowski i „Gospodarka Narodowa”

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Jarosz-Nojszewska A.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

2011

vol. 248

issue 5-6

123-139

The author discusses the socioeconomic views of onetime Polish economist and military leader Józef Maria Poniatowski (1897-1995) and his ties to Gospodarka Narodowa (National Economy) magazine, which was published every two weeks in the 1930s. Although Poniatowski was considered to be one of the leading economic policy makers of his time, no attempts were made to discuss his economic views in Polish scientific literature up to now, according to Jarosz-Nojszewska. She analyzes Poniatowski’s publications and presents his views about the most important economic problems of interwar Poland, on the basis of documents from the Central Archives of Modern Records (AAN) in Warsaw as well as the archives of the Warsaw School of Economics (SGH) and Warsaw Agricultural University (SGGW). The author highlights some of the key facts from Poniatowski’s life as well as his family ties, which had a huge impact on his views, especially in issues related to agricultural policy. Józef Poniatowski came from a family of landowners. He graduated in economics from the Warsaw School of Economics, and also had a degree in agriculture from Warsaw Agricultural University and a degree in law from the University of Paris. In the 1920s and 1930s, Poniatowski worked as a researcher and also dealt with politics. He was one of the co-founders and most active members of a business association known as the National Economy Club. He published dozens of articles in Gospodarka Narodowa, most of them focusing on the problems of the countryside and agricultural issues as well as government economic policies. For example, he frequently criticized stopgap measures and short-term arrangements in the government’s agrarian policy. He called for an increased role of the state and government intervention in the agriculture sector and the economy as a whole, and advocated more decisive and far-reaching steps in various areas. He argued that an agrarian reform and related changes in the agrarian structure of the country were critical to reducing the Polish economy’s vulnerability to fluctuations in economic trends. Poniatowski pointed out that a land reform could alleviate the country’s economic problems by expanding the internal market. He highlighted the dramatic debt problem of Polish agriculture. He also wrote about cartels, a topic that was directly related to his work as a Cartel Court judge. However, his best known works were dedicated to the issue of agrarian overpopulation. A few years before World War II, he was appointed director of a government economic bureau, a position of key importance to the Polish economic policy of the time and one that enabled Poniatowski to take part in government economic policy making. World War II interrupted his career. After the war Poniatowski did not return to the country from exile, and continued his scientific and political pursuits while living abroad.

Polskie rolnictwo w XX wieku (Produkcja i ludność)

59%

Gorzelak E.

Prace i Materiały Instytutu Rozwoju Gospodarczego SGH

2010

vol. 84: Polskie rolnictwo w XX wieku (Produkcja i ludność)

1-244

1. W XX wieku dokonały się duże przemiany w polskim rolnictwie. Zmniejszył się udział zasiewów ziemniaków, żyta i owsa, natomiast zwiększył się udział pszenicy, rzepaku, jęczmienia i kukurydzy. Pojawiło się w zasiewach pszenżyto. Plony głównych ziemiopłodów zwiększyły się dwu-trzykrotnie. Radykalnie zmniejszyła się liczba koni i owiec zwiększyła się natomiast liczba trzody chlewnej. Produktywność zwierząt zwiększyła się około trzykrotnie. 2. Radykalne zmiany dokonały się w technicznych metodach produkcji rolniczej. Żywa siła pociągowa zastąpiona została przez ciągniki, maszyny samobieżne i siłę elektryczną. 3. Dużemu zmniejszeniu uległ udział ludności wiejskiej w ogólnej liczbie ludności, ale bardziej zmniejszył się udział ludności rolniczej z poziomu 70% przed I wojną światową do około 8% po 2000 r. Około pięciokrotnie zwiększył się w tym czasie obszar użytków rolnych na 1 osobę w pełni zatrudnioną w rolnictwie. W całym jednak XX wieku przejawiało się jednak przeludnienie agrarne o dużym zróżnicowaniu regionalnym. 4. Poziom materialnych i kulturowych warunków życia ludności rolniczej był gorszy niż ludności nierolniczej na skutek dysparytetu dochodowego. 5. Produktywność polskiego rolnictwa, jakkolwiek wzrosła około trzykrotnie w XX wieku, cechuje jednak znaczne opóźnienie w porównaniu z najbardziej rozwiniętymi krajami świata.

1. Polish agriculture has been changed in XX century very much. The percentage of the sawn acreage of the potatoes, rye and oats has been demished, but wheat, rape, barley, corn-maize has been increased. The yields of the main crops have been increased by tree times. The number of horses and sheeps has been radical demished, but the number of pigs increased. The productivity of house-hold animals has been almost three times increased. 2. Radical changes have been accured in the technical methods of the agricultural production. Living horse-power has been substituted for tractors and electric power the self-acting machines. 3. The percentage of the rural-population in the universal Polish community decreased, but deeper dimished the percentage of agricultural population, from the level about 70% before first world war to about 8% after 2000. Almost five times increased the farm-land per 1 person full employed in the agriculture. However, the agrarian everpopulation has been appeared in the whole XX century. This overpopulation was regionally differentiated very much. 4. The level of the material and cultural condition of agricultural population has been lower than non-agricultural population, due the income disparity. 5. The productivity of Polish agriculture increased by three times in the XX century, but still shows the lower level in comparison with the most developed word-countries.

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1 Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

1 Prace i Materiały Instytutu Rozwoju Gospodarczego SGH

1 Gorzelak E.

1 Jarosz-Nojszewska A.

1 2011

1 2010

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Józef Maria Poniatowski i „Gospodarka Narodowa”

Polskie rolnictwo w XX wieku (Produkcja i ludność)