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EN
The article analyzes the reasons for the occurrence of verbal aggression in preschool-age children. The causes of origin and the main mechanisms of its manifestation are revealed. It is established that children easily pass from verbal aggression to physical aggression. It was found out that most children most often manifest direct and indirect verbal aggression, which can arise both as a mechanism of self-defense and as a manifestation of fear or anxiety in cases when the child sees a real or imagined danger. Being aggressive, the child seeks to protect himself.
PL
W artykule przeprowadzono analizę przyczyn agresji werbalnej u dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym, wskazano także mechanizmy jej głównych przejawów. Ustalono, że dzieci łatwo przechodzą od agresji słownej do fizycznej. Stwierdzono, że większość dzieci najczęściej manifestuje bezpośrednią i pośrednią agresję słowną, która z jednej strony może występować jako mechanizm samoobrony, a z drugiej jako przejaw strachu lub niepokoju w tych przypadkach, gdy dziecko widzi prawdziwe lub wyimaginowane niebezpieczeństwo. Będąc agresywnym, dziecko stara się chronić siebie.
RU
В статье анализируется природа вербальной агрессии у детей дошкольного возраста, выявлены причины и механизмы ее основных проявлений. Установлено, что дети могут легко перейти от агрессии вербальной к физической агрессии. Было обнаружено, что у большинства детей чаще всего наблюдается прямая и косвенная вербальная агрессия, которая может выступать в качестве механизма самозащиты и как проявление страха или тревоги в тех случаях, когда ребенок видит реальную или мнимую опасность. Будучи агрессивным, ребенок пытается защитить себя.
EN
In Ukrainian society football fans environment is usually perceived in a negative way — first of all due to its characteristic verbal aggression and rude behavior at the stadiums and beyond them. In Ukraine, like in all the other European countries, movements of football fans have never been aside events in the country, declared aggressive attitude towards fan movements which professed left views. Change of verbal aggression and traditionally hostile attitude towards rival fan groups happened in fans environment in 2013–2014, when in Ukraine Revolution of Dignity took place and fans were the first to defend its values. February 13, 2014 Manifesto of football fans was publicized which bears witness to transformation of traditional rhetoric of fans. Provisions of the Manifesto under the name of “A fan to another fan is like a brother and a friend from Luhansk to the Carpathians” which say about establishing of an open-ended truce among Ukrainian football ultras still hold. The aim of the article is to present change of verbal and non-verbal behaviour of Ukrainian football fans during social and political events in Ukraine in 2013–2016 and to give the examples of texts from the discourse of football fans which have become commonly recognized mottos and songs during Maidan and Russian aggression in Ukraine during 2014–2016.
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