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EN
It has been 102 years since Poland regained independence in 1918 and 82 years since the outbreak of World War II. This article, being devoted to the situation of Poles deported deep into the USSR, their martyrdom and even the Holocaust (it was better for the Soviets to destroy them through hard work, not by shooting, saving ammunition), inclines us to reflect on the issues of patriotism, national identity and the issue of security and defense of the country today. The problems discussed here are historically encompassed within the time period of 1939–1943, i.e. the most difficult time for Poles living in the USSR. Let it be a warning to Polish teachers, parents and those who govern the Polish state against a repetition of the described situation. Currently, young people should be educated not only in the spirit of tolerance and respect for other nations, but with the defense of the Polish raison d’état in mind. An important element of education is teaching young generations of Poles to draw conclusions from the past. You cannot live after failures according to the principle that “it’s easy to be wise after the event”. Teaching respect for one’s own freedom, democracy, free elections and opposing any nascent totalitarianism. The article allows to learn about the dramatic fate of Polish exiles in Siberia, evokes them and records their tragedy permanently in the memory of people (generations). It aims at developing the ability to think objectively and assess the causes that led to the martyrdom of Poles in the USSR. It also hopes to influence the adoption of the desired values and attitudes towards current political events in the world.
PL
Mija 102 lata od czasu odzyskania niepodległości w 1918 r. i 82 lata od wybuchu II wojny światowej. Artykuł poświęcony jest sytuacji Polaków wywiezionych w głąb ZSRR, ich martyrologii, a nawet holocaustowi (sowietom lepiej było wyniszczać przez ciężką pracę niż przez rozstrzelanie – oszczędność amunicji), zmusza do refleksji nad kwestiami patriotyzmu, tożsamości narodowej oraz bezpieczeństwa i obronności kraju w dzisiejszych czasach. Artykuł zamykają cezury czasowe lat 1939–1943, czyli najtrudniejszego okresu dla Polaków przebywających w ZSRR. Niech on stanowi przestrogę dla polskich nauczycieli, rodziców i rządzących państwem polskim przed powtórzeniem się opisywanej sytuacji. Obecnie należy uczyć i wychowywać młodzież nie tylko w duchu tolerancji, poszanowania innych narodów, ale również obrony polskiej racji stanu. Ważnym elementem wychowania jest nauczenie wyciągania wniosków z przeszłości przez młode pokolenia Polaków. Nie można żyć po porażkach w myśl zasady, że „Polak mądry po szkodzie; lecz jeśli prawda i z tego nas zbodzie, nową przypowieść Polak sobie kupi, że i przed szkodą, i po szkodzie głupi” (Jan Kochanowski, Pieśń V). Uczenie szacunku dla własnej wolności, demokracji, wolnych wyborów i przeciwstawiania się wszelkim rodzącym się totalitaryzmom. Artykuł pozwala poznać dramatyczne losy zesłańców polskich na Syberii, przypomnieć o nich i zapisać ich tragedię na trwałe w pamięci kolejnych pokoleń. Kształcić umiejętność obiektywnego myślenia i oceny przyczyn, które doprowadziły do martyrologii Polaków w ZSRR. Wpływać na przyjmowanie pożądanych wartości i postaw wobec bieżących wydarzeń politycznych na świecie.
PL
Agresja Związku Sowieckiego na Polskę 17 września 1939 r. postawiła Królestwo Rumunii przed sprawą udzielenia jej pomocy, do której było zobligowane aliansem funkcjonującym od 1921 r. Kierownicy rumuńskiej nawy państwowej obawiali się podzielenia losu Rzeczypospolitej będącej ofiarą nie tylko ZSRR, ale broniącej się od przeszło dwóch tygodni przed napaścią III Rzeszy. Pragnąc uchronić swój kraj przed katastrofą poszukiwali sposobu uchylenia się od obowiązków sojuszniczych wobec Polski. Tymczasem polskie sfery rządzące w obliczu nieuchronnej klęski podjęły działania na rzecz przeniesienia politycznego kierownictwa państwa do Francji, chcąc u boku aliantów zachodnich kontynuować wojnę do zwycięskiego końca. Aby tam się znaleźć konieczne było uzyskanie od Rumunów zgody na przejazd do jednego z ich portów, by stamtąd móc kontynuować dalszą podróż. Zagrożenie inwazją sowiecką i niemiecką, sprawiało, iż władze w Bukareszcie korzystając z dość naciąganych powodów zdecydowały się na internowanie polskiej ekipy rządzącej. The aggression of the Soviet Union on Poland on 17 September 1939 faced the Kingdom of Romania with the matter of granting aid to Poland, to which it was obliged by an alliance from 1921 onwards. The heads of the Romanian state feared sharing the fate of the Polish Republic, which fell victim not only to the USSR, but had also been defending itself for more than two weeks against an assault by the Third Reich. Wishing to save their country from a catastrophe, they were looking for a way to evade their alliance duties towards Poland. Meanwhile, in the face of an imminent disaster, Polish leaders made steps to transfer the political leadership of the country to France, in order to continue fighting for victory alongside the Western allies. To move there, they needed to obtain an agreement from Romania to transfer to one of their ports, in order to be able to continue the journey. A threat of a Soviet and German invasion meant that the authorities in Bucharest, using rather far-fetched reasons, decided to intern the Polish government.
EN
A national spirit derives directly from a sense of national identity, a sense of having a common language, culture, traditions and history. A national spirit also encompasses religious values as in this case the Roman Catholic Church. This religion is the very foundation of the national identity as it identifies the beginning of the Polish nation in 966 AD and has remained the common thread throughout the last 1050 years of our history. Over this millennium the nation has been exposed to numerous challenges but three national characteristics seem to dominate throughout – democratic governance, national hospitality to strangers and a respect for the deceased. National identity, as opposed to the national spirit, is rooted more in current cultural interpretations and is subject to manipulation by such factors as cultural trends, current governments or external pressures from abroad. Three distinct periods can be recognized in the development of the national spirit in the last 100 years. In 1914–1944 there was the rush to statehood, a brief independence and defeat at the hands of our two neighbors. In 1944–1989, the Polish People’s Republic era, Soviet dominated government unrepresentative of its people and actively fighting against the national spirit, for example the Catholic religion. 1989–2017 mark a new era with governments preoccupied with a rush to globalization and integration into supranational structures such as the global markets and the European Union, actively suppressing many national characteristics in order to be more global in its image and acceptance. The role of the Catholic Church and institutions in the USA was fundamental in maintaining that national spirit, especially in the first two periods. Great Poles such as Jan Ignacy Paderewski were instrumental in returning Poland onto the world map but also the Catholic Church helped in spreading the message resulting in huge rush to the ranks of Polish volunteers, which then were able to defend the new nation against Bolshevik aggression in 1919/1920. During the second period the Catholic Church was instrumental in stressing the milestone of 1966, when Poland was celebrating a millennium of her nationhood. The communist authorities were celebrating statehood trying desperately to separate this momentous occasion from any role of the Catholic Church in its creation. It was the message of Poland and US based Polish clergy such as Cardinal Wyszynski and bishop J. Krol that stressed that it was the Roman Catholic religion that created the nation and later the state and its absolutely fundamental role. That message was then taken up by the first Polish Pope, John Paul II, who visited the USA seven times. In conclusion the role of the Catholic Church now is to preserve the national spirit when it is challenged with new ideas such as globalization and multiculturalism. Religion is progressively seen and propagated by the new social media platforms as a brake on progress of humanity and needs to be discouraged whenever possible. Poles as a nation still retain our identity and God, Honor and Fatherland are our signpost for the future.
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