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EN
In macroeconomic terms, agriculture is considered as one of the sectors of national economy – system of many elements which are in a specific connection. In the con-temporary free market economy, entities operating in agriculture occur on the agricultural market in a role of sellers or/and buyers. The agricultural market is being transformed along with the socio-economic development. In Poland, since the beginning of transformation, the role of agriculture in the economy has been changing, thus the conditions of the actors on the agricultural market have been changing, too. The aim of this article is to analyse the observed changes in Polish agriculture after 1990, including changes of employment in the agricultural sector, changes in the share of agriculture in the creation of Polish GDP, changes of the educational level of leaders of farmers’ households and the average real disposable income of the households, as well as changes in the agrarian structure, etc.
EN
The article discusses the issues of conducting transactions in agricultural products via the Internet between businesses. In particular, it is dedicated to the so-called electronic agricultural commodity marketplaces that are virtual meeting places of buyers and sellers of agricultural commodities. The purpose of this paper is an indication of the changes taking place in the agricultural market under the influence of electronic marketplaces for agricultural goods. The research method that was used to write this paper was a case study. Three foreign electronic agricultural commodity marketplaces were analysed. Information on electronic marketplaces described came from their websites and scientific studies. The presented three examples of foreign electronic agricultural marketplaces show how complex is the issue of the development of electronic markets for agricultural commodities and how they induce profound changes in the functioning of traditional agricultural commodity markets.
PL
The article presents the basic elements of the Common Agricultural Policy reform after 2013 in relation to the organisation of the single agricultural market. The problems arising from the current regulations are discussed. Reference is made to some legal mechanisms in the context of their use in Poland. In particular, it presents views on the abolition of the quota system in agricultural production or the introduction of instruments of exceptional support to producers in an extraordinary situation on the agricultural market.
PL
The article presents the basic elements of the Common Agricultural Policy reform after 2013 in relation to the organisation of the single agricultural market. The problems arising from the current regulations are discussed. Reference is made to some legal mechanisms in the context of their use in Poland. In particular, it presents views on the abolition of the quota system in agricultural production or the introduction of instruments of exceptional support to producers in an extraordinary situation on the agricultural market.
EN
Draft Regulation of the Council of Ministers establishes the principles of the application by Poland of the possibility of rescheduling payment of the levies provided for in Regulation No 595/2004. In accordance with § 4 of the draft regulation of the Council of Ministers aid provided for therein has the character of de minimis aid, and should be provided in accordance with the provisions of Regulation 1408/2013. This draft regulation does not go beyond the legal framework determined by Regulation 595/2004 in relation to the preamble to the Regulation 2015/517. Consequently, it must be considered not to be inconsistent with Commission Regulation (EC) No 595/2004
EN
Article 12a (1) of the Act on the Agricultural Market Agency and Organization of Certain Agricultural Markets may provide a basis of the relevant regulation on granting aid under the de minimis conditions since it would be implementation of the provisions of Regulation 595/2004. You cannot unequivocally determine whether this provision could also serve as a legal basis for the Regulation making it possible to grant public aid under different conditions, as detailed assumptions regarding such assistance are unknown.
EN
The article addresses the basic relationship between law and economics on the example of the regulations contained in agricultural law. The analysis has indicated the mutual interaction of these two fields by codifying certain economic instruments in order to ensure the security of turnover and objectifying the distribution of aid funds deriving from the European budget. Regulations connected with the development of rural areas, greening policy or organization of a uniform agricultural market were subjected to detailed analyses. De lege lata and de lege ferenda postulates in the scope of possible changes and improvements were also raised.
EN
The article addresses the basic relationship between law and economics on the example of the regulations contained in agricultural law. The analysis has indicated the mutual interaction of these two fields by codifying certain economic instruments in order to ensure the security of turnover and objectifying the distribution of aid funds deriving from the European budget. Regulations connected with the development of rural areas, greening policy or organization of a uniform agricultural market were subjected to detailed analyses. De lege lata and de lege ferenda postulates in the scope of possible changes and improvements were also raised.
PL
Artykuł zawiera informacje dotyczące sposobów uzyskiwania wiedzy przez producentów rolnych na temat korzyści i zagrożeń, jakie niesie ze sobą integracja rolnictwa w ramach Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej Unii Europejskiej. Na podstawie danych z ankiety badawczej uzyskano opinie, które pozwalają na ocenę reakcji producentów rolnych na politykę rolną w Polsce i poza nią. Treść artykułu i zawarte w nim problemy prowokują do sformułowania ostatecznej odpowiedzi na pytanie o opłacalność produkcji rolnej i stawiają, zarówno przed czytelnikiem jak i producentem rolnym, tezę o konieczności przeobrażenia producenta rolnego w przedsiębiorcę, który nie tylko wykonuje podstawowe prace typowe dla rolnika, ale również, jako uczestnik mechanizmu rynkowego, potrafi wypromować i sprzedać końcowy produkt.
EN
The article contains information concerning ways of acquiring knowledge by farming producers of the benefits and threats connected with the integration of the farming within Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union. Basing on the data from research questionnaire, opinions about the reactions of farming producers to the agricultural policy in Poland and outside have been obtained. Content of this article and problems included in it are provoking to formulate the conclusive answer to a question of the profitability of the farming in Poland, and empathize the need to transform the farming producer into the entrepreneur, who not only performs the basic works typical for farmer, but also, as the participant of market mechanism, should be able to promote and sell the product.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie regulacji rynku rolnego w Nikaragui oraz wskazanie rozwiązań prawnych, które mogą przyczynić się do przezwyciężenia nierównego podziału zasobów ekonomicznych wynikającego z krajowej działalności rolniczej w łańcuchu dostaw żywności. Celem jest zidentyfikowanie luk prawnych, które przyczyniają się do nierównego podziału zasobów w nikaraguańskim systemie zaopatrzenia w produkty rolno-spożywcze oraz zaproponowanie alternatywnych rozwiązań, które są możliwe z punktu widzenia nauk rolniczych. Zdaniem autora główną trudnością stojącą przed nikaraguańskim producentem rolnym jest komercjalizacja własnych towarów na rynku produktów rolnych Ameryki Środkowej i Nikaragui oraz braki regulacyjne w tym zakresie. Obowiązujący w większości krajów regionu System Integracji Ameryki Środkowej (Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana – SICA) obejmuje z jednej strony kompleksowe regulacje prawne dotyczące rolnictwa, a z drugiej nie w pełni odpowiada współczesnej strukturze łańcucha rolno-spożywczego. W praktyce ustawodawstwo regionalne i krajowe podlega częstym zmianom i nie zapewnia odpowiedniej ochrony producentów rolnych na każdym etapie produkcji. Pewną alternatywę dla tej sytuacji stanowi wprowadzenie zmian na poziomie regionalnym w postaci stref swobodnego przepływu ekonomicznego oraz realizacja wspólnej polityki rolnej przez kraje Ameryki Środkowej.
IT
Lo scopo dell’articolo è di presentare la regolamentazione del mercato agricolo in Nicaragua e di indicare soluzioni giuridiche che potrebbero contribuire a superare una distribuzione iniqua delle risorse economiche derivanti dall’attività agricola nazionale all’interno della filiera alimentare. In particolare, si tratta di individuare scappatoie giuridiche che contribuiscono ad una distribuzione iniqua delle risorse nel regime nicaraguense di approvvigionamento per i prodotti agroalimentari e di proporre soluzioni alternative per la loro eliminazione alla luce della scienza del diritto agrario. Secondo l’autore, la principale difficoltà per il produttore agricolo nicaraguense è il processo di commercializzazione dei prodotti sul mercato dei prodotti agricoli dell’America centrale e del Nicaragua nonché carenze normative in questo ambito. Il Sistema dell’integrazione centroamericana (SICA), vincolante nella maggior parte dei paesi della regione, da un lato contiene regolazioni giuridiche complete sull’agricoltura, dall’altro non corrisponde pienamente alla struttura moderna della filiera agroalimentare. In pratica, la legislazione regionale e nazionale è soggetta a frequenti cambiamenti e non protegge in modo sufficiente il produttore agricolo in ogni fase di produzione. Un’alternativa sarebbe quella di introdurre cambiamenti a livello regionale, sotto forma di aree di libero scambio e di attuare la politica agricola comune da parte dei Paesi dell’America centrale.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the regulation of the Nicaraguan agricultural market and to identify legal solutions that could contribute to overcoming the unequal distribution of economic resources resulting from domestic agricultural activity in the food supply chain. In particular, the aim is to identify the legal loopholes that contribute to the unequal distribution of resources in the Nicaraguan agri-food supply system and to propose alternative solutions that are available from the point of view of agricultural law science. In the author’s opinion, the main difficulty facing the Nicaraguan agricultural producer is the commercialisation of own goods on the agricultural products market of Central America and Nicaragua and the regulatory deficiencies in this respect. The System of Central American Integration (Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana – SICA) in force in most countries of the region, includes on the one hand comprehensive legal regulations concerning agriculture, but on the other hand it does not fully correspond to the modern structure of the agri-food chain. In practice, regional and national legislation is subject to frequent amendments and provides unsatisfactory protection for agricultural producers at every stage of production. The introduction of changes at the regional level in the form of free economic circulation zones and the implementation of the common agricultural policy by Central American countries offers a certain alternative to this situation.
ES
El objetivo del artículo es presentar la regulación del mercado agrícola nicaragüense e identificar soluciones legales que puedan contribuir a superar la desigual distribución de los recursos económicos resultante de la actividad agrícola nacional en la cadena alimentaria. En particular, se busca identificar los vacíos legales que contribuyen a la distribución desigual de los recursos en el sistema de abastecimiento agroalimentario nicaragüense y proponer soluciones alternativas disponibles desde el punto de vista de la ciencia del derecho agrario. A juicio del autor, la principal dificultad que enfrenta el productor agropecuario nicaragüense es la comercialización de bienes propios en el mercado de productos agrícolas de Centroamérica y Nicaragua y las deficiencias regulatorias al respecto. El Sistema de Integración Centroamericana (Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana - SICA) vigente en la mayoría de los países de la región, incluye por un lado una normativa legal integral en materia de agricultura, pero por otro no se corresponde plenamente con la estructura moderna de la cadena agroalimentaria. En la práctica, la legislación regional y nacional está sujeta a modificaciones frecuentes y proporciona una protección insatisfactoria a los productores agrícolas en todas las etapas de la producción. La introducción de cambios a nivel regional en forma de zonas de libre circulación económica y la implementación de la política agrícola común por parte de los países centroamericanos ofrece una cierta alternativa a esta situación.
EN
The article explores the existing approaches to regional economic zoning in Ukrainian scientifi c circles, which would aid in compilation of suitable and effi cient approach toward development of infrastructural support for agricultural markets on a regional level. As the infrastructure in Ukraine is underdeveloped, the regional economy in many cases suffers from its absence. Yet development of such infrastructure, due to insuffi cient volumes of available state and local funds, should be thoroughly substantiated and target the exact needs of particular regions, as they diff er greatly in the socio-economic conditions and therefore – the preconditions for various types of economic activities. In order to clarify and structure this issue the main factors of forming and developing of infrastructural support for agricultural markets on a regional level are defi ned, as well as classifi cation of regions according to the type of their infrastructural development for agricultural markets are substantiated.
PL
W artykule przeanalizowano podejścia do regionalnego podziału na strefy ekonomiczne istniejące w ukraińskim środowisku naukowym. Mogą one być pomocne przy opracowaniu odpowiedniego i skutecznego podejścia do rozwoju wsparcia infrastrukturalnego dla rynków rolnych na poziomie regionalnym. Ponieważ infrastruktura na Ukrainie jest słabo rozwinięta, gospodarka regionalna w wielu przypadkach bardzo na tym cierpi. Rozwój takiej infrastruktury, z powodu niewystarczających środków państwowych i lokalnych, powinien być dokładnie przeanalizowany i ukierunkowany na konkretne potrzeby poszczególnych regionów, gdyż znacznie różnią się one warunkami społeczno-gospodarczymi, a zatem również czynnikami dla różnych rodzajów działalności gospodarczej. Dla wyjaśnienia i ustrukturowania tej kwestii w artykule zdefi niowano najważ- niejsze czynniki kształtowania i rozwoju wsparcia infrastrukturalnego dla rynków rolnych na poziomie regionalnym, a także uzasadniono klasyfi kację regionów według typu rozwoju infrastruktury rynków rolnych
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CONTEMPORARY SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CULTIVATION CONTRACT

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EN
The cultivation contract is a contract strictly related with the process of production in agriculture. It is not an obligatory contract although national and EU regulations require that it must be signed for selected agricultural products. The aim of the article is an attempt to indicate the contemporary role of the cultivation contract. The article also attempts to answer the question if the current legal regulations secure the interest of both parties of the contract. The contract in question has numerous functions, which are modified along with the technological progress. However, it should still be seen as the main stem of the system supplying raw materials for the agri-food industry. Besides, it also plays a vital role as a legal instrument limiting broadly understood risk in agricultural production.
PL
Umowa kontraktacji jest umową ściśle związaną z procesem produkcji w rolnictwie. Nie jest to umowa obligatoryjna, choć jej zawarcia wymagają przepisy krajowe oraz unijne, w odniesieniu do niektórych produktów rolnych. Celem artykułu jest próba wskazania współczesnej roli umowy kontraktacji. Ponadto została podjęta próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy obecna regulacja prawna zabezpiecza interesy jej stron. Omawiana umowa pełni wiele funkcji, które wraz z rozwojem technologii ulegają modyfikacjom. Jednakże nadal powinna być postrzegana jako główny trzon systemu zaopatrzenia przemysłu rolno-spożywczego w surowiec. Ponadto pełni ona znaczącą rolę jako prawny instrument ograniczający występowanie szeroko rozumianego ryzyka w produkcji rolnej. CONTEMPORARY SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CULTIVATION CONTRACT
EN
The article discusses the issues connected with the organization and functioning of the selected agricultural markets with regard to the risk management in the agricultural production. It concerns those markets where the EU’ legislator foresees the implementation of some legal instruments. The author attempt to answer the question whether the current legal organization of those markets allows their development. In particular it aims to answer the question how the legislation support the farmers in selecting some countermeasures which protect them against the environmental risk. The reflection ends with the enunciation of the some de lege ferenda conclusions.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu są zagadnienia związane z organizacją i funkcjonowaniem wybranych rynków rolnych w aspekcie zarządzania ryzykiem w produkcji rolnej. Chodzi tu w szczególności o rynki, na których prawodawca unijny przewidział możliwość stosowania określonego instrumentarium prawnego. Autorka podjęła próbę ustalenia, czy obecna prawna organizacja poszczególnych rynków rolnych służy ich rozwojowi. W szczególności chodziło o udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jakim stopniu regulacja prawna wspiera podejmowanie przez producentów rolnych działań zaradczych mających na celu ich ochronę przed możliwością wystąpienia potencjalnego ryzyka przyrodniczego. Rozważania kończą się sformułowaniem kilku wniosków de lege ferenda.
PL
The article presents basic rules regarding to the evolution of legal mechanisms affecting the competitiveness of agriculture in Europe. Market mechanisms such as agricultural intervention, private storage subsidies or emergency aid measures have been analyzed. Author also pointed out the mechanisms whoch influence the profitability of agriculture, the level of unemployment, or the possibility of creating groups of agricultural producers. A possible framework was also defined for making analysis of the need to participate in the definition of European agricultural policy after 2020. It was pointed out that competitiveness and selection of legal mechanisms which can improve it, still would be one of the more important in this process.
EN
This paper presents the possible development scenario of the Polish agricultural sector till 2020. It also assesses the impact of macroeconomic growth, CAP reforms and worldwide policies towards the agriculture on this development. The scenario is build using an extended version of the Global Trade Analysis Project model GTAP which is a computable general equilibrium model of the world economy. The analysis shows that the growth of Polish agri-food sector observed after accession to the European Union will be prolonged in the future and will lead to an increase of agrifood sector incomes. However, it is expected that the positive trade balance in agri-food products will decrease significantly in consequence of the world trade liberalization and the EU policy stimulating biofuels production.
PL
Pending the entry into force of the Common Agricultural Organization of Agricultural Markets in 2007, there were twenty one coexisting industry market organizations as defined in the relevant basic EU regulations. Merging in one legal act the provisions of several dozen other EU regulations and looking at the single European market in a holistic and not sectoral way, illustrates the current way of running the Common Agricultural Policy, which seeks to comprehensively address the problems of the European agricultural market. From 1st September 2017, there has been a National Support Center for Agriculture, which took over the tasks of two liquidated agencies: the Agricultural Property Agency and the Agricultural Market Agency. Adaptation of the Polish legislation within the framework of agricultural policy will have to take into account the changes taking place in the Common Agricultural Policy in the future. From 1st October 2017, the sugar-producing quota system which existed for the last 50 years, setting the limits for individual Member States of the European Union, was terminated. This was the last system of agricultural quotas within the European Union. Following the harmonization of the Polish legislation with European standards, we are aware of the fact that the EU law is constantly facing changes.
PL
Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie, w jakim zakresie państwa członkowskie mogą ingerować w swobodne ustalanie cen produktów rolnych, przyjmując regulacje krajowe. Instrumenty regulacji cen są integralną częścią Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej. Powszechnie uważa się, że unijne prawo wtórne dotyczące rynku rolnego zawiera dorozumiany zakaz krajowych regulacji cenowych. Istnieje również alternatywne uzasadnienie takiego zakazu, które można wywieść bezpośrednio z TFUE. W artykule dokonano oceny dopuszczalności stosowania cen minimalnych na produkty rolne i środki spożywcze w zależności od kosztów produkcji, omawiając różne jej aspekty.
IT
L’articolo si propone di rispondere alla domanda fino a che punto gli Stati membri possano interferire nella libera formazione dei prezzi dei prodotti agricoli attraverso le regolazioni nazionali. Gli strumenti di regolazione dei prezzi sono parte integrante della politica agricola comune. Tradizionalmente, la legislazione derivata dell’UE in materia di mercato agricolo vieta, in maniera implicita, ai Paesi di regolare i prezzi. Una giustificazione alternativa per tale divieto può essere ricavata direttamente dal TFUE. L’articolo valuta l’ammissibilità di applicare i prezzi minimi per i prodotti agricoli e alimentari in funzione dei costi di produzione, sotto vari aspetti.
EN
The aim of this article was to answer the question to what extent the Member States may, by adopting national regulations, interfere in the free determination of the prices of agricultural products. Price regulation instruments are an integral part of the Common Agricultural Policy. According to the traditional view, EU secondary legislation on the agricultural market contains an implicit prohibition on national price regulation. Moreover, an alternative justification for such a prohibition may also be derived directly from the TFEU. The article assesses the admissibility of the application of minimum prices for agricultural products and foodstuffs depending on production costs, discussing various aspects.
DE
Der Beitrag untersucht die streitige Frage, in welchem Umfang Mitgliedstaaten in die freie Preisgestaltung bei Agrarerzeugnissen durch nationale Regelungen eingreifen dürfen. Zunächst wird dargestellt, dass das Instrument der Preisregelung ein integraler Bestandteil der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik ist. Nach traditioneller Auffassung enthält das Agrarmarktsekundärrecht der EU ein implizites Verbot nationaler Preisregelungen. Dazu legt der Beitrag dar, dass es auch eine alternative Begründung zu einem solchen Verbot gibt, die sich unmittelbar aus dem AEUV ableiten lässt. Es folgt eine Beschreibung der jahrzehntelangen ständigen Rechtsprechung des EuGH zum grundsätzlichen Verbot nationaler Preisregelungen. Ausgehend von dieser Rechtsprechung und den unterschiedlichen sachlichen Zusammenhängen von Preisreglungen werden zwei Grundkonstellationen entwickelt und anhand mehrerer Urteile des EuGH überprüft. Der Beitrag analysiert zudem die beiden jüngsten Urteile des EuGH in den Rechtssachen Lietuvos Respublikos Seimo von 2019 und Kommission/Ungarn von 2021, die in den Bereichen unlautere Handelspraktiken und Preisdifferenzierungen spielen. Den Abschluss des Beitrages bildet eine Bewertung der Frage, ob an Produktionskosten gekoppelte Mindestpreise für Agrarprodukte und Lebensmittel zulässig sind, und diskutiert dabei die verschiedenen Aspekte.
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