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1

Ochrona powietrza przed zanieczyszczeniami – dlaczego w Polsce nie można odetchnąć pełną piersią?

100%

Pankowska M., Gorczyca M.

Kontrola Państwowa

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2015

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vol. 60

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issue 3 (362)

60-78

EN

At the time when Poland joined the European Union, the quality of the air in the country was far from the European standards. At the moment, the level of certain pollutants in the air is still high, which may result in legal proceedings of the European Union bodies against Poland, and consequent substantial financial charges. What is worse, it is estimated that as many as 45,000 Poles die every year due to air pollution. That is why NIK has decided to conduct an audit aimed at evaluating the activities of public entities undertaken with a view to improving the quality and protection of the air in the period between the year 2008 and the first half of the year 2014. The audit covered: the functioning of air monitoring, the development of air protection programmes by individual bodies of regional self-governments and the performance of tasks set out in these programs by competent self-government bodies, the financing of tasks related to air protection by regional funds for environmental protection and water management, as well as the coordination of activities and cooperation of organisational units with regard to the implementation of protection related measures. The audit was carried out in five regions (Małopolskie, Mazowieckie, Opolskie, Pomorskie and Śląskie), and it covered 25 auditees.

2

Proekologiczne i prooszczędnościowe zachowania gospodarstw domowych jako konsumentów energii

100%

Ropuszyńska-Surma E., Węglarz M.

Ekonomia. Wrocław Economic Review

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2018

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vol. 24

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issue 3

23 - 39

EN

The aim of the article is to indicate the changes related to households’ behavior linked to energy saving and pro-ecological activities. Therefore, the authors conducted acomparison analysis of the results of the nationwide Polish research about Polish ecological awareness and identified — as part of the Polish National Science Centre (NCN) project called “Modelling prosumers’ behavior on theenergy market” — pro-economical attitudes of households. The first part of this paper presents the opinions of Poles about the possibilities of development of the different kinds of energy sources in Poland, taking into special consideration the development of renewable energy sources. In the second part of this paper the authors describe households’ behavior connected with saving energy. They analyzed pro-economical behavior such as: switching off lights in empty rooms, unplugging phone chargers after use, using economical bulbs and unplugging devices that are not in use. The diversifying variables of behavior are: sex, age, income. The analysis of households’ behavior was supplemented with the analysis of pro-economical attitudes of Wroclaw university students.

3

Exposure to particulate matter and cardiovascular disease risk

100%

Nowicka G.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

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2007

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vol. 5

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issue 1

75-80

PL

Badania epidemiologiczne wskazuję, że zarówno długotrwała jak i krótkotrwała ekspozycja na wysokie stężenia różnego typu zanieczyszczeń powietrza powoduje istotny wzrost incydentów klinicznych związanych z chorobami układu sercowo-naczyniowego. U podstaw tego związku leży bezpośredni oraz pośredni wpływ cząstek tworzących te zanieczyszczenia na procesy odgrywające kluczową rolę w rozwoju tych chorób. Zaostrzenie standardów czystości powietrza, a w efekcie zmniejszenie narażenia na działanie zanieczyszczeń powietrza, może w istotnie obniżyć ryzyko rozwoju chorób układu sercowo-naczyniowego i poprawić stan zdrowia populacji.

EN

Epidemiological studies clearly indicate that both long- and short-term exposure to several environmental air pollutants cause significant increase in the risk of cardiovascular events, the observed strong relation between particulate matter air level and cardiovascular diseases may be explained by indirect or direct influence of these particles on different biological processes involved in disease development. Improvement of air quality standards and lowering of particulate matter exposure can significantly diminish cardiovascular disease risk and improve public health status.

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Zanieczyszczenie powietrza i nieefektywność energetyczna struktur osadniczych w kontekście bezładu przestrzennego w Polsce (wybrane przykłady z Dolnego Śląska)

100%

Zathey M.

Studia komitetu przestrzennego zagospodarowania kraju PAN

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2018

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vol. 182

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issue 2

229-238

5

Protecting the right to clean air through criminal law: a perspective from economic law analysis and the case of Poland

100%

Podhalicz M.

Acta Iuris Stetinensis

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2020

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vol. 29

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issue 1

147-164

EN

The aim of this paper is to examine whether Polish criminal law efficiently criminalises acts that harm air quality (most notably emissions of toxins to the air through, among others, the improper processing of waste). The relevance of this research stems from the notorious fact that air-quality in Poland is one of the worst in Europe, and it is no secret that this situation is caused largely by private actors infringing on rules concerning the emissions of toxins into the environment. As the author establishes through legal analysis, the collection of empirical data, and on the basis of an economic-law-analysis crime model, Polish criminal law fails thoroughly when it comes to combatting this phenomenon. Relating the current legal regu- lations and, most importantly, their employment in practice to the prerequisites of effective crime policy (as envisaged by G. Becker), it is doubtless that for the poor air-quality in Poland to change, the state should aim at reaching a better detection rate when it comes to environ- mental crimes, as well as inflicting more severe penalties on the perpetrators of those crimes. This, coupled with proper educational campaigns directed at citizens and law enforcement authorities at large, should bring about higher levels of deterrence when it comes to these crimes, and by extension, enhance air quality in Poland.

6

Selected Natural and Anthropogenic Factors of the Attractiveness of Popular Tourist Centres in Poland

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Pasek M., Dróżdż R.

Studia Periegetica

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2017

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vol. 19(3)

67-77

EN

The popularity of urban tourism is associated with major tourist attractions of urban areas, such as sights of historical interest or cultural heritage. These elements are largely responsible for the intensity of tourist traffic, especially in cities without significant natural or landscape attractions. The aim of the article is to determine the attractiveness of the most popular tourist towns in the light of environmental factors, such as air pollution and the share of green areas in the total area. One interesting observation is the fact that in many cases the analysed elements of ecological status are not reflected in subjective assessments of tourist attractiveness. When selecting destinations for urban tourism, average tourists do not attach much importance to ecological factors. This aspect is only taken into account when the natural environment is an element of tourist plans. The tourism experience is very rarely evaluated in terms of potential health risks.

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Ograniczanie emisyjności pojazdów w transporcie drogowym. Pojazdy hybrydowe i elektryczne w Polsce – perspektywy i bariery rozwoju

100%

Krzak J.

Studia BAS

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2012

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issue 1(29)

161-184

EN

In this paper the author addresses the issue of road transport in the context of its environmental impact. The article discusses the issue of air pollution from motor vehicle emissions and various methods of tackling this problem. The first section provides an overview of the most important data related to air pollution caused by road transport and the main EU regulations concerning vehicle emission standards. The second section of the article is devoted to barriers that hinder the growth of the hybrid and electric vehicle market. This analysis is carried out on the basis of the vehicle market conditions in Poland.

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The Role of the University in Environmental Education. The Problem of Particulate Pollution in Poland

100%

Ciepiela M., Sobczyk W.

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2021

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vol. 12

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issue 2(32)

203-209

EN

University didactics determines the individual’s place in the educational process as well as provides for a multidirectional continuing education which environmental protection is an important point. This discipline perfectly combines methods of working and scientific research. This paper describes particulates which are produced naturally and by anthropogenic sources. The influence of fossil fuel combustion on atmosphere conditions in a large urban agglomeration is shown. I discuss the causes of the high concentration of particulate matter pollution in Poland, which is tied to city planning and the development of the energy industry as well as the municipal and residential sector. The effects of introducing a ban on burning solid fuels in Krakow are reported.

9

RIGHT TO THE MAP? COUNTER-MAPPING PRACTICES OF SMOG ALERTS AND URBAN GREENERY MOVEMENTS IN POLAND

88%

PUTKOWSKA-SMOTER R., FRANKOWSKI J.

Society Register

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2020

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vol. 4

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issue 4

129-150

EN

Data production is becoming an emerging trend in critical urban activism. Precise and reliable public information, including spatial and environmental information, serves individual and collective ‘right to the city’ beliefs. One of the common strategies adopted by contemporary urban movements to ensure the accuracy and inclusiveness of urban data production processes are various forms of counter-mapping, which we introduce in this paper as a perspective aimed in critical evaluation of urban environmental conditions in Polish cities. By process tracing of smog alerts and urban greenery movements, we investigate the main strategies of using such tools and their effects for both particular social actors, and general urban environmental policy. We argue that the core idea of a citizen-driven collection of geographical data is strongly supported by its other features – social involvement and collective production of visualizations illustrating the scale and dynamics of particular environmental problems. In this sense, counter-mapping is aimed rather at repoliticizing urban environmental data in order to critically evaluate existing urban policy, than just to ensure greater citizen involvement in environmental decision-making.

10

Dependence of air quality conditions in cities in north-western Poland on the direction of air inflow

88%

Kicińska B., Mikulska M.

Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development

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2006

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vol. 12

81-86

EN

This paper presents the dependence of air pollution with sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide on wind direction in Szczecin, Łeba, Elbląg and Zielona Góra in the period 19931999. It has been shown that the most disadvantageous air quality conditions in the cities listed above are on the days with air inflow from south-east, and the most advantageous on the days with advection from north-west. This dependence is particularly evident in the case of pollution with sulphur dioxide, especially in the cold half-year.

11

Prawo do korzystania z czystego środowiska a zanieczyszczenie powietrza w Polsce

88%

Sakson-Boulet A.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2020

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issue 4 (377)

147-166

EN

In Poland, normative levels of air pollution concentrations have not been maintained for years. Citizens who are concerned about the deteriorating quality of life and their safety have filed lawsuits against the State Treasury for damages in connection with inadequate measures taken to reduce smog. It was assumed that the achievement of the research objectives would be made possible by answering the following research questions. Firstly, does the right to use air free of pollution constitute a human right in the light of international agreements to which Poland is a party? Secondly, does Polish legislation specify a personal good consisting in the non-economic use of air that meets normative standards? A further relevant issue to be examined is whether Poles consider it important to protect a value in the form of clean air. The aim of the article is to investigate whether Polish citizens have the right to enjoy the advantages of a clean environment, particularly regarding one of its main components – the atmosphere, and to pursue this right in court. The considerations lead to the conclusion that the law stating that the use of clean air which meets normative standards is a subjective human right and a personal right protected by the provisions of the Civil Code. The method of legal analysis was primarily used to achieve the purpose of the research.

12

Ochrona powietrza przed zanieczyszczeniami – dotychczasowe działania nie dają pożądanej poprawy

75%

Gorczyca M.

Kontrola Państwowa

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2019

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vol. 64

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issue 2 (385)

123-138

EN

The article presents the findings of the audit related to prevention of water pollution with nitrate compounds coming from farms. The audit was conducted at the initiative of NIK and was a continuation of NIK’s attempts to assess the extent to which Poland complied with the obligations related to environmental protection, stemming from our accession to the European Union. The audit was dedicated to such issues as, among others, mapping waters that are sensitive to pollution with nitrate compounds coming from farms, and the areas that are most threatened with this risk; the programmes aimed at limiting the outflow of nitrate compounds from farming – with regard to their contents and implementation; the supervision and control over the activities related to preventing waters form pollution with nitrates and their effectiveness; as well as the measures aimed at providing financial support to farms for having them comply with the requirements of the nitrate directive.

13

Nieudana próba penalizacji usuwania filtrów cząstek stałych w dieslach - walka ze smogiem w prawie karnym

75%

Szeleszczuk D.

Kontrola Państwowa

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2019

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vol. 64

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issue 2 (385)

176-186

EN

The article focuses on the analysis of the legislative initiative aimed mainly to improve the air quality. Although it has not become a binding regulation, it should be recognised – mostly because it was the first, based on sensu largo penal law, actual attempt to reduce exhaust fumes emission. Moreover, this initiative is a good example to illustrate the trend in the penal policies that is bound to set standards in fighting adverse effects in the area of environmental protection. A critical analysis of the solutions proposed should give rise to developing new regulations, which make an indispensable instrument of the state’s policy related to fight for clean atmosphere.

14

Climate change disputes in the Czech Republic

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Vomáčka V., Jančářová I.

The Lawyer Quarterly

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2018

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vol. 8

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issue 4

409-422

EN

This chapter is aimed at describing the relationship between individual rights and climate change agenda in the Czech Republic. Firstly, the authors provide a brief description of the Czech framework policy for climate change adaptation and specific acts dealing with the climate change. After that, the means of judicial protection in climate change disputes are analysed, with a particular emphasis on the role of administraitve courts. For better understanding, the authors present the most significant decisions of the Czech courts. They conclude that the courts may provide relatively effective protection against both public and private actors. however, climate change is still a new topic with which the applicants have not yet learned to work. In some cases, which are primarily concerned with other issues such as air pollution, climate change serves more as a supporting than a stand-alone argument. This is not likely to change any time soon, because the country is not affected by climate change to the degree it would be forced to act and immediate action would be deemed necessary. Moreover, the judicial review of the state policies is not allowed, even though at the governmental level, short-term economic goals are clearly preferred to the environmental agenda.

15

JAKOŚĆ POWIETRZA ATMOSFERYCZNEGO NA TERENIE „BIAŁEGO ZAGŁĘBIA” W 2016 ROKU

75%

SZWED M.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Turystyka i Rekreacja

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2017

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issue 2(20)

123-130

PL

W pracy przedstawiono podstawowe charakterystyki zanieczyszczeń powietrza w obrębie funkcjonowania przemysłu cementowo-wapienniczego w Górach Świętokrzyskich, na tle warunków meteorologicznych. Badany obszar, wyróżniający się koncentracją zakładów tworzących „Białe Zagłębie”, posiada na swoim terenie największe atrakcje turystyczne województwa świętokrzyskiego.

EN

This paper presents the basic characteristics of air pollution within the cement-lime industry in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains, against meteorological conditions. The area of interest, distinguished by the concentration of establishments forming the “Białe Zagłębie”, has in its territory the region’s greatest tourist attractions. The author tries to evaluate the coexistence of both functions: economic and touristic of the region. Key words: “Białe Zagłębie”, air pollution, tourist attractions

16

Biodiesel, a ochrona środowiska

75%

Owczuk M.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

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2006

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vol. 4

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issue 1

351-356

EN

The development of the automotive industry in the world causes high environmental degradation, the main source of this degradation is engine emissions. It is necessary to introduce biofuels prepared from renewable energy sources to the market due to the limited reserve of crude oil and environmental protection. Appropriate new modifications in law regulations have been prepared in European Union. Introducing alternative fuels can reduce the emissions of harmful gases and also decrease the level of pollutions in the environment.

17

Lag time structure of cardiovascular deaths attributed to ambient air pollutants in Ahvaz, Iran, 2008–2015

75%

Dastoorpoor M., Goudarzi G., Khanjani N., Idani E., Aghababaeian H., Bahrampour A.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2018

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vol. 31

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issue 4

459-473

EN

Objectives: There are few studies about the association between breathing polluted air and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and cardiac death in the Middle East. This study aimed to investigate the relation between air pollutants and cardiovascular mortality (based on ICD-10) in Ahvaz. Material and methods: In this ecological study, the data about cardiovascular disease mortality and air pollutants from March 2008 until March 2015 was inquired from the Ahvaz City Authority and the Khuzestan Province Environmental Protection Agency. The quasi-Poisson, second degree polynomial constrained, distributed lag model; using single and cumulative lag structures, adjusted by trend, seasonality, temperature, relative humidity, weekdays and holidays was used for the data analysis purposes. Results: Findings indicated a direct significant relation between an interquartile range (IQR) increase in ozone and cardiovascular deaths among men after 3 days’ lag. There was also a significant relation between an IQR increase in particulate matter below 10 μm and cardiovascular deaths for all people, over 60 years old and under 18 years old after 3 and 13 days’ lags. There was a significant relation between an IQR increase in nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide, and cardiovascular deaths in the case of under 18-year-olds (in the lag 11) and over 60-year-olds (in the lag 9), respectively. We finally found a significant association between an IQR increase in sulfur dioxide and cardiovascular deaths in the case of men, under 18-year-olds and from 18- to 60-year-olds in the lag 9, 0, and 11, respectively (p-values < 0.05). Conclusions: It appears that air pollution is significantly associated with cardiovascular deaths in Ahvaz City. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(4):459–473

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Short-term health effects of air quality changes during the COVID‑19 pandemic in the City of Novi Sad, the Republic of Serbia

75%

Dragic N., Bijelovic S., Jevtic M., Velicki R., Radic I.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2021

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vol. 34

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issue 2

223-237

EN

ObjectivesThe objective of this research is to determine the change in outdoor air quality during the COVID‑19 related state of emergency resulting in a lockdown and the potential health benefits for the urban population.Material and MethodsDuring 53 days of the COVID‑19 related state of emergency with a lockdown (March 15–May 6, 2020) in the Republic of Serbia, as well as in the corresponding periods of 2018 and 2019, data on the daily sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ground-level ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations were analyzed. The total mortality data were analyzed to estimate the impact of the COVID‑19 related lockdown measures on the burden of health in a given population, attributed to the outdoor air quality in the City of Novi Sad, using AirQ+ software.ResultsThe average daily concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, PM10 and SO2 were reduced by 35%, 34%, 23% and 18%, respectively. In contrast, the average daily concentration of O3 increased by 8%, even if the primary precursors were reducing, thus representing a challenge for air quality management. In the City of Novi Sad, a reduction in the average daily PM2.5 concentration of 11.23 μg/m³ was significant, which resulted in a quantified number of avoided deaths.ConclusionsAir pollution in the City of Novi Sad had a chance to be improved due to some preventive measures related to the infectious disease (the COVID‑19 related lockdown), which in turn was the mitigation measure to air pollution with positive public health effects. The confirmed positive effects of the improved air quality on public health could also include raising collective resistance to mass non-communicable and infectious diseases such as COVID‑19 and reducing economic costs.

19

The impact of chronic exposure to air pollution on electrocardiographic parameters

75%

Kramarz E., Piotrowicz R., Stańczyk A.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2022

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vol. 35

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issue 3

353-360

EN

ObjectivesChronic exposure to air pollution caused by particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameters of <10 μm (PM10) and <2.5 μm (PM2.5), dependent on “low emissions” resulting from the combustion of solid fuels in households, significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular events. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of chronic exposure to air pollution in the place of residence on the occurrence of coronary artery disease, hypertension and the presence of electrocardiographic abnormalities in 24-hour Holter ECG recording.Material and MethodsAfter considering the exclusion criteria, 100 consecutive patients of the cardiology outpatient clinic were enrolled in the study, including 50 patients living for ≥10 years in Warsaw districts with the lowest average concentrations of PM2.5 (group I) and 50 living in the districts with the highest recorded exposure (group II). All patients underwent clinical and physical examination, 12-lead ECG, 2D cardiac echo, and Holter ECG. To avoid the impact of acute exposure, the study was carried out in May – the month with statistically the lowest recorded PM2.5 concentrations.ResultsIn the group of patients exposed to higher concentrations of PM2.5 in the place of residence, coronary artery disease and arterial hypertension were significantly more frequent, while in the Holter ECG examination, ventricular arrhythmias, conduction disturbances and ST-segment and T-wave changes were independently associated with exposure to air pollution.ConclusionsChronic exposure to air pollution in the place of residence contributes to the occurrence of chronic coronary syndrome and hypertension. Chronic exposure to air pollution seems to be a significant factor increasing the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia, conduction disturbances and ST-segment depression episodes in Holter monitoring.

20

The effect of air pollution on the respiratory system in preschool children with contribution of urban heat islands and geographic data – the aim of the study and methodological assumptions

75%

Bobrowska-Korzeniowska M., Jerzyńska J., Polańska K., Kaleta D., Stelmach I., Kunert A., Stelmach W.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2021

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vol. 34

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issue 4

453-460

EN

It has been proven that outdoor and indoor air pollutants can cause adverse health effects and are able to promote the onset of atopic diseases. The current manuscript is focused on methodological issues. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of air pollution, urban environment, and urban heat islands (UHIs) on the occurrence of respiratory diseases including allergic rhinitis, asthma and wheezing in preschool children. The study group consists of 276 five-year-old children attending randomly selected kindergartens in the urban and rural areas of the Łódź Voivodeship. The questionnaire including data on the child’s state of health and socio-economic data will be filled by the caregivers. The children will undergo skin prick testing and the measurement of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath. The key components of air pollution – particulate matter (PM) will be measured by personal meters. The PM sampling planned in the study will take 12 h for PM2.5 and for PM10 alike. Data on the level of outdoor air pollution will be collected based on the results obtained from air monitoring stations. The impact of air pollution, UHIs and the environment on the respiratory system and the presence of allergies in children, including chronic respiratory diseases, will be assessed. The project results will provide a scientific basis for the development of preventive programs in the population of children in the Łódź Voivodeship, adapted to the real health needs of society.

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Ochrona powietrza przed zanieczyszczeniami – dlaczego w Polsce nie można odetchnąć pełną piersią?