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EN
The publication of the conclusions of the best available techniques for large combustion plants has raised interest in this issue not only among administrative bodies and entities operating installations that are subject to these conclusions. The energy sector is a strategic area, from the point of view of the entire economy and state policy. The functioning of this sector (and the obligations imposed on it) has an impact on many other areas of the economy and social life. The purpose of this article is to analyze the consequences of the adoption – and primarily of the publication of – the conclusions (as of when they become binding) regarding the best available techniques for large combustion plants (that is, the changes in the environmental and legal situation of the installations covered by these conclusions, and as a consequence the obligations resulting from this fact for administrative bodies and entities running specific installations). This article also aims to outline the consequences of the delayed or improper implementation of the abovementioned obligations (both for the EU Member States and the operator conducting the installation).
PL
Opublikowanie konkluzji dotyczących najlepszych dostępnych technik dla dużych obiektów energetycznego spalania wywołało zainteresowanie tym zagadnieniem nie tylko wśród organów administracji i podmiotów prowadzących instalacje podlegające tym konkluzjom. Sektor energetyczny należy bowiem do obszarów strategicznych z punktu widzenia całej gospodarki i polityki państwa. Funkcjonowanie tego sektora (obowiązki na niego nakładane) ma wpływ na wiele innych dziedzin gospodarki i życia społecznego. Celem tego artykułu jest analiza skutków wynikających z przyjęcia, a przede wszystkim opublikowania (z tym momentem nabierają one mocy wiążącej) konkluzji dotyczących najlepszych dostępnych technik dla dużych obiektów energetycznego spalania, tj. zmiany sytuacji środowiskowoprawnej funkcjonowania instalacji objętych tymi konkluzjami, a w konsekwencji obowiązków wynikających z tego faktu dla organów administracji oraz podmiotów prowadzących określone instalacje. Ponadto w artykule zarysowano następstwa nieterminowej lub nienależytej ich realizacji (zarówno dla państwa członkowskiego UE, jak i przedsiębiorcy prowadzącego instalację).
XX
Air pollution is the reason for huge damages to European Union citizens’ health. Every year, some 400,000 Europeans die prematurely as a result of excessive levels of such substances as suspended dust, nitrogen dioxide and ozone. It is despite the fact that the EU legal regulations on the permissible values of air pollutants have been in force for almost thirty years. In order to broaden the knowledge of air pollution as well as the ways to implement and the effectiveness of the policy on air protection in individual Member States, the Supreme Audit Office and the Netherlands Court of Audit coordinated the largest international audit in the field of environmental protection in the history of the European Organisation of Supreme Audit Institutions – EUROSAI. The audit resulted in a joint audit report on air quality, based on the findings of the audits conducted in the countries that participated in this project.
EN
The article presents the findings of the audit related to prevention of water pollution with nitrate compounds coming from farms. The audit was conducted at the initiative of NIK and was a continuation of NIK’s attempts to assess the extent to which Poland complied with the obligations related to environmental protection, stemming from our accession to the European Union. The audit was dedicated to such issues as, among others, mapping waters that are sensitive to pollution with nitrate compounds coming from farms, and the areas that are most threatened with this risk; the programmes aimed at limiting the outflow of nitrate compounds from farming – with regard to their contents and implementation; the supervision and control over the activities related to preventing waters form pollution with nitrates and their effectiveness; as well as the measures aimed at providing financial support to farms for having them comply with the requirements of the nitrate directive.
EN
The climate policy is currently one of the most discussed issues in Central and Eastern Europe. Carbon neutrality, declared by European Union countries to be achieved until 2050, is going to be particularly difficult for such large countries as Poland in the said region. In this paper we focus on the issues related to investments in air and climate protection with particular consideration of the Polish conditions on the level of local government and underline importance of the local government unit of Polish poviat as a convenient area for investment-related cooperation of municipalities, aiming at energy transition of these units into areas friendly for both inhabitants and climate. The research problem is to define most important changes faced by local authorities to implementing in local climate policy. This paper also presents thoughts on development of the idea how to plan local investments to be used in order to achieve energy transition in Poland, it also includes an empirical analysis of investment activity of local authorities in the years 2010–18 in terms of air and climate protection in the poviat of Jędrzejów situated in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. The considerations included in the research part of the paper were based on results of analyses of local documents, financial reports of local governments being analyzed and information contained in publicly available statistical data.
EN
This paper presents the first acts of the Community environmental protection law, adopted before the introduction of the Single European Act to protect air and water. It also includes acts concerning other areas of Community policies that influence the environment, as well as international conventions. It discusses the drafting process for the acts, their scope, duration, as well as the institutions and measures introduced in them. Acts relating to the protection of air and water are arranged chronologically. Final considerations concern the lack of a direct treaty basis for introducing new acts to protect air and water, the solutions implemented due to this situation, the detailed scope of the directives, the characteristics of the introduced acts and their duration. They also list the rules of environmental protection laws included in these acts. The author also suggests the scope of further studies which would allow for formulating general conclusions and determining the development trends in the environmental law in the period in question.
PL
Celem rozważań jest określenie roli sektora rolniczego w prawnym systemie krajowych pułapów emisji zanieczyszczeń powietrza w Unii Europejskiej, w szczególności wymogów, jakie stawiają przed nim zmienione podstawy prawne w tym zakresie – dyrektywa nr 2016/2284 z 14 grudnia 2016 r. w sprawie redukcji krajowych emisji niektórych rodzajów zanieczyszczeń atmosferycznych, zmiany dyrektywy 2003/35/WE oraz uchylenia dyrektywy 2001/81/WE. Akt ten, obok dyrektywy azotanowej, stanowi obecnie jedną z najważniejszych regulacji prawa UE dotyczących ochrony przed zanieczyszczeniami środowiska ze źródeł rolniczych. Spośród objętych obowiązkiem redukcji przewidzianym w dyrektywie nr 2016/2284 NEC najważniejszym zanieczyszczeniem pochodzenia rolniczego jest amoniak, dlatego dla rolnictwa kluczowe są środki ukierunkowane na redukcję emisji tej substancji. Instrumenty te mają głównie charakter fakultatywny, a sposoby osiągnięcia krajowego celu redukcji wyznaczają państwa członkowskie. Konieczny jest zatem odpowiedni dobór środków w ramach strategii krajowych i dobranie ich do odmiennych typów działalności rolniczej. Niezbędne jest też powiązanie z innymi regulacjami, zwłaszcza dotyczącymi emisji przemysłowych i ochrony wód oraz systemowe podejście do zagadnień obiegu azotu, nie tylko na poziomie gospodarstw rolnych, lecz także w całych łańcuchach żywnościowych.
IT
L’articolo si pone l’obiettivo di determinare il ruolo che il settore agricolo svolge per il regime dei limiti di emissione nazionali di determinanti inquinanti atmosferici nell’Unione europea, e nello specifico i requisiti stabiliti dalla base giuridica modificata al riguardo – Direttiva n. 2016/2284 del 14 dicembre 2016 sulla riduzione delle emissioni nazionali di determinanti inquinanti atmosferici, che modifica la direttiva 2003/35/CE e abroga la direttiva 2001/81/CE. L’atto in questione, insieme alla direttiva sui nitrati, è, al giorno d’oggi, una delle regolazioni più importanti dell’UE in materia di tutela dall’inquinamento ambientale dafonti agricole. Tra quelli coperti dall’obbligo di riduzione, previsto dalla Direttiva 2016/2284 NEC, l’ammoniaca è l’inquinante più importante di origine agricola, pertanto le misure volte a ridurre le emissioni di questa sostanza sono fondamentali per l’agricoltura. Gli strumenti in oggetto sono in prevalenza facoltativi e gli Stati membri sono liberi di stabilire i mezzi che servono a raggiungere l’obiettivo di riduzione nazionale. È pertanto necessario scegliere misure adeguate nell’ambito delle strategie nazionali e adattarle a diversi tipi di attività agricola. È inoltre necessario determinare connessioni con altre normative, in particolare con quelle che riguardano le emissioni industriali e la tutela delle acque, nonché creare unapproccio sistematico ai problemi della circolazione dell’azoto, non solo a livello di aziende agricole, ma anche nell’intera catena alimentare.
EN
The aim of the article is to define the role of the agricultural sector in the legal systems of national emissions ceilings in the European Union, and in particular the requirements of the amended legal basis in this respect – Directive No 2016/2284 of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC. This law, in addition to the Nitrates Directive, is currently one of the most important regulations of EU law on protection against environmental pollution from agricultural sources. Among the pollutants covered by the reduction obligation under Directive 2016/2284 NEC, ammonia is the most critical pollutant of agricultural origin, hence the crucial importance for agriculture of the measures aimed at reducing emissions of this substance. These measures are mainly of an optional nature and it is up to the Member States to determine how to achieve the national reduction target. It is therefore necessary to design the right mix of measures and match them with the different types of agricultural activities when developing relevant national strategies. It is also necessary to combine them with other regulations, in particular on industrial emissions and water protection, and to address the issues of nitrogen circle in a systemic manner, not only at farm level but also throughout the entire food chain.
EN
The basic problem regarding air quality in Poland are currently exceedances of permissible limits of particulates matter PM10 and PM2.5 and exceedances of final limit of benzo(a)pyrene deriving primarily from air pollutant emissions stemming from exploitation of solid fuel combustion installations in residential buildings. Main directions of activities aiming at air protection within European Union law come down to forming of air quality protection scheme, products quality standards and emissions standards. Activities related with air protection at the European Union level are regulated by significant amount of differential European Union normative acts such as regulations, directives, implementation regulations. Currently, at the level of Polish law, the possibility of reducing of air pollutant emissions stemming from exploitation of solid fuel combustion installations in residential buildings follows from Article 96 of Environmental protection law. A voivodeship sejmik (regional assembly) may pass, on the grounds of the above regulation, so called ‘anti-smog resolution’, in the content of which it is possible to define restrictions and bans regarding exploitation of installations where fuels are burned. Considering currently binding Polish legislation, it may be noticed that there is a lack of generally applicable on the whole Polish territory regulations defining these pollutant emissions limits. Therefore, normative amendments in this range are necessary. Elaborated already normative amendments drafts within national law are unquestionably along the right lines. However, these activities are undoubtedly mainly much too late and they seem to be insufficient. The amendments have to be more far-reaching in nature than it is currently proposed within elaborated already normative acts drafts.
PL
Podstawowym obecnie problemem w zakresie jakości powietrza w Polsce są przekroczenia dopuszczalnych poziomów pyłu zawieszonego PM10 i PM2,5 oraz przekroczenia poziomu docelowego benzo(a)pirenu wynikające przede wszystkim z emisji zanieczyszczeń do powietrza pochodzących z eksploatacji instalacji spalania paliw stałych w budynkach mieszkalnych. W prawie unijnym główne kierunki działań związanych z ochroną powietrza sprowadzają się do kształtowania systemu ochrony jakości powietrza, standardów jakości produktów oraz standardów emisyjnych. Działania związane z ochroną powietrza na poziomie unijnym regulowane są znaczną ilością zróżnicowanych unijnych aktów normatywnych takich jak rozporządzenia, dyrektywy oraz rozporządzenia wykonawcze. Aktualnie na gruncie prawa polskiego możliwość ograniczenia emisji zanieczyszczeń do powietrza pochodzących z eksploatacji instalacji spalania paliw stałych w budynkach mieszkalnych wynika z art. 96 ustawy Prawo ochrony środowiska. Na podstawie tego przepisu istnieje możliwość przyjęcia przez sejmik województwa tzw. „uchwały antysmogowej”, w ramach której mogą być określone ograniczenia lub zakazy w zakresie eksploatacji instalacji, w których następuje spalanie paliw. Na gruncie obecnie obowiązującego prawodawstwa polskiego zauważalny jest brak obowiązujących powszechnie na całym terytorium Polski przepisów określających ograniczenia emisji tych zanieczyszczeń. Dlatego też niezbędne są zmiany normatywne w tym zakresie. Sporządzone już projekty zmian normatywnych w prawie krajowym zmierzają niewątpliwie w dobrym kierunku. Niemniej jednak działania te są przede wszystkim niewątpliwie sporo spóźnione oraz wydają się niewystarczające. Zmiany muszą mieć charakter dalej idący niż jest to aktualnie proponowane w ramach sporządzonych już projektów aktów normatywnych.
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