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EN
The paper is an introduction into the area of hazardous materials transportation. It includes the description of hazardous materials, classification of hazardous materials, and the list of documents necessary for organizing transport of such materials, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of air transport of hazardous materials, and identification and resolution of problems. The aim of the article is to present the up-to-date information on air transport of explosives in the Polish Army, to identify the problems encountered during the transport preparation process, and to discuss the solution that may improve the current state of affairs. The improvements proposed by the authors include: improvement of dangerous goods labeling, introduction of Polish instructions and transport documents in the Polish Armed Forces, and training of the personnel handling transport in Poland. The proposed solution, when implemented, would help to reduce mistakes in labeling goods, enhance the training process of personnel handling transport, as well as to facilitate the preparation of transport documentation. The starting point for the proposed results came from own research, interviews with specialists dealing with the transport of hazardous materials, including explosives, as well as international transport manuals and instructions.
EN
Civil aviation, similar to other economy sectors, is exposed to cyber-attacks. In this case however, the protection against cybersecurity threats is gaining particular significance, as the industry relies heavily on the use of information systems (information and communication systems with electronic data processed in such systems). The systems are exposed to incidents. Incidents in civil aviation are events occurring in cyberspace which affect, or might potentially affect, the security of aircraft. The issue of cybersecurity in civil aviation is discussed in the context of legal regulations that are in force in Poland and Slovakia. Individual solutions aimed at ensuring the cybersecurity of air transport were analysed.
EN
In the paper, the consequences of the influence of globalisation on the market of air transport are assessed. It is shown that alliances and code-share agreements constitute fundamental elements of this process. Basic stimuli and their results were analysed and the outcome shows that the aim of global corporations is integrating companies, markets and economic systems into a homogeneous system encompassing the whole world. The aim of this paper is to present the significance of alliances and code-share agreements in the development of globalisation of air transport. Critical analysis of literature and deduction were used, which allowed to formulate appropriate conclusions and recommendations. Additionally, the method of assessment of complexity of relations between air transport and socio-economic phenomena was used. The identification of processes and sources of competitive stimuli along with barriers in functioning, and the development of both, the sector of air transport and the market as a whole were also taken into consideration. The analysis of activity of subjects forming the global market of air transport services under the conditions of growing competition was made.
EN
The role of air transport in logistics and supply chains seems difficult to be overestimated. In recent years increasing amounts of cargo have been transported by air. Numerous high-tech devices, valuable equipment, medical products and appliances are transported by air. The main advantage of air transport is speed but also broad transportation geography, high reliability and security of goods supplies and continuous monitoring of cargo flows. Air transport can be organized in a traditional way, however there are also some unconventional methods to handle such transport processes. The RFS model (Road Feeder Service) comes as a response to the demands of the contemporary market of logistics services. Scopes: The subject of the paper is the presentation of an unconventional way of organizing the carriage of goods by air, presenting its attractiveness to all parties involved in the transportation process, as well as directions of its development. Methodology: The methodology of the paper is based on 2 dimensions: analysis and synthesis. The first phase included a thorough thematic literature review, analysis of case studies of Polish air cargo market. It was complemented by interviewing airlines representatives about RFS solutions. In the synthetic phase, the study provided conclusions based on the theoretical analysis and the survey of case study. Results: Results of the research shows RFS solution, involving transportation of cargo (commissioned by airlines) by trucks from regional airports to major cargo airports, referred to as hubs, and then transportation of cargo by air, using is caused by the necessity of increasing cargo transport efficiency by the airlines. It is also important to note the willingness of airports, both hubs and regional, to cooperate with air carriers in the area of air cargo handling in RFS model.
Prawo
|
2015
|
issue 317
69 - 87
EN
It stands to reason that air transport brings positive catalytic impact for the whole economy. It helps to attract inward investment, allows location-specific resources to reach other parts of the country and fosters social cohesion. It is especially relevant in case of remote, secluded locations where travel by air may be the only viable transport option. At the same time these relatively small communities could hardly generate enough demand to justify air operations economically. Public Service Obligation (PSO) is the regulatory tool provided in European law that allows sustaining air operations that are deemed to be vital for a society but that are not commercially viable. This article provides an overview of this legal regime. The analysis hovers around the following issue: The extent of discretionary powers that the State retains in regard to the shape of network that could be supported from the public purse. This immediately brings up another issue, whether State’s involvement in sustaining air operations should be limited to clear market failures or could go beyond that and provide transport of convenience. These policy issues are analyzed from the standpoint of division of powers between the State and the UE.
6
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Air freight transport in Poland

100%
EN
Air transport is currently one of the major branches of transport both in the national – and global – economies. It is one of the fastest, most expensive, but at the same time also most effective types of transportation. It plays a fundamental role in the global economy, particularly in the transcontinental carriage of goods and passengers. Its availability and quality constitute a powerful driving force for a country’s development. Air freight transport, both in Poland and worldwide, is seen mostly from the angle of long-distance passenger flights. Given that, one often tends to forget the role of this transport branch in the case of freight transport. Air cargo transport is a booming branch with great development potential. The development of air freight is the key for gaining a competitive advantage by Polish enterprises. This, however, is related to considerable experience and knowledge on the part of both the carrier and the owner of goods with regards to the technical capacities of a given aircraft, maintenance costs, and rule awareness. The objective of the paper is to present the volumes of air cargo shipments in Poland and to identify the hazards and obstacles to its development. The study authors endeavour to analyse air freight transport in Poland. To this end, details will be presented regarding air cargo transport at Polish airports based on the Civil Aviation Authority (ULC) and Central Statistical Office (GUS) data and air market reports.
PL
The second half of the 20th century witnessed a dynamic growth of the global sector ofair transport services. Nowadays, airports constitute an essential component of transport infrastructureand one of the symbols of modern economies. More and more often, airports are viewed fromthe perspective of economic growth, or as a source of employment. This study includes a genesisof Warsaw-Modlin Airport, demand for passengers’ transport, and an outlook for development.The underlying objective was to present the role of Warszawa Modlin Airport in the Polish airtransport system.
EN
The participation of air transport in the service of Polish passenger traffic in area of tourism as well as business travels has been slight in the totality of passenger traffic. From the year 2004 Poland take a part of European Union. In that case the process of demonopolization of transportation market, connected with politics of "Open Air" has been began. Initiating changes in the service of passenger flows transformed also the structure of transportation. In result systematically increase the role of regional airports. Expansion of foreign low-cost carriers take a big part of the transformation of this market. According to prognosis of The Civil Aviation Office (CAO) and IATA, the Polish regional airports could service to over 63 millions of passengers in the year 2030. However it demend considerable investment at airoprts infrastructure and air navigation.
EN
The paper presents an exemplification of data mining techniques in aviation industry on the basis of Turkish Airlines. The purpose of the paper is to present application of data mining on the selected operational data, concerning international flight passenger baggage data, in year 2015. The differences in passenger and flight profiles have been examined. Firstly, two-steps approach allowed defining the number of clusters. Secondly, K-means clustering were applied to divide data into a certain number of clusters representing the different areas of consumption. Results can contribute to higher efficiency in decision making regarding destination offer and fleet management.
10
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Overbooking : aspekty prawne

75%
EN
Almost from the beginning of existence of the air transport, air carriers have noticed that frequently although all the seats on a flight were bought, many passengers have not appeared on an airport for the check-in. These passengers are called no-shows. Due to that fact the space on aircrafts was not fully used, carriers has realized that they could gain additional profit from saling more tickets than there were actually seats on an airplane. This practice is called overbooking. Throughout the years the legislators has noticed that many carriers abused the passenger's rights because of the overbooking. Carriers has been saling more tickets than the amount of seats on an aircraft, what often (when the amount of no-shows was lower than the surplus of sold tickets) resulted in the fact that passengers who has purchased tickets were denied the entrance to aircrafts. For that reason, American administration as the first one in the world in 1967 has imposed on carriers legal responsibilities connected with overbooking such as the right for compensation, the procedure and order of proposing the passengers to resign from the flight in exchange of compensation and tickets for the next available flight or additional duties like offering the passengers a possibility to contact their relatives. Shortly afterwords, the legislation of other countries has followed. These legal responsibilities differs from each other depending on the regions and countries. What is the most important factor is whether a country is a developed or developing one. In developed countries usually the protection of passengers rights is high and there are procedures of receiving aid and lump sums in case of denying access to an airplane. Passengers in developing countries are in a substantially worse situation, although the legislation is different in each country. Although the practice of overbooking is very controversial and every once in a while there is a situation which contributes to a heated public debate whether this practice should be completely delegalized, almost everybody benefits from its existence. Carriers because they can gain additional profit, passengers because tickets prices are lower, countries and airports because the space on aircrafts is used more efficiently what results in a smaller amount of flights and less crowded airspace what is also beneficial for our environment. However, we should not forget about passengers that could not get to their destinations what may be for them the reason for personal problems and thus the legislators should guarantee the legal protection for the passengers.
PL
W artykule autorzy przybliżyli problematykę związaną z transportem materiałów niebezpiecznych statkami powietrznymi. Przewóz materiałów niebezpiecznych jest bardzo restrykcyjny, wymaga specjalnego przygotowania, pakowania oraz znakowania. Dlatego też w niniejszym opracowaniu została przedstawiona charakterystyka materiałów niebezpiecznych, wskazano regulacje prawne dotyczące zabezpieczenia materiałów niebezpiecznych do transportu drogą lotniczą oraz omówiono sposób bezpiecznego pakowania przesyłek z materiałami niebezpiecznymi do transportu lotniczego. Głównym celem była analiza dostępnych dokumentów normatywnych, monografii oraz artykułów związanych z problematyką przewozu materiałów niebezpiecznych, a następnie na ich podstawie udzielenie odpowiedzieli na następujące pytania: Czy przewóz materiałów niebezpiecznych jest bezpieczny? (czyli, ryzyko wystąpienia zdarzenia lotniczego z udziałem materiałów niebezpiecznych jest minimalne, dzięki odpowiedniemu znakowaniu i pakowaniu materiałów niebezpiecznych) oraz: Czy przepisy prawne w sposób kompleksowy obejmują problematykę ich transportu?
EN
In this paper, the authors present the issues related to the transport of dangerous goods by aircraft. The transport of hazardous materials is very restrictive, requires special preparation, packaging and marking. That is why this paper presents the characteristics of hazardous materials, indicates legal regulations regarding the protection of hazardous materials for air transport and discusses the method of safe packaging of shipments of dangerous goods for air transport. The main goal was to analyze available normative documents, monographs and articles related to the problem of dangerous goods transportation, and then to answer them on the basis of the following questions: whether transport of hazardous materials is safe (safe - the risk of an aircraft incident involving hazardous materials is minimal), and whether the legal provisions cover the issue of transport in a comprehensive way.
EN
Wasteful spending of public funds, leading to the creation of “ghost airports”, is often described as a regulatory failure and a major deficiency in European State aid control. It is pointed out that decisions to build or upgrade an airport are often ill­conceived, poorly implemented, and without economic justification. This raises the question whether European law, namely its State aid control system, contains inherent flaws or whether the European Commission’s decision­making process can be improved by increasing reliance on objective economic reasoning under the existing legal framework. This article provides an analysis of the decision­making problems leading to failed aid efforts; of the role of the economic approach in State aids; and of the standard of economic assessment required in State aid cases. The article concludes with de lege ferenda postulates.
EN
The aim of the article is to show how the most essential element of air transport point infrastructure, i.e., the airport, affects the development of tourism. This influence will be shown with particular emphasis on Warsaw - the capital of Poland and its largest city. The article discusses the definitions of transport and its infrastructure, with particular emphasis on point infrastructure. The article demonstrated the advantages and disadvantages of airport transport. In addition, the concept of tourism was explained with a clear indication of its economic functions. To conduct the research, descriptive and explanatory methods were used, including interpretative, analytical, and cause-effect methods. The main technique was to collect and analyze numerical data showing the regularities of tourists and their expenses, broken down into domestic and foreign ones, as well as numerical data on means of transport and the role of the Chopin international airport in Warsaw. The conclusions are drawn based on the conducted research clearly indicate the key role of the airport as a factor in the development of tourism.
PL
Celem artykułu jest wykazanie skali wpływu wybranego elementu infrastruktury transportu jakim jest port lotniczy na rozwój turystyki. Relacja ta została dowiedziona na przykładzie Warszawy – stolicy państwa i jednocześnie największego miasta w Polsce oraz Lotniska Chopina (Warsaw Chopin Airport). W artykule dokonano przeglądu definicji transportu oraz infrastruktury transportu ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem infrastruktury punktowej. Poddano analizie zalety i wady transportu lotniczego. Ponadto zinterpretowano pojęcie turystyki z punktu widzenia realizowanych przez nią funkcji gospodarczych. W celu przeprowadzenia badań wykorzystano metody opisowe i wyjaśniające, w tym metody interpretacyjne, analityczne i przyczynowo skutkowe. Zastosowane techniki badawcze polegały na zgromadzeniu a następnie poddaniu analizie eksploracyjnej danych liczbowych w celu identyfikacji prawidłowości dotyczących ruchu turystycznego w relacji do danych o wykorzystywanych gałęziach transportu. Wnioski sformułowane na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań jednoznacznie wskazują na transport lotniczy, a w szczególności na port lotniczy jako kluczową determinantę w rozwoju turystyki.
EN
The study presents aspects related to the sustainable development, especially of airports. There were presented key directions of the Strategy of Transport Development. The study includes model of sustainable airport development, as well as selected activities of civil aviation authorities, that may lead to assure the sustainable development of air transport.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia związane ze zrównoważonym rozwojem przedsiębiorstw, w szczególności portów lotniczych. Zaprezentowano najważniejsze kierunki Strategii rozwoju transportu. Omówiono model zrównoważonego rozwoju, a także zaproponowano wybrane działania władzy lotniczej, umożliwiające zapewnienie zrównoważonego rozwoju transportu lotniczego.
EN
The article focuses on the rules for the operation of air services in the EU. It presents the process of liberalisation of the air services sector and analyses the particular requirements associated with the undertaking of such activities. Firstly, the author focuses on the conditions for obtaining an operating license for air transport services which are common in all Member States. Then, legal acts designed to ensure equal access to airports for all air carriers are analysed. In the conclusion, the author evaluates the introduced solutions.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest wprowadzonym przez unijnego prawodawcę zasadom prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej w zakresie przewozów lotniczych. Przedstawia on proces liberalizacji sektora przewozów lotniczych oraz analizuje poszczególne wymogi związane z podjęciem przez przedsiębiorców takiej działalności. W pierwszej kolejności autor skupił się na warunkach uzyskania koncesji na przewozy lotnicze. Następnie zostały przeanalizowane akty prawne mające na celu zagwarantowanie każdemu z przewoźników lotniczych równego dostępu do portów lotniczych. W zakończeniu autor dokonuje oceny wprowadzonych rozwiązań.
EN
The paper addresses key challenges in passenger transport caused by COVID-19. The aim of the publication is to show the consequences of the pandemic for the evolution of passenger transport and the development directions of the sector, as well as the change in mobile behaviour. Moreover, the paper analyses passenger traffic by air, rail and public transport. The data was compared with the volume and structure of traffic before the pandemic. Regardless of how the scenarios related to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic will play out, there is no doubt that mobility trends have changed significantly. The pandemic has impacted mobile behaviour primarily through the development of hybrid working, home office, e-commerce or e-entertainment. Indeed, all modes of transport have been affected by the changes. Fast-growing new travel trends like shared mobility have been curtailed due to the fear of coronavirus infection. The passenger transport sector faces many challenges as a result of the epidemic situation, especially as the pandemic has seen a return to private car travel, which conflicts with the tenets of sustainable development, including sustainable mobility.
EN
Recent advances in Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems/Unmanned Aviation Vehicle technologies are on the rise. They are popularly called ‘drones’ and their terminology derives from ICAO regulations. The interest in drone exploitation involves not only military but also civilian and commercial areas. The aim of this article is to give an insight into the development direction of remotely piloted aircraft and present current possibilities of using new technologies in air transport. The authors of the article used the subject of research literature analysis method including the sources available on the official websites of the air transport inspecting authorities, as well as world organizations relating to the subject matter analysed in this article. Recent advances in new technologies are on the rise, which offers potential. The condition of law regulations as well as low awareness of the potential users is, however, problematic. According to experts, there is still much to be done before UAV are mass-produced. It is connected with numerous factors. One of them is education in the new branch of civil aviation, which involves senior personnel training.
PL
Ostatnie lata wskazują na dynamiczny rozwój coraz to lepszych technologii bezzałogowych statków powietrznych RPAS/UAV (ang. Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems/Unmanned Aviation Vehicle), potocznie nazywanych „dronami”, których terminologia wywodzi się z regulacji Organizacji Międzynarodowego Lotnictwa Cywilnego (ICAO). Zainteresowanie ich eksploatacją wzrasta nie tylko do celów militarnych, ale też cywilnych, w tym komercyjnych. Celem artykułu jest analiza kierunku rozwoju bezzałogowych statków powietrznych i zaprezentowanie aktualnych możliwości wykorzystania nowych technologii w transporcie lotniczym. Analizując omawiane trendy, autorzy skorzystali m.in. z materiałów udostępnionych na oficjalnych stronach instytucji nadzorujących transport lotniczy, jak również światowych organizacji nawiązujących do tematyki objętej obszarem rozważań zawartych w niniejszym artykule. Trendy światowe idą w kierunku rozwoju nowych technologii, co daje lepsze możliwości techniczne. Problematyczny staje się jednak stan regulacji prawnych, jak również niski poziom świadomości potencjalnych użytkowników. W opinii ekspertów jest jeszcze wiele do zrobienia zanim UAV zostaną wprowadzone do użytku publicznego na szeroką skale. Wiąże się to z wieloma czynnikami. Jednym z nich jest edukacja w nowej dziedzinie lotnictwa cywilnego, z czym wiąże się przygotowanie odpowiednich kadr zarządzających tymi systemami.
EN
Air transport consists in moving people or goods by air. Aircrafts, known as the main means of air transport, can be divided into two categories: airplanes and helicopters. Such transport is the most modern and the most dynamically developing branch of transport. It is also considered to be the safest mode of transport, even though, for various reasons, aviation accidents still occur. Security in aviation has various connotations. According to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), it is a state in which the possibility of damage to persons or property is minimized and is maintained as part of a continuous process of hazard identification and safety risk management at an acceptable level or below this acceptable level. Aviation security includes flight safety and aviation security against acts of unlawful interference. There is a significant difference between the meaning of "safety" and "security". The first of these concepts means preventing unintentional damage, while the second refers to the procedures undertaken in order to prevent deliberate damage resulting from an intentional act. As it appears from the abovementioned information, the immovable part of aviation safety is aircraft protection, including the protection of civilian airports.The aim of the article is to draw attention to the problems of air transport security, including the security of airports, related to the evolution of threats and the functioning of the airport security system. The problem that the authors address is expressed in a question: in what directions should the current solutions in the field of air transport security be improved in order to effectively prevent acts of unlawful interference in the future? Theoretical research methods, such as the analysis and synthesis of information contained in literature and source materials, inference, comparison, were used to develop the article.
EN
Travelling by air transport surpasses all other existing means of transportation. According to the UNWTO data, in 2014, more than half of all tourists travelled to their destinations by air. This success is expressed, among other things, in the rapid expansion of routes and strong growth in demand. With low-cost carriers (LCC) it has become an essential form of air transport to peripheral regions such as Portugal or “new” destinations in CEE countries, e.g. Poland. In 2016, Portuguese airports handled 40.9 million passengers on international flights, of whom about 47% travelled using LCC flights, whereas in Poland, in 2017, Polish airports handled nearly 5 million passengers with 57.3% share of LCC. The purpose of this article is to analyze some of the factors that influenced the success of LCCs in the two countries, and their strengthened role in the aviation market.
PL
W ciągu ostatniego dziesięciolecia nastąpił wyraźny wzrost częstotliwości korzystania z transportu lotniczego w Europie. Było to związane z pojawieniem się nowego segmentu działającego w sektorze linii lotniczych, czyli przewoźników niskokosztowych. W artykule dokonano analizy wpływu dostępności infrastruktury regionalnych portów lotniczych na kontynuowanie występującej tendencji na przykładzie dwóch peryferyjnie położonych europejskich destynacji – Polski (do 2004 r. obszar stosunkowo „odizolowany” od mobilności typowej dla Europy Zachodniej) i Portugalii. Jak pokazują przeprowadzone analizy, udział tanich linii w analizowanych rynkach jest duży i wykazuje tendencję wzrostową. W 2016 r. lotniska w Portugalii obsłużyły 40,9 mln pasażerów zagranicznych, z czego około 47% przypadło na tanie linie. Na rynku polskim natomiast w 2017 r. udział ten oszacowano na poziomie prawie 60%.
EN
Polish airports play a key role in the country's logistic support system. In order to serve as many passengers as possible, they should look for innovative solutions. Therefore, it is essential that airports research the criteria for selecting passenger air transport in order to implement basic processes carried out by society. Based on them, it is possible to learn about the transport behavior of passengers, which would allow for changes in the organizational structures of airports to meet their transport needs more effectively.
PL
Polskie porty lotnicze pełnią kluczową funkcję w systemie wsparcia logistycznego kraju. Chcąc obsłużyć możliwie największą liczbę pasażerów powinny one poszukiwać innowacyjnych rozwiązań. Dlatego też, istotne jest by porty lotnicze dokonywały badań kryteriów wyboru pasażerskiego transportu lotniczego w celach realizacji procesów podstawowych realizowanych przez społeczeństwo. Opierając się na nich, istnieje możliwość poznania zachowań transportowych pasażerów, co pozwoliłoby na wprowadzenie zmian w strukturach organizacyjnych portów lotniczych, które skuteczniej zaspokajały ich potrzeby transportowe.
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