Search results

1

ZASPOKAJANIE POTRZEB RODZINY W TRAKCIE TRWANIA ZWIĄZKU MAŁŻEŃSKIEGO

100%

Kabza E.

Zeszyty Prawnicze

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2018

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vol. 18

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issue 1

39-60

EN

Summary The purpose of this paper is to present the views of legal academics and commentators on spouses’ mutual duty to help and co-operate to provide for family needs, and the judicial decisions which have been handed down on such issues in Polish and foreign courts. I focus on three particular problems. Firstly, the problem how to classify the obligation regulated in Article 27 of the Polish Family and Guardianship Code (Kodeks Rodzinny i Opiekuńczy): does this duty relate to maintenance, or is it only similar to such an duty? Secondly, the spouses’ option to modify the scope of this obligation by way of legal agreements. Thirdly, ways to meet this obligation and consequences of failure to do so.

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest dokonanie wykładni przepisów o obowiązku wzajemnej pomocy małżonków i ich współdziałania w celu zaspokojenia potrzeb rodziny w świetle poglądów doktryny oraz orzecznictwa sądów polskich i zagranicznych. W sposób szczególny zaprezentowane zostaną trzy zagadnienia. Po pierwsze, problem kwalifikacji obowiązku z art. 27 k.r.o. jako alimentacyjnego lub tylko podobnego. Po drugie, możliwość umownego kształtowania przez małżonków zakresu omawianego obowiązku. Po trzecie, sposoby jego realizacji a także konsekwencji braku wykonywania.

2

Obowiązek alimentacyjny dziadków wobec wnuków. Analiza przypadku

100%

Nowicka U.

Ius Matrimoniale

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2016

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vol. 27

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issue 3

81-91

EN

Nowadays, the issues of the alimony obligation is very timely. This applies not only to maintenance of parents of children, but also exists in other family relationships. The purpose of this article is present the issues of the alimony obligation between grandparents and grandchildren. This analysis is made on the basis of the case, chich happener by the District Court in Lublin. It will be shown the facts, the legal status of the case and the reasons for the decision.

3

Problem stosowania najważniejszych aktów prawa alimentacyjnego międzynarodowego w relacjach polsko-hiszpańskich w kontekście egzekucji alimentów na rzecz przebywającego w Polsce dziecka od zobowiązanego przebywającego w Hiszpanii

85%

Aksamitowska-Kobos M., Łukasiewicz J. M.

Studia Iuridica

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2017

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vol. 72

9-27

PL

This publication presents the evolution of international law acts in the scope of alimony execution from the obliged one residing on the territory of Spain, for the benefit of a child, having the enforcement order and residing in Poland. In this context, it is worth noticing that in case of the discussed Polish-Spanish relations, the performance of scientific discourse concerning alimony execution seems particularly interesting, due to the fact that the prescriptive material being a kind of achievement of international diplomacy in the practical aspect, is often useless. Despite the formal introduction of other legal acts, that is the New York Convention of 1956, the Hague Convention of 1973, the Lugano Convention of 1988 and the Brussels I Regulation (regulation 44/2001), it can be stated that during the practical use of law, a jumping evolution occurred which was the fact that Polish courts only utilized the New York convention and skipped other, indicated acts herein, until the moment of implementation of the regulation 4/2009. The aim of the authors is to point the reasons of such a condition and the presentation of the process leading the obtainment of the benefits due to the entitled one.

4

Niesamodzielne pełnoletnie dziecko – rozwód rodziców i alimentacja na rzecz dziecka

85%

Wybrańczyk D.

Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny

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2022

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vol. 84

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issue 2

43-56

EN

The aim of the article is to present a few selected material legal issues concerning an adult child who is still dependent, which arise in connection with the divorce proceedings of his or her parents. The article refers to the negative divorce premise, that is, the inconsistency of the divorce decree with the principles of social coexistence in the context of including an adult child of divorcing parents, and presents issues associated with the maintenance of an adult dependent child. The research was based on an analysis of legal acts, combined with the comparative legal method. As regards the negative condition for divorce, it should be considered that the welfare of dependent children is properly protected. The article also shows that other European countries vary in terms of the age at which parents’ obligation to provide for their children ceases. The analysis of foreign regulations leads to the conclusion that the age to which parents should support their children does not coincide with their legal independence.

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie kilku wybranych materialnoprawnych kwestii dotyczących dziecka pełnoletniego, lecz jeszcze niesamodzielnego, pojawiających się w związku z postępowaniem o rozwód jego rodziców. Odniesiono się m.in. do negatywnej przesłanki rozwodowej, jaką jest sprzeczność orzeczenia rozwodu z zasadami współżycia społecznego w kontekście objęcia nią pełnoletniego dziecka rozwodzących się rodziców, oraz zaprezentowano zagadnienia związane z alimentacją pełnoletniego niesamodzielnego dziecka i alimentami na potrzeby rodziny ustalanymi w postępowaniu zabezpieczającym. Badania oparto na analizie aktów prawnych, jednocześnie wykorzystując metodę prawnoporównawczą. W zakresie wskazanej wyżej negatywnej przesłanki orzeczenia rozwodu należy uznać, że dobro dzieci niesamodzielnych jest właściwie chronione. W artykule wykazano również, że w innych państwach europejskich różnie kształtuje się wiek dziecka, z ukończeniem którego wygasa obowiązek jego utrzymania przez rodziców. Analiza zagranicznych regulacji skłania do wniosku, że granica wieku, do której rodzice powinni wspierać dzieci, nie pokrywa się z ich samodzielnością prawną.

5

Glosa do uchwały składu siedmiu sędziów Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego z dnia 21 listopada 2021 r., I OPS 2/21

85%

Sierpowska I.

Ius Novum

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2022

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vol. 16

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issue 3

188-201

EN

The subject of the gloss is a resolution of the Supreme Administrative Court in which theCourt examined the rules of determining income in social assistance proceedings. Whilerecognising the possibility of reducing income solely by the amount of alimony provided toan entitled person under the provisions of the family and guardianship code, the SupremeAdministrative Court stated unequivocally that the privileged method of determining incomecannot be used by persons who do not pay alimony and are obliged to make payments to thealimony fund. This gloss presents arguments supporting the theses contained in the resolutionand their axiological justification. Moreover, it elaborates on the issues indirectly raised by theadjudicating panel, such as overdue alimony and amounts that are actually paid as part ofalimony. This subject is important for determining the income of persons applying for supportunder the social assistance system as well as paying for benefits.

PL

Przedmiotem glosy jest uchwała Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego, w której Sąd odniósłsię do zasad ustalania dochodu w postępowaniach z zakresu pomocy społecznej. Uznającmożliwość pomniejszenia przychodu jedynie o alimenty świadczone osobie uprawnionej napodstawie przepisów Kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego, NSA stwierdził jednoznacznie, żez uprzywilejowanego sposobu ustalania dochodu nie mogą korzystać dłużnicy alimentacyjnispłacający zobowiązania na rzecz funduszu alimentacyjnego. Glosa przedstawia argumentyaprobujące tezy zawarte w uchwale oraz ich aksjologiczne uzasadnienie. Ponadto zawierarozwinięcie zagadnień pośrednio poruszanych przez skład orzekający, dotyczących alimentówzaległych oraz kwot faktycznie przekazywanych w ramach alimentacji. Problematyka ta maistotne znaczenie dla ustalania sytuacji dochodowej osoby ubiegającej się o wsparcie w ramachsystemu pomocy społecznej oraz ponoszącej odpłatność za świadczenia.

6

O znaczeniu alimentów w systemie pomocy społecznej

85%

Sierpowska I.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

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2022

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issue 2

87-101

EN

Maintenance is a form of fulfilment of the maintenance obligation, whose purpose is to provide means of subsistence to a family member who cannot meet his or her reasonable needs independently. In public law, maintenance is also given other meanings, in particular its precedence over social benefits is emphasised. Poland’s Social Assistance Act treats maintenance as the personal income of a child entitled to it and, on the part of the person named as the debtor, as an expense deductible from income. Past failure to fulfil the maintenance obligation by a resident of a social welfare home is considered as a premise for the exemption of his/her descendants from the fee for staying in the facility. The function of maintenance is recognised in the fact that heads of social welfare centres have the right to bring legal action for maintenance claims on behalf of citizens. Maintenance appears as a tool to protect the social order and axiological order of the social welfare system.

PL

Alimenty są formą realizacji obowiązku alimentacyjnego, ich celem jest dostarczanie środków utrzymania członkowi rodziny, który nie może samodzielnie zaspokoić swoich usprawiedliwionych potrzeb. W prawie publicznym alimentom przypisuje się również inne znaczenia, przede wszystkim podkreśla się pierwszeństwo ich dochodzenia przed świadczeniami socjalnymi. W ustawie o pomocy społecznej alimenty traktuje się jako dochód osobisty dziecka uprawnionego do alimentacji, a po stronie zobowiązanego do alimentacji jako wydatek odliczany od przychodu. Zaniedbanie w przeszłości obowiązku alimentacyjnego przez mieszkańca domu pomocy społecznej uznawane jest za przesłankę zwolnienia jego zstępnych z opłaty za pobyt w placówce. Wyrazem uznania funkcji tych świadczeń jest przyznanie kierownikom ośrodków pomocy społecznej prawa do wytaczania przed sądem powództw o roszczenia alimentacyjne na rzecz obywateli. Alimenty jawią się jako narzędzie ochrony ładu społecznego i porządku aksjologicznego systemu pomocy społecznej.

7

Debata publiczna bez kobiet? Wykorzystanie feministycznej teorii punktu widzenia do badania marginalizacji głosów kobiet w polskim dyskursie na wybranych przykładach

85%

Konopka A., Uniwersytet Gdański Wydział Filologiczny Filologiczne Studia Doktoranckie b. j., Adam Konopka d. F. S. D. n. U. G. b. j. A. s. i. s. m. P. r. d. o. p. d. d. r. u. w. P.-u. w. l. W. j. z. z. s. a. d., adamxkonopka@gmail.com

Władza sądzenia

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2017

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vol. 12

PL

Artykuł pokazuje, jak feministyczna teoria punktu widzenia może być wykorzystana do badania marginalizacji głosów kobiet i pomijania ich wiedzy i doświadczeń w polskim dyskursie publicznym. W pierwszej części tekstu przybliżone zostały teorie, z których czerpał ten nurt badań feministycznych, z naciskiem na heglowską i marksowską dialektykę, oraz w jaki sposób przekształca je on w celu dostosowania ich do analizy problemu dyskryminacji kobiet. W drugiej części z kolei wykorzystałem omówioną wcześniej aparaturę pojęciową do przeanalizowania wypowiedzi dwóch liberalnych intelektualistów związanych bardziej lub mniej pośrednio z tematyką macierzyństwa i wychowania dzieci – Jacka Żakowskiego z wywiadu dla „Super Expressu” i Zbigniewa Mikołejki w postaci jego felietonu „Wojna z wózkowymi”.

EN

The article shows, how the feminist standpoint theory could be used for a research on marginalisation of women’s voices and overlooking their knowledge and experience in Polish public discourse. In the first part of the text I presented the theories, from which this feminist research trend had taken its influence, with emphasis on hegelian and marxian dialectics, and in which way the feminist standpoint theory develop these theories in order to adapt them for the analysis of the problem of discrimination of women. In the second part I used the presented concepts to analyze opinions of two liberal intellectuals, more or less directly related to the subject of motherhood and raising children – Jacek Żakowski (from an interview with him made for „Super Express”) and Zbigniew Mikołejko with his column „Wojna z wózkowymi” (eng. „The war with stroller-women).

8

Dochodzenie alimentów na podstawie art. 60 k.r.o. w razie właściwości prawa obcego do rozwiązania małżeństwa

80%

Pawliczak J.

Studia Prawnicze

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2017

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issue 4 (212)

123-153

PL

The applicable rules on jurisdiction and conflict of laws do not preclude situations in which the law of one country governs dissolution of the marriage, while the law of the other is applicable to the alimony claims between the former spouses. These kinds of rules cause difficulties for courts resolving family disputes, if in a particular legal system the regulation on maintenance between formers spouses is closely linked to the rules governing dissolution of marriage. Further complications occur when the law governing the divorce does not provide for ruling on the matrimonial fault and the maintenance claims are governed by the law, under which, like in the case of article 60 of the Polish Family and Guardianship Code, the existence, extent or duration of the maintenance obligations between former spouses are dependent on the ruling on the fault. The principal aim of the article is to analyse legal issues related to claiming alimony on the basis of article 60 of the Polish Family and Guardianship Code, when the foreign law governs dissolution of the marriage. Due to the complex character of these issues international rules on jurisdiction and conflict of laws, as well as domestic rules of material and procedural character shall be analysed.

9

Kilka uwag na temat nowelizacji Kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego dokonanych w ostatniej dekadzie.

71%

Małgorzata Ł.

Acta Iuris Stetinensis

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2014

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issue 6

PL

Artykuł stanowi omówienie kilku wybranych instytucji, które zostały wprowadzone lub istotnie zmienione w wyniku nowelizacji Kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego dokonanych w ostatnim dziesięcioleciu. Przedstawiono w nim wady i zalety takich rozwiązań, jak: sprzeciw wobec zamierzonej czynności małżonka (art. 361 k.r.o.), wprowadzenie rozdzielności majątkowej na żądanie wierzyciela (art. 52 § 1 a k.r.o.), skuteczność umowy majątkowej małżeńskiej wobec osób trzecich (art. 471 k.r.o.), uznanie ojcostwa (art. 74 i następne k.r.o.), alimentacja dziecka pełnoletniego (art. 133 k.r.o.). W opracowaniu zwrócono uwagę, że szczególnie trudną do uregulowania materią są stosunki majątkowe małżeńskie, ponieważ ustawodawca, wprowadzając przepisy w tym zakresie, musi uwzględnić zarówno dobro rodziny, jak i samodzielność każdego z małżonków, a także interes osób trzecich pozostających w stosunkach prawnych z osobami żyjącymi w małżeństwie. Podkreślono także znaczenie zmian dotyczących prawa alimentacyjnego, dzięki którym większy wpływ na obowiązek alimentacyjny mają zasady słuszności, szczególnie w odniesieniu do relacji między rodzicami a pełnoletnim dzieckiem. W kontekście instytucji uznania ojcostwa wskazano na istotne znaczenie zmiany samego charakteru tego zdarzenia prawnego, które w swoim obecnym kształcie jest oświadczeniem wiedzy, a nie woli rodziców. Ponadto nowa nazwa instytucji kładzie większy nacisk na więź łączącą ojca z dzieckiem, w mniejszym stopniu traktując dziecko w sposób przedmiotowy. Na zakończenie podkreślono, że przeprowadzone dotychczas zmiany w polskim prawie rodzinnym nie są z pewnością ostatnimi i należy w najbliższym czasie spodziewać się poważnych dyskusji o kwestiach fundamentalnych dla tej dziedziny prawa.

EN

Summary This article is devoted to the several institutions of Polish family law which are the results of the amendments of The Family and Guardianship Code entered into force during the last decade. The advantages and disadvantages of following regulations were presented: the spouse’s objection to a planned act of management of common matrimonial property (art. 361), the separation of property established upon demand of one spouse’s creditor (art 52 §1a), the validity of marriage settlement in the relations with third party (art. 471), the acknowledgement of fatherhood (art. 74 and next) and the maintenance of an adult child (art. 133). It is worth to be mentioned that matrimonial property regimes is a very difficult area of regulation because the legislator must take into account the interest of each of spouses, the interest of whole family and the interest of third parties, especially spouse’s creditors. To keep balance between this values is a challenge. The author of this article underline the importance of the amendment of Polish family law concerning the maintenance of an adult child. Current regulation is much more just for the parents of an adult child than the previous one. To sum up, the author concluded that soon Polish legislator will have to answer to some fundamental questions concerning family law because of the new Civil Code which is being prepared.

10

Obowiązek alimentacyjny rodziców względem dziecka pełnoletniego po nowelizacji kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego z 2008 r.

71%

Ewa K.

Acta Iuris Stetinensis

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2014

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issue 6

PL

Zasadą jest, że rodzice mają obowiązek utrzymania dziecka, które nie jest jeszcze w stanie się samodzielnie utrzymać, chyba że dochody z majątku dziecka wystarczają na pokrycie kosztów jego utrzymania i wychowania. Nie ma w prawie polskim przepisu, na podstawie którego obowiązek alimentacyjny wobec dziecka gasłby automatycznie np. po dojściu przez dziecko do pełnoletności. Nowelizacja kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego z 13 czerwca 2009 r. dała rodzicom pełnoletnich dzieci wyraźną podstawę do uchylenia się od wykonywania obowiązku alimentacyjnego (świadczeń alimentacyjnych) w trzech przypadkach. Po pierwsze, gdy świadczenie alimentacyjne wiąże się z nadmiernym uszczerbkiem dla rodziców. Po drugie, jeśli dziecko nie dokłada starań w celu uzyskania możności samodzielnego utrzymania się. Po trzecie, jeśli żądanie alimentów jest sprzeczne z zasadami współżycia społecznego. Przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza znaczenia i zakresu prawa do uchylenia się od wykonywania obowiązku alimentacyjnego (świadczeń alimentacyjnych), przesłanek uchylenia się oraz sformułowanie kilku postulatów de lege ferenda, wykorzystując rozwiązania zagraniczne.

EN

The general rule is that parents are obliged to provide maintenance to a child who cannot financially provide for himself or herself, unless the income from the child’s property is sufficient to cover his or her maintenance and upbringing. There is no statutory rule that terminates parental child suport when the child reaches an age of majority. The amendment to the Polish Family Code of 13th June 2009 gave parents of adult children the right to withdraw from the maintenance obligation if its exercise would be linked to excessive loss, or if the child has not made efforts to suport himself or herself, or if the child acts contrary to the principles of community life. The aim of this paper is to analyse: the meaning, the scope of the right to withdraw from the maintenance obligation, the conditions of withdrawal and to formulate some de lege ferenda remarks on the basis of short analysis of the models of post-majority support in the European countries.

11

Glosa do wyroku Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej w sprawie C-644/20 z 12.05.2022 r. – zmiana miejsca zwykłego pobytu małoletniego wierzyciela świadczeń alimentacyjnych w sytuacji wydania wyroku nakazującego jego powrót w trybie Konwencji haskiej z 1980 r. dotyczącej cywilnych aspektów uprowadzenia dziecka za granicę

71%

Tomczewska A.

Prawo w Działaniu

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2022

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issue 54

238-244

EN

The gloss endorses the position of the Court of Justice of the European Union presented in the judgment issued in case C-644/20, in which the CJEU recognized – for the purposes of determining the law applicable in a cross-border maintenance case – the habitual residence of the child (pursuant to Article 3 of the Protocol Hague of 23 November 2007 on the Law Applicable to Maintenance Obligations) the country to which the child has been abducted despite a judgment ordering the return of the child under the Hague Convention of 25 October 1980 on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. The Court, bearing in mind the best interests of the child, recognized the need to take into account the current environment in which the child currently resides in the context of assessing the real needs of the maintenance creditor. Thus, the CJEU did not adopt the concept contained in Regulation 2201/2003, according to which the jurisdictional connecting factor based on the child’s habitual residence, in principle, cannot be linked to the country to which the child was wrongfully removed or retained.

PL

Glosa wyraża aprobatę do stanowiska Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej przedstawionego w wyroku wydanym w sprawie C-644/20, w którym TSUE uznał – na potrzeby ustalenia prawa właściwego w sprawie alimentacyjnej o charakterze transgranicznym – za miejsce zwykłego pobytu dziecka (na podstawie art. 3 Protokołu haskiego z 23.11.2007 r. o prawie właściwym dla zobowiązań alimentacyjnych) państwo, do którego dziecko zostało uprowadzone, pomimo wydania wyroku nakazującego powrót dziecka na podstawie Konwencji haskiej z 25.10.1980 r. dotyczącej cywilnych aspektów uprowadzenia dziecka za granicę. Trybunał, mając na uwadze dobro dziecka, uznał konieczność uwzględnienia aktualnego środowiska, w którym dziecko aktualnie przebywa w kontekście oceny realnych potrzeb wierzyciela alimentacyjnego. Tym samym TSUE nie przejął koncepcji zawartej w rozporządzeniu 2201/2003, zgodnie z którą łącznik jurysdykcyjny oparty na miejscu zwykłego pobytu dziecka co do zasady nie może być powiązany z państwem, do którego dziecko zostało bezprawnie uprowadzone lub w którym zostało zatrzymane.

12

Zakres i skutki depenalizacji wywołanej nowelizacją przepisu określającego znamiona przestępstwa niealimentacji

57%

Pohl Ł.

Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny

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2017

|

vol. 79

|

issue 4

87-94

EN

The article deals with the scope of de-penalisation resulting from the amendments to Article 209 of the Penal Code and subsequent proper interpretation of Article 4 § 4 of the same code.

PL

Artykuł dotyczy zakresu depenalizacji wywołanej zmianą art. 209 k.k. i związanej z tą depenalizacją problematyki właściwej wykładni art. 4 § 4 k.k.

13

Notariusz jako mediator w sprawach rodzinnych wobec planowanej nowelizacji kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego

57%

Wybrańczyk D.

Rejent

|

2020

|

issue 2 (346)

73-90

EN

Currently in the Sejm committees after the first reading work is underway on the KRO amendment. Eventually, the introduction of the family information institution proceedings is planned. It is considered that the market for mediation services will expand. In divorce proceedings, mediation will become obligatory which will in turn increase the interest of notaries in mediation. The presented article focuses on the possibilities of using the function of a notary in family mediation - at first, it aims to highlight the proposed amendments and then moves on to describing the specificity of family mediation.

14

Polskie sądy rodzinne w świetle badań empirycznych

51%

Strzembosz A.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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1984

|

issue XI

167-225

EN

1. The idea of family jurisdiction is not new, yet it continues to raise animated discussion and controversy. Family courts which exist in many countries have miscellaneous and frequently rather narrow competence. Elsewhere, experiments have been made with family courts for many years now, consisting in taking observations of the works of a few family courts, the traditional orgnization of jurisdiction maintained in the entire country. The family jurisdiction, enforced in Poland on January 1st, 1978, was introduced in the entire territory, the competence of family courts outlined most broadly: all cases directly connected with family relations (affiliation of a child, alimony, nullification and dissolution of a marriage, adoption, limitation, suspension and deprivation of parental authority, institution of legal protection, etc.), cases connected with penal acts committed by juveniles, cases of compulsory treatment of alcoholics in closed hospitals, and offences against family, guardianship, and the youth, fell under competence of family courts. Family courts which are departments of district courts, have assembled nearly half of the cases coming in a district court. At the same time, cases have been divided between the judges basing on the territorial principle: every judge hears all kinds of cases coming in from the territory he has been assigned. This way, all cases essentially connected with the functioning of a given family were always to be judged by the same judge. The broad competence of a family judge and the fact that he heard all cases concerning the members of a given family was to create conditions in which all problems appearing within that family would be treated on a broad basis in every case, to ensure that each particular pronouncement concerning that family be compact and complementary, to guarantee the correctness of decisions owing to the knowledge of the whole of conflicts which occur in that family, and to make preventive activities broader and deeper. The creation of family courts caused the liquidation of juvenile courts, all their cases having passed to the family courts, as well as the transference of a considerable part of cases heard before by civil courts and a small number of cases from criminal courts. Such a far-reaching reform of organization of common jurisdiction has justified the study of the effects of introduction of family courts, the more so as juvenile courts played an important part in the system of preventive measures against delinquency and other forms of social maladjustment. Therefore, it was the aim of the study to find out if family courts realize their function in practice, and what are the factors that determine difficulties or irregularities in case the courts fail totally or partially to fulfill their object. The study embraced various sources of information about the functioning of family courts, i.e., first of all, statistical data on the jurisdiction in cases which now come within the scope of family courts from two periods: before and after they had been transferred to the family courts (years 1976-1977 and 1978-1981). Another extremely important source of information about the functioning of family courts was the analysis of cases of particular kind judged by juvenile, civil, and criminal couits, and then by family courts. Among the cases which provided a particularly great amount of information as to the way in which family courts fulfilled the goal they were planned to fulfill, were divorce suits, limitation of parental authority, penal acts of juveniles, and criminal cases of offences against family, guardianship, and the youth. Such cases require well-prepared materials before they are examined, comprehensive study of particular legal problems from the point of view of the interest of the family, first of all children that are brought up in it, and finally (apart from divorce suits) active execution of the sentence, as the method of execution determines the results of the entire preceding activity of the court. A detailed study was made of a standard sample of cases now investigated by 8 family courts - small, medium, and large, each of the 4 family courts created on January 1st, 1978, matched with one of the 4 family courts which had been functioning before that day as experimental courts. In this way comparison could have been made between the functioning of new family courts and those which had been working for some years to find out if the lenght of the period of work of the family court contributed to eliminating of various mistakes and dificiencies resulting from lack of experience during the first years of work of the family court. The standard of work of the "new" family courts emerging from the analysis of cases was also compared with that of juvenile courts, civil courts, and criminal courts which had been departments of the same district courts, by way of analysis of the same kind of cases judged before the reform of jurisdiction. This comparison was to provide information about changes which took place in preliminary proceedings, setencing, and execution of sentences, after family courts had taken over the cases which had been investigated before by other departments of district courts. Another source of information was the examination on the spot of the conditions of work of the 8 family courts the files of which had been analysed, including their staff, the system of social probation officers, the number of different duties imposed, and the power to execute decicions. Finally, the opinion on family courts was asked of family judges themselves, of professional probation officers of these courts, and of solicitors, whose experience in appearing before different courts in cases of the same kind seemed particularly valuable. A questionnaire examination also included the family judges who had judged in juvenile, civil, and criminal courts before the jurisdiction reform, so as to define their attitudes and opinions as regards various problems of family life. The aim of the questionnaire was to find out any differences between the attitudes of former juvenile court judges in comparison with other judges working subsequently in family courts. 2. The analysis of statistical data concerning the 6-year period (including 4 years after family jurisdiction had been introduced) did not reveal any symptomatic difference which could be related to the creation of family courts. As regards divorce suits, for instance, neither the percentage of cases discontinued due to the reconciliation of the parties increased, not that of dismissed cases; in cases concerning parental authority, the structure of decisions did not change; in cases of penal acts committed by juveniles but a small increase of less radical sentences was noticed; finally, as regards cases of offences against family, guardianship, and the youth, the only change was a slight reduction of the number of sentences to the penalty of deprivation of liberty without conditional suspension of execution in favour of limitation of parental authority. The results obtained through a detailed analysis of court files of cases formerly heard by juvenile, civil, and criminal courts were much the same as regards the contents of issued decisions. Nevertheless, in some spheres of activity of family courts some favourable changes occurred; unfortunately they were accompanied by a considerable regress in other spheres. In particular, family courts investigated the situation of children of divorcing parents more precisely than the civil courts, but on the other hand they neglected material problems, less frequently adjudging alimony amounting to a sum higher than demanded, less frequently deciding ex officio as to the means of using a common appartment by the divorced parties and adjudging eviction from the appartment of the party who particularly grossly disturbed the family peace. In all cases where the court's decision should be properly executed by the family court machine, a considerable deterioration of the way of execution took place. This resulted both from the lack of adequate interest in this problem on the part of family judges who were engaged mostly in jurisdiction, and from remissness of professional probation officers who were also burdened with many other tasks and whose work was supervised by family judges but in a minimal degree. In spite of their contact with many kinds of cases, family judges showed little interest in prevention. It was interesting to find out that also the former juvenile judges who had been accustomed to give a lot of attention to various preventive activities, now did not differ by any means in this respect from the former civil and criminal judges. Also the functioning of the "old" family courts was by no means superior to that of the "new” ones, and it was even inferior in some spheres - therefore, the standard of work of the courts was determined by other factors and not by the lack of experience. The analysis of decisions from the point of view of complexity of their approach to the whole of the problems existing within a given family gave no evidence as to any differences between decisions in the same kinds of cases issued by family courts on the one hand, and juvenile, civil, and criminal courts on the other. Also the anticipation that decisions of family courts would be more compact and complementary to each other if several different cases of members of the same family would be heard by the same court, came true but to a minimal extent. Firstly, the percentage of families towards which at least 2 decisions had been issued by a family court during its period of existence was considerably low, amounting to 25 per cent of families ever included in any legal proceedings. Even in the case of those family courts which had been functioning for 7 years, the percentage in question was not high, amounting to 32 per cent. Secondly, in spite of the principle of territorial division of cases among the judges, only in half of cases, all suits concerning a given family were heard by the same judge. Thirdly, due to the nature of a considerable number of cases, the material gathered for them during the proceedings was of no importance as regards the way of examination and the essence of decision issued in the next case (this concerns first of all suits for alimony). Eventually, only in every seventh case both the same judge had heard the former case as well as the present one, and in the former case material had been gathered which was valuable for the better knowledge of the family and the more relevant judgement. It should also be mentioned that in the case of many of the decisions, there was considerable probability that the verdict sentences would have been similar, had they been adjudged by another judge of the same court, or of civil or criminal court. Therefore, it was impossible to ascertain that the creation of family courts had considerably contributed to a greater complexity, compactness, and complementariness of judgements. The opinions on the functioning of family courts gathered from judges, probation officers, and solicitors have confirmed a number of remarks made during the analysis of court files and the direct examination of the conditions of work of the selected family courts. In spite of the fact that the very idea of creating family courts has been estimated favourably by the majority of the examined persons (62 per cent), a considerable part of them pointed to the following defects: too wide range of tasks of family courts, the resulting overwork which hindered adequate preventive activities, the domination of jurisdiction as compared with other tasks of the family court. One third of the respondents could not see any advantage in the creation of family courts. Half of them was of opinion that the introduction of family courts failed to increase the protection of children and the youth against demoralization (this was most frequently the opinion of the family judges themselves). The second questionnaire, concerning opinions and attitudes of family judges, revealed the statements of the former juvenile judges concerning family and its problems to be more complete and definite as compared with statements of the former civil and criminal judges, and to take into consideration more frequently the psychological, pedagogical, social in its broadest sense, and even medical, aspects of these problems. One should, however, bear in mind that, as revealed by the analysis of files, no evidence was found of better work of the former juvenile judges as compared with other family judges. In the final part of the present article an attempt was made to draw conclusions from the results of the study. Having discussed different possible variants of changing the competence of family courts, a definite model of a family court was suggested, characterized by a different internal structure, narrowed competence and a better defined position in the system of prevention of social maladjustment of children and the youth.

PL

1. The idea of family jurisdiction is not new, yet it continues to raise animated discussion and controversy. Family courts which exist in many countries have miscellaneous and frequently rather narrow competence. Elsewhere, experiments have been made with family courts for many years now, consisting in taking observations of the works of a few family courts, the traditional orgnization of jurisdiction maintained in the entire country. The family jurisdiction, enforced in Poland on January 1st, 1978, was introduced in the entire territory, the competence of family courts outlined most broadly: all cases directly connected with family relations (affiliation of a child, alimony, nullification and dissolution of a marriage, adoption, limitation, suspension and deprivation of parental authority, institution of legal protection, etc.), cases connected with penal acts committed by juveniles, cases of compulsory treatment of alcoholics in closed hospitals, and offences against family, guardianship, and the youth, fell under competence of family courts. Family courts which are departments of district courts, have assembled nearly half of the cases coming in a district court. At the same time, cases have been divided between the judges basing on the territorial principle: every judge hears all kinds of cases coming in from the territory he has been assigned. This way, all cases essentially connected with the functioning of a given family were always to be judged by the same judge. The broad competence of a family judge and the fact that he heard all cases concerning the members of a given family was to create conditions in which all problems appearing within that family would be treated on a broad basis in every case, to ensure that each particular pronouncement concerning that family be compact and complementary, to guarantee the correctness of decisions owing to the knowledge of the whole of conflicts which occur in that family, and to make preventive activities broader and deeper. The creation of family courts caused the liquidation of juvenile courts, all their cases having passed to the family courts, as well as the transference of a considerable part of cases heard before by civil courts and a small number of cases from criminal courts. Such a far-reaching reform of organization of common jurisdiction has justified the study of the effects of introduction of family courts, the more so as juvenile courts played an important part in the system of preventive measures against delinquency and other forms of social maladjustment. Therefore, it was the aim of the study to find out if family courts realize their function in practice, and what are the factors that determine difficulties or irregularities in case the courts fail totally or partially to fulfill their object. The study embraced various sources of information about the functioning of family courts, i.e., first of all, statistical data on the jurisdiction in cases which now come within the scope of family courts from two periods: before and after they had been transferred to the family courts (years 1976-1977 and 1978-1981). Another extremely important source of information about the functioning of family courts was the analysis of cases of particular kind judged by juvenile, civil, and criminal couits, and then by family courts. Among the cases which provided a particularly great amount of information as to the way in which family courts fulfilled the goal they were planned to fulfill, were divorce suits, limitation of parental authority, penal acts of juveniles, and criminal cases of offences against family, guardianship, and the youth. Such cases require well-prepared materials before they are examined, comprehensive study of particular legal problems from the point of view of the interest of the family, first of all children that are brought up in it, and finally (apart from divorce suits) active execution of the sentence, as the method of execution determines the results of the entire preceding activity of the court. A detailed study was made of a standard sample of cases now investigated by 8 family courts - small, medium, and large, each of the 4 family courts created on January 1st, 1978, matched with one of the 4 family courts which had been functioning before that day as experimental courts. In this way comparison could have been made between the functioning of new family courts and those which had been working for some years to find out if the lenght of the period of work of the family court contributed to eliminating of various mistakes and dificiencies resulting from lack of experience during the first years of work of the family court. The standard of work of the "new" family courts emerging from the analysis of cases was also compared with that of juvenile courts, civil courts, and criminal courts which had been departments of the same district courts, by way of analysis of the same kind of cases judged before the reform of jurisdiction. This comparison was to provide information about changes which took place in preliminary proceedings, setencing, and execution of sentences, after family courts had taken over the cases which had been investigated before by other departments of district courts. Another source of information was the examination on the spot of the conditions of work of the 8 family courts the files of which had been analysed, including their staff, the system of social probation officers, the number of different duties imposed, and the power to execute decicions. Finally, the opinion on family courts was asked of family judges themselves, of professional probation officers of these courts, and of solicitors, whose experience in appearing before different courts in cases of the same kind seemed particularly valuable. A questionnaire examination also included the family judges who had judged in juvenile, civil, and criminal courts before the jurisdiction reform, so as to define their attitudes and opinions as regards various problems of family life. The aim of the questionnaire was to find out any differences between the attitudes of former juvenile court judges in comparison with other judges working subsequently in family courts. 2. The analysis of statistical data concerning the 6-year period (including 4 years after family jurisdiction had been introduced) did not reveal any symptomatic difference which could be related to the creation of family courts. As regards divorce suits, for instance, neither the percentage of cases discontinued due to the reconciliation of the parties increased, not that of dismissed cases; in cases concerning parental authority, the structure of decisions did not change; in cases of penal acts committed by juveniles but a small increase of less radical sentences was noticed; finally, as regards cases of offences against family, guardianship, and the youth, the only change was a slight reduction of the number of sentences to the penalty of deprivation of liberty without conditional suspension of execution in favour of limitation of parental authority. The results obtained through a detailed analysis of court files of cases formerly heard by juvenile, civil, and criminal courts were much the same as regards the contents of issued decisions. Nevertheless, in some spheres of activity of family courts some favourable changes occurred; unfortunately they were accompanied by a considerable regress in other spheres. In particular, family courts investigated the situation of children of divorcing parents more precisely than the civil courts, but on the other hand they neglected material problems, less frequently adjudging alimony amounting to a sum higher than demanded, less frequently deciding ex officio as to the means of using a common appartment by the divorced parties and adjudging eviction from the appartment of the party who particularly grossly disturbed the family peace. In all cases where the court's decision should be properly executed by the family court machine, a considerable deterioration of the way of execution took place. This resulted both from the lack of adequate interest in this problem on the part of family judges who were engaged mostly in jurisdiction, and from remissness of professional probation officers who were also burdened with many other tasks and whose work was supervised by family judges but in a minimal degree. In spite of their contact with many kinds of cases, family judges showed little interest in prevention. It was interesting to find out that also the former juvenile judges who had been accustomed to give a lot of attention to various preventive activities, now did not differ by any means in this respect from the former civil and criminal judges. Also the functioning of the "old" family courts was by no means superior to that of the "new” ones, and it was even inferior in some spheres - therefore, the standard of work of the courts was determined by other factors and not by the lack of experience. The analysis of decisions from the point of view of complexity of their approach to the whole of the problems existing within a given family gave no evidence as to any differences between decisions in the same kinds of cases issued by family courts on the one hand, and juvenile, civil, and criminal courts on the other. Also the anticipation that decisions of family courts would be more compact and complementary to each other if several different cases of members of the same family would be heard by the same court, came true but to a minimal extent. Firstly, the percentage of families towards which at least 2 decisions had been issued by a family court during its period of existence was considerably low, amounting to 25 per cent of families ever included in any legal proceedings. Even in the case of those family courts which had been functioning for 7 years, the percentage in question was not high, amounting to 32 per cent. Secondly, in spite of the principle of territorial division of cases among the judges, only in half of cases, all suits concerning a given family were heard by the same judge. Thirdly, due to the nature of a considerable number of cases, the material gathered for them during the proceedings was of no importance as regards the way of examination and the essence of decision issued in the next case (this concerns first of all suits for alimony). Eventually, only in every seventh case both the same judge had heard the former case as well as the present one, and in the former case material had been gathered which was valuable for the better knowledge of the family and the more relevant judgement. It should also be mentioned that in the case of many of the decisions, there was considerable probability that the verdict sentences would have been similar, had they been adjudged by another judge of the same court, or of civil or criminal court. Therefore, it was impossible to ascertain that the creation of family courts had considerably contributed to a greater complexity, compactness, and complementariness of judgements. The opinions on the functioning of family courts gathered from judges, probation officers, and solicitors have confirmed a number of remarks made during the analysis of court files and the direct examination of the conditions of work of the selected family courts. In spite of the fact that the very idea of creating family courts has been estimated favourably by the majority of the examined persons (62 per cent), a considerable part of them pointed to the following defects: too wide range of tasks of family courts, the resulting overwork which hindered adequate preventive activities, the domination of jurisdiction as compared with other tasks of the family court. One third of the respondents could not see any advantage in the creation of family courts. Half of them was of opinion that the introduction of family courts failed to increase the protection of children and the youth against demoralization (this was most frequently the opinion of the family judges themselves). The second questionnaire, concerning opinions and attitudes of family judges, revealed the statements of the former juvenile judges concerning family and its problems to be more complete and definite as compared with statements of the former civil and criminal judges, and to take into consideration more frequently the psychological, pedagogical, social in its broadest sense, and even medical, aspects of these problems. One should, however, bear in mind that, as revealed by the analysis of files, no evidence was found of better work of the former juvenile judges as compared with other family judges. In the final part of the present article an attempt was made to draw conclusions from the results of the study. Having discussed different possible variants of changing the competence of family courts, a definite model of a family court was suggested, characterized by a different internal structure, narrowed competence and a better defined position in the system of prevention of social maladjustment of children and the youth.

15

Konstrukcja prawna instrumentu zatrzymania prawa jazdy dłużnikowi alimentacyjnemu uchylającemu się od zobowiązań alimentacyjnych

43%

Kosicki T.

Studia Prawnicze KUL

|

2022

|

issue 2

213-234

UK

У статті описано один із найсуворіших засобів дисциплінарного стягнення з боржників аліментів в ситуації їх ухилення від аліментних зобов’язань, що регламентується Законом від 7 вересня 2007 року про допомогу особам, які мають право на аліменти, а саме – затримання водійського посвідчення. Слід підкреслити, що з огляду на діючі норми це затримання в принципі є обов’язковим, а це означає, що уповноважений орган державного управління (староста або президент міста з повітовими правами) не може відмовити у його застосуванні при дотриманні умов, передбачених вищезгаданим актом. Тому в першій частині статті розглядаються матеріально-правові умови набуття боржником аліментів статусу ухилення від аліментних зобов’язань. У наступній наводяться причини затримання водійського посвідчення та адміністративне провадження у цій справі. Ці умови включають винесення компетентним органом рішення про визнання боржника аліментів таким, що ухиляється від виконання аліментних зобов’язань, та аби рішення було остаточним. Умови перевіряються органом після отримання заяви від компетентного органу боржника про затримання водійського посвідчення. Специфіка цієї адміністративної процедури (як правило) унеможливлює отримання боржником додаткових доказів, які могли б перешкодити застосуванню цієї санкції. Відповідно до усталених поглядів судів, ухвалене у цій справі рішення є остаточним, а це означає, що орган не може винести інше адміністративне рішення, крім затримання водійських прав. Питання про надзвичайні обставини, що виникають під час провадження у справі про затримання водійського посвідчення, яке з урахуванням ст. 5 абз. 6 цитованого акту призведе до анулювання рішення про затримання водійського посвідчення. Була зроблена спроба відповісти на питання: чи може в такій ситуації орган винести рішення у вищезгаданій справі. Враховуючи постійно зростаючу кількість боржників аліментів, а також збільшення кількості дітей (зараз близько мільйона), яких торкнулася проблема неаліментів, а також низький рівень стягнення аліментних зобов’язань, важливість питання має не лише значне теоретичне, а й передусім практичне значення.

RU

Статья представляет собой описание одного из самых суровых инструментов дисциплинарного воздействия на должников по алиментам, уклоняющихся от своих алиментных обязательств, регламентированного Законом от 7 сентября 2007 года «О помощи лицам, имеющим право на алименты», а именно, лишения водительских прав. Необходимо подчеркнуть, что это лишение в свете действующего законодательства является обязательным, а это означает, что уполномоченный орган публичного управления (староста или президент города на правах повята) не может отказать в его применении, если соблюдены предпосылки, предусмотренные в вышеуказанном законе. Поэтому в первой части статьи рассматриваются материально-правовые предпосылки для получения статуса должника по алиментам, уклоняющегося от своих алиментных обязательств. В следующей части представлены предпосылки лишения водительских прав и административное производство по данному делу. К таким условиям относится вынесение компетентным органом решения о признании должника по алиментам лицом, уклоняющимся от выполнения своих алиментных обязательств, и вступление его в законную силу. Орган рассматривает предпосылки после получения заявления о лишении водительских прав от компетентного органа должника. Специфика данного административного производства (как правило) не позволяет должнику представить дополнительные доказательства, которые могли бы предотвратить применение данной санкции. Согласно устоявшимся взглядам судебной власти, решение, вынесенное в данном случае, является обязательным, а это значит, что орган власти не может вынести иного административного решения, кроме как о лишении водительских прав. В статье также обсуждался вопрос о возникновении чрезвычайных обстоятельств в ходе производства по делу о лишении водительских прав, которые в свете ст. 5 п. 6 указанного закона привели бы к отмене решения о лишении водительских прав. Была предпринята попытка ответить на вопрос: может ли в такой ситуации орган власти вынести решение по вышеуказанному вопросу. Учитывая постоянно растущее число должников по алиментам, а также растущее число детей (в настоящее время около миллиона), которых касается проблема неуплаты алиментов, и низкий процент взыскания алиментных обязательств, важность рассматриваемого вопроса имеет не только теоретическое, но и практическое значение.

EN

The purpose of the article is to characterize one of the most troublesome instruments to discipline child-support debtors evading maintenance obligations regulated in the Act of 7 September 2007 on assistance to persons entitled to maintenance which is driving license retention. It should be emphasized that this detention is in principle obligatory in the light of current regulations, which means that an authorized public administration body (staroste or president of a city with poviat rights) may not refuse to apply it if the conditions provided for in the above act are met. Therefore, the first part of the work discusses the substantive conditions for the maintenance debtor to obtain the status of a maintenance waiver. The next part of the article presents the reasons for withholding the driving license and administrative proceedings in this case. The conditions include the issuing by the competent authority a decision on the recognition of the maintenance debtor as evading his/ her maintenance obligations and its becoming final. These premises are examined by the authority after receipt of an application from the competent authority of the debtor to retain the driving license. The specificity of this administrative procedure (as a rule) prevents the debtor from taking additional evidence that may prevent the application of this sanction. The above statement confirms, among other things, that the decision issued in this case is a binding decision which this means that the authority may not issue any other administrative decision than on the retention of the driving license. The discussion will also cover the issue of extraordinary circumstances arising in the course of proceedings for the suspension of the driving license which, in the light of Article 5 (6) of the cited act, would lead to the revocation of the decision to seize the driving license. An attempt is made to answer the question whether in such a situation the authority may issue a decision in the above case. In view of the ever-increasing number of maintenance debtors, as well as the ever-increasing number of children (currently about one million) who are affected by the problem of non-maintenance, as well as the low collectability of maintenance obligations, the importance of the issue is not only of considerable theoretical value, but above all of practical matter.

PL

Artykuł stanowi charakterystykę jednego z najbardziej dolegliwych instrumentów dyscyplinowania dłużników alimentacyjnych uchylających się od zobowiązań alimentacyjnych, uregulowanego w ustawie z dnia 7 września 2007 r. o pomocy osobom uprawnionym do alimentów, jakim jest zatrzymanie prawa jazdy. Wymaga podkreślenia, że zatrzymanie to w świetle aktualnie obowiązujących przepisów ma co do zasady charakter obligatoryjny, co oznacza, że uprawniony organ administracji publicznej (starosta lub prezydent miasta na prawach powiatu) nie może odmówić jego zastosowania w przypadku spełnienia przewidzianych w powyższej ustawie przesłanek. W związku z tym w pierwszej części artykułu omówiono przesłanki materialnoprawne uzyskania przez dłużnika alimentacyjnego statusu uchylającego się od zobowiązań alimentacyjnych. W kolejnej przedstawiono przesłanki zatrzymania prawa jazdy oraz postępowanie administracyjne w tej sprawie. Do przesłanek tych zalicza się wydanie przez właściwy organ decyzji w sprawie uznania dłużnika alimentacyjnego za uchylającego się od zobowiązań alimentacyjnych oraz uzyskanie przez nią przymiotu ostateczności. Przesłanki organ bada po wpłynięciu wniosku od organu właściwego dłużnika o zatrzymanie prawa jazdy. Specyfika tego postępowania administracyjnego (co do zasady) uniemożliwia dłużnikowi przeprowadzenie dodatkowych dowodów, które mogą zapobiec zastosowaniu tej sankcji. Zgodnie z utrwalonymi poglądami judykatury decyzja wydana w tej sprawie jest decyzją związaną, co oznacza, że organ nie może wydać innej decyzji administracyjnej niż o zatrzymaniu prawa jazdy. Pod dyskusję została poddana także kwestia wystąpienia w toku postępowania w sprawie zatrzymania prawa jazdy nadzwyczajnych okoliczności, które w świetle art. 5 ust. 6 cytowanej ustawy prowadziłyby do uchylenia decyzji o zatrzymaniu prawa jazdy. Podjęta została próba odpowiedzi na pytanie: czy w takiej sytuacji organ może wydać decyzję w powyższej sprawie. Wobec stale rosnącej liczby dłużników alimentacyjnych, jak również coraz większej liczby dzieci (obecnie około milion), których problem niealimentacji dotyczy, a także niskiej ściągalności zobowiązań alimentacyjnych doniosłość podejmowanego zagadnienia ma nie tylko istotny walor teoretyczny, ale przede wszystkim praktyczny.

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