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The Tabula of Cebes as an Example of Allegorical Popularization of Ethics in Antiquity

100%
Pacewicz A.
Peitho. Examina Antiqua
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2010
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vol. 1
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issue 1
83-110
EN
The present paper offers a general introduction to the first Polish post¬war translation of the Tabula of Cebes. It discusses the general structure of the text and its major arguments. Subsequently, some speculations on the philosophical affinity of the author of the text are given and the nature of its reception is dealt with. Furthermore, the article presents also a brief history of allegorical interpretation in Greece and touches upon the most important exegetical tendencies that hitherto have appeared in European culture. The article is followed by the first Polish postwar translation of the Tabula of Cebes.
PL
The present paper offers a general introduction to the first Polish post‑ war translation of the Tabula of Cebes. It discusses the general structure of the text and its major arguments. Subsequently, some speculations on the philosophical affinity of the author of the text are given and the nature of its reception is dealt with. Furthermore, the article presents also a brief history of allegorical interpretation in Greece and touches upon the most important exegetical tendencies that hitherto have appeared in European culture. The article is followed by the first Polish postwar translation of the Tabula of Cebes.
2
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O alegorii jako warunku arcydzielności epickiej

87%
Czechowicz A.
Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo
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2017
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issue 7(10)
175-188
EN
This article concerns the potential of figurative meaning in heroic poems as well as the links between epic mimesis and allegorical interpretation. It also deals with an early modern idea of a literary masterpiece and its standards. As an outstanding work, a poem should be attractive for both trained and less advanced readers, those who are capable to grasp intellectually each level of the text, and those who simply want to enjoy poetry as a source of pleasure and otium. The analysis of Alegoria del poema by Torquato Tasso and De perfecta poesi by Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski proves that in the early modern period the idea of figurative meaning of epic poems was still widely recognized. This multidimensional semantic structure, conceptualized by writers and critics, combines both didactic and the ‘pleasure-giving’ aspect of a poem as well as makes the epic plot a vivid actualization of moral beauty, and thus influences a reader in a long-lasting way typical of poetry and art. An allegorical interpretation, built over a structure of a heroic fable, unites the sensual beauty of things with an intellectual experience of the great order of the world. It also adds universal qualities to the mimesis of a poem and opens it up to a cognitive and ethical perspective. The process of intense reading, although described in academic terms in Renaissance and Baroque literary criticism, is initiated in a reader’s mind, as (s)he gets exposed to poetic beauty by the very nature of poesis perfecta.    
3
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Liturgia godzin w Liber officialis Amalariusza z Metzu

82%
Frontczak B.
Ruch Biblijny i Liturgiczny
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2010
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vol. 63
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issue 1
EN
The paper analyzes the 9th century liturgy of the hours on the basis of the Liber officialis by Amalarius of Metz. The main issue is focused on reconstruction of order and prayers that may be found there. In each hour described by the author of the Liber officialis it is possible to find identical elements: explanation of prayer time, listing psalms, verses or other prayers, aim of each prayer and behavior of priest and congregation. Amalarius gave to all mentioned elements the allegorical interpretation.
4
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Symbolism of God’s Protection over the Chosen People during the Journey to the Promised Land in Origen’s Homilies to Psalm 77 (78)

73%
Bardski K.
Collectanea Theologica
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2021
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vol. 91
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issue 4
83-94
PL
W artykule przeanalizowano wybrane motywy literackie Psalmu 77 (78), które posłużyły Orygenesowi do sformułowania interpretacji ponaddosłownych. Metodologię badań nad procesami tworzenia skojarzeń alegoryczno-symbolicznych zastosowano w odniesieniu do następujących motywów literackich: rozdzielenie wód Morza Czerwonego, obłok i słup ognia prowadzący Izraelitów przez pustynię, woda ze skały oraz manna z nieba.
EN
The article analyzes selected literary motifs of Psalm 77, which were used by Origen to formulate more-than-literal interpretations. The methodology of research on the processes of creating allegorical and symbolic associations has been applied to the following literary motifs: the separation of the waters of the Red Sea, the cloud and the pillar of fire leading the Israelites through the wilderness, water from a rock, and manna from heaven.
5
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Postać wdowy w Ewangelii Łukasza jako symbol Kościoła w tradycji łacińskiej

73%
Bardski K.
Vox Patrum
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2022
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vol. 83
21-46
EN
The article analyzes ancient and medieval interpretations of the figure of the widow in the Gospel of Luke in the tradition of the Western Church. From Ambrose (+397), through Bede the Venerable (+735), to the compilation Glossa Ordinaria (twelfth century), the figure of the widow was mostly associated with Ecclesia, or the Church. The following research problems were addressed in the course of the deliberation: How does the biblical text suggest such an association? What potential symbol-forming motifs of the biblical text lead to this association, and what are the further implications? What was the interpretative procedure of the commentators of that time, which led to the creation of such symbolism? And finally, to what extent can it be inspiring for the modern audience? The widow Anna, who longs with hope to see God's face (Lk 2:36-38), the widow of Zarephath of Sidon, who is threatened with starvation (Lk 4:25-26), the widow of Nain, who suffers from the death of her son (Lk 7:11-17), the widow persistently begging the judge to intercede for her (Lk 18:1-8) and the widow throwing two pennies into the treasury (Lk 21:1-4) portray the Church looking with hope for the resurrection in the last times, receiving the spiritual nourishment of the Body of the Lord, trusting in the power of Christ, who restores life to her spiritually dead sons, persistently praying to God and basing her entire existence on Him.
PL
W artykule zostały przeanalizowane starożytne i średniowieczne interpretacje postaci wdowy w Ewangelii Łukasza w tradycji Kościoła zachodniego. Poczynając od Ambrożego (+397), przez Bedę Czcigodnego (+735), aż po kompilację Glossa Ordinaria (XII w.), postać wdowy przeważnie kojarzona była z Eklezją, czyli Kościołem. W toku rozważań zostały podjęte następujące problemy badawcze: W jaki sposób tekst biblijny sugeruje takie skojarzenie? Jakie potencjalne motywy symbolotwórcze tekstu biblijnego prowadzą do tego skojarzenia i jakie wynikają stąd dalsze implikacje? Jak wyglądał proceder interpretacyjny ówczesnych komentatorów, który prowadził do stworzenia takiej symboliki? I w końcu, na ile może być ona inspirująca dla współczesnego odbiorcy? Wdowa Anna, która z nadzieją tęskni, by ujrzeć Boże oblicze (Łk 2,36-38), wdowa z Sarepty Sydońskiej, której zagraża śmierć głodowa (Łk 4,25-26), wdowa z Nain, która cierpi z powodu śmierci syna (Łk 7,11-17), wdowa wytrwale błagająca sędziego, by wstawił się za nią (Łk 18,1-8) oraz wdowa wrzucająca dwa grosze do skarbony (Łk 21,1-4), obrazują Kościół wyglądający z nadzieją zmartwychwstania w czasach ostatecznych, otrzymujący duchowy pokarm Ciała Pańskiego, ufający w moc Chrystusa, który przywraca życie jej duchowo umarłym synom, wytrwale modlący się do Boga oraz na Nim opierający całą swoją egzystencję.
6
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Mystical Interpretation of the Exile and Return to Paradise in Eriugena's Periphyseon

73%
Kijewska A.
|
2015
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vol. 63
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issue 2
13-26
PL
W ostatnich latach pojawiło się kilka ważnych publikacji podkreślających znaczenie szeroko pojętej interpretacji alegorycznej w literaturze starożytnej (prace Petera T. Strucka, Mikołaja Domaradzkiego). Interpretacja alegoryczna widzi w odczytywanym tekście zagadkę, która ma doprowadzić czytelnika do głębszej wiedzy szczególnego rodzaju, która zakryta jest przed oczyma „niewtajemniczonych”. Stąd w tego typu interpretacji ogromną rolę odgrywa język, który „odkrywając - zakrywa". Szczególnego znaczenia interpretacja alegoryczna nabrała w nurcie neoplatońskim, w którym filozofii zostały przypisane funkcje religijne (upodobnienie do boga, powrót do ojczyzny). Najważniejsze cechy tej neoplatońskiej alegorezy przedstawił Peter T. Struck w artykule Allegory and ascent in Neoplatonism, pokazując, w jaki sposób interpretacja alegoryczna mogła się stać drogą prowadzącą do mistycznego zjednoczenia. W niniejszym artykule uwaga autorki została skupiona na tych elementach alegorycznej egzegezy, które mogą być użyteczne w prezentacji specyfiki Eriugeny egzegezy motywu wygnania i powrotu do raju.
EN
Over the recent years we have welcomed a number of significant publications (in particular the contributions by Peter T. Struck and Mikołaj Domaradzki) highlighting the importance of allegory and allegorical interpretation in ancient literary culture. The allegorical approach to literary text identifies the literary work as a puzzle, the solving of which introduces the reader to a profounder kind of knowledge, a knowledge that is hidden from the eyes of the “uninitiated” This kind of interpretation implies a special understanding of the function of language, Which “by revealing conceals”. Allegorical interpretation assumed paramount importance in Neoplatonism, the philosophy which attributed religious functions to the philosophical endeavor of man (such functions as assimilation to God and return to man's (spiritual) fatherland). The most salient features of the Neo-platonic allegorism have been presented by Peter T. Stuck in his article Allegory and ascent in Neoplatonism complete with the account of the role attributed to allegory as a guide along the path leading to mystical union. In this article attention has been focused upon those elements of the Neoplatonic allegorical exegesis, which may be of use in exploring the specifics of Eriugena’s interpretation of the themes of the exile from and return to the paradise.
7
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Augustine’s Theolog(ies) of Creation: Simultaneous Creation, ‘Seminal Seeds’, and Genesis 1-3

73%
McCall B. L.
Studia Ełckie
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2022
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vol. 25
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issue 2
137-158
EN
Are Augustine’s views of creation still relevant today, after the scientific revolution, and especially post-Darwin? Surely, much of his interpretation cannot withstand the onslaught of modernity and its concomitant increase in scientific knowledge. Perhaps not, but we can still learn from Augustine. It is a modern myth that the scientific revolution alone began-or forced-the church to come up with interpretations that were amenable to the science of their time. Augustine is a prime example of this “wrestling with the Divine”. However, we cannot go to Augustine with the hopes of settling the debate on origins and scriptural interpretation. Augustine erred mightily when he sought to use the bible as a proverbial science textbook. In this essay, we will encounter a presentation of Augustine’s theolog(ies) of creation through examining his views of “seminal seeds”, simultaneous creation, and his interpretive acrobatics with regard to Genesis 1–3. Whereas his initial persuasion on this matter was sound, Augustine nevertheless contradicted it in his own writings, to our corporate detriment.
8

Objawienie w ujęciu radykalnej ortodoksji

58%
Zatwardnicki S.
Teologia w Polsce
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2019
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vol. 13
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issue 2
237-260
EN
A broad understanding of revelation corresponds to a wide range of theological interests of radical orthodoxy. The article shows which conceptions are struggled against and which interpretations of revelation are promoted by the movement’s supporters. Following Thomas Aquinas, representatives of radical orthodoxy assume that revelation is an event which combines illumination of the intellect, the interpretation of reality in this light and internal transformation of a soul. Such a point of view leads to rejection of a modern conception of revelation (Suárez’s heritage). According to representatives of radical orthodoxy, by coming back to patristic and medieval roots, especially to metaphysics of participation, one can overcome dualisms of faith and reason together with those of nature and grace. Henri de Lubac’s surnaturel paradox is spread onto issues of biblical exegesis and development of doctrine. Issues of relation of theology to philosophy is dealt with as well. In fact the discussion with opinions of leaders of the movement should be reduced to a meta-argument concerning the polarity: unity vs distinction. Finally, the attitude of radical orthodoxy is presented against a background of catholic theology. The radicalism characteristic of the movement turns out to simultaneously shake the orthodox balance typical of Catholicism.
9
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Dlaczego Mojżesz, Homer i Platon nie pisali wprost? Strategia interpretacji tekstów kanonicznych u Filona, Maksyma z Tyru i Numeniusza z Apamei

58%
Bednarek T.
Verbum Vitae
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2021
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vol. 39
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issue 3
959-977
EN
Allegorical interpretation was a hermeneutical tool often used in the writings of Medioplatonist thinkers. Originally developed in discussions of the legacy of Homer, allegoresis was used also by interpreters of the Bible and philosophical writings. The allegorists, recognizing figurative expressions in the texts they interpreted, were aware that those texts, when read literally, were obscure and sometimes even false. The aim of this paper is to analyze the strategies used to defend figurative expressions (mainly anthropomorphisms and allegories), as employed in the works of selected Medioplatonic thinkers: Philo of Alexandria (Quod Deus immutabilis sit, De somniis and De sacrificiis Abeli et Caini); Maximus of Tyre (Oration IV, XVII and XXVI); and Numenius of Apamea (Fragment 23 and 24). A historical-philosophical analysis of particular works, including interpretations of the writings of Moses, Homer and Plato, demonstrates that the defense of writings considered canonical was an important part of the interpretation carried out by the Medioplatonists. Using the comparative method, we also show that the arguments of the Medioplatonic writers contained certain interpretive features common to all of them, as well as others specific to each individually. The shared views included a skeptical approach to the intellectual and philosophical powers of the average person and, thus, a belief in the pedagogical value of figurative language and the necessity of its use in communication.
PL
Interpretacja alegoryczna była narzędziem hermeneutycznym często stosowanym w pismach myślicieli z kręgu medioplatonizmu. Pierwotnie powstała w dyskusjach nad spuścizną Homera alegoreza była wykorzystywana także przez interpretatorów Biblii oraz pism filozoficznych. Alegoreci, dostrzegający w interpretowanych tekstach wyrażenia figuratywne, byli świadomi, że przy ich dosłownym odczytaniu, są one niejasne, a czasami nawet nieprawdziwe. Celem artykułu jest analiza strategii obrony wyrażeń figuratywnych (głównie antropomorfizmów i alegorii), podjętej w utworach wybranych myślicieli medioplatońskich: Filona z Aleksandrii (Quod Deus immutabilis sit, De somniis oraz De sacrificiis Abeli et Caini), Maksyma z Tyru (Mowa IV, XVII i XXVI) oraz Numeniusza z Apamei (Fragment 23 i 24). Historyczno-filozoficzna analiza poszczególnych utworów, zawierających interpretacje pism Mojżesza, Homera i Platona, dowodzi, że obrona pism uznawanych za kanoniczne stanowiła ważny element interpretacji przeprowadzanej przez medioplatoników. Zastosowanie metody porównawczej pozwala zaś na dostrzeżenie w argumentacji medioplatońskich interpretatorów zarówno cech specyficznych dla każdego z nich, jak i elementów wspólnych, takich jak sceptyczne podejście do kompetencji intelektualnych i filozoficznych większości ludzi w poszczególnych społeczeństwach oraz przekonanie o pedagogicznej wartości języka figuratywnego i konieczności jego stosowania w komunikacji.
10
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„Mors est a vita discedere”. Teologiczna koncepcja śmierci w nauczaniu Orygenesa

58%
Duda J.
Verbum Vitae
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2013
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vol. 24
197-217
EN
Origen from Alexandria (†253), one of the most eminent early Christian writers, is the pioneer of a very interesting theological conception of death. It is connected with his general soteriology doctrine. In the Christocentric theology of Origen, not so much death but Life itself, the synonym of the Savior, determines the principle of his interests, scientific research, and teaching. Death is a departure from Life. It separates us from God and connects with the reality destined to be doomed. The allegorical method used by the Alexandrian enabled him to identify the expression “death” with the Devil. Origen created the so-called doctrine of three kinds of death. First of them is the physical death. It is a consequence of the “paradise sin” and refers to all people. According to the classical definition, it is a separation of the soul from the body. The second one is the death by sin which leads to annihilation. The third one is the death for sin which means eternal happiness in heaven and coming back to the origins of life together with Christ. Origen hopes that at the end of times death will be conquered as the „last enemy”, and all human beings, submitted to it until now, will be purified and will return to the original unity with the Lord.
11
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Objawienie w ujęciu radykalnej ortodoksji

37%
Zatwardnicki S.
Teologia w Polsce
|
2019
|
vol. 13
|
issue 2
237-260
EN
A broad understanding of revelation corresponds to a wide range of theological interests of radical orthodoxy. The article shows which conceptions are struggled against and which interpretations of revelation are promoted by the movement’s supporters. Following Thomas Aquinas, representatives of radical orthodoxy assume that revelation is an event which combines illumination of the intellect, the interpretation of reality in this light and internal transformation of a soul. Such a point of view leads to rejection of a modern conception of revelation (Suárez’s heritage). According to representatives of radical orthodoxy, by coming back to patristic and medieval roots, especially to metaphysics of participation, one can overcome dualisms of faith and reason together with those of nature and grace. Henri de Lubac’s surnaturel paradox is spread onto issues of biblical exegesis and development of doctrine. Issues of relation of theology to philosophy is dealt with as well. In fact the discussion with opinions of leaders of the movement should be reduced to a meta-argument concerning the polarity: unity vs distinction. Finally, the attitude of radical orthodoxy is presented against a background of catholic theology. The radicalism characteristic of the movement turns out to simultaneously shake the orthodox balance typical of Catholicism.
PL
Rozległemu zakresowi zainteresowań teologicznych radykalnej ortodoksji odpowiada szerokie rozumienie objawienia. W artykule zaprezentowano, jakim ujęciom sprzeciwiają się, a jakie interpretacje objawienia proponują zwolennicy ruchu. Podążając za Tomaszem z Akwinu, reprezentanci radykalnej ortodoksji przyjmują, że objawienie jest wydarzeniem, w którym łączą się oświecenie intelektu, interpretacja rzeczywistości w tym świetle oraz wewnętrzna przemiana duszy. Taki punkt widzenia wiąże się z odrzuceniem nowożytnej koncepcji objawienia (dziedzictwo Suáreza). Zdaniem reprezentantów radykalnej ortodoksji powrót do patrystyki i średniowiecza, zwłaszcza do metafizyki partycypacji, ma pozwolić na przekroczenie dualizmów wiary i rozumu oraz natury i łaski. Henriego de Lubaca paradoks surnaturel zostaje rozciągnięty również na kwestie egzegezy Pisma Świętego oraz rozwoju doktryny. Poruszono także zagadnienie relacji teologii i filozofii. Dyskusję z poglądami liderów ruchu należy sprowadzić do metasporu dotyczącego biegunowości: jedność – rozróżnienie. W zakończeniu stanowisko radykalnej ortodoksji zostało ukazane na tle katolickiej teologii. Okazuje się, że radykalizm charakteryzujący ruch sprawia, że ortodoksyjna równowaga typowa dla katolicyzmu chwieje się w posadach.
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