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EN
In the first part of the article the author presents phenomena characteristic of current Russian social fiction, focusing on genres such as alternative history, futuro-historical fiction and alternative futurology. In the Russian literature of the last two decades, futurological forecasts draw attention. As part of social-political projects, they offer an alternative to the real history of Russia in the 20th century. The second part of the paper discusses the novel 2017 by Olga Slavnikova, considered one of the most interesting examples of alternative futurology.
PL
The present paper aims at analyzing two novels by Dmitry Bykov: Justification(1998) and Signals (2013). On the basis of both their subject and formal representation we may state that they may be considered a dilogy. In the former the author focused on a specific problem - an alternative version of the causes, course and consequences of Stalinist repressions. The latter touches upon the issue of the existing reality anddetermination to attain goals in the context of a contemporary Russian’s mentality,which is largely affected by Soviet thinking
EN
The fate of Poland and Poles is an important topic in Polish science fiction literature. Until1989, writers could comment on the state and the nation only by means of metaphors, and thus,science fiction was a great tool for describing reality. After the fall of communism, Polish authorscould finally speak about Poland and Poles directly. However, as a result, we received politically andideologically inspired literature. In this respect, the works of Jacek Dukaj seem to be an exception.The writer shows Poles as the elite of civilization development. The aim of this paper is therefore toidentify certain characteristic features of the model hero of Dukaj’s novels.
EN
Hungarian civil religion in general, and various ethno-pagan spiritualities in special are deeply unsatisfied with the canonical version(s) of ancient national history. Screening history is an act of powerful pictorial mythologization of historical discourses and also a visual expression of national characterology. In recent years two animated films were released, telling the ancient history of Hungarians, but the stories they tell are very different. Not long after Marcell Jankovics’s Song of the Miraculous Hind1 (Ének a csodaszarvasról, 2002), a long fantasy animation based on ethnographic and historical data, another similar long animation: Heaven’s Sons (Az Ég fiai, 2010) started to circulate on YouTube and other various online Hungarian video-sharing channels. It seems as if the latter, an amateur digital compilation by Tibor Molnár, would have been made in response to the first film, to correct its “errors”, by retelling the key narratives. Built mainly on two recent mythopoetic works: the Arvisura and the Yotengrit (both of them holy scriptures for some Hungarian Ethno-Pagan movements), Molnár’s animation is an excellent summary of a multi-faceted new Hungarian mythology, comprising many alternative historical theses. My paper aims to present two competing images of the Nation on the basis of several parallel scenes, plots and symbolic representations from the two animations. A close comparative investigation of these elements with the help of the Kapitány couple’s mythanalytic method will show the essential differences between the two national self-conceptions expressed through the imaginary
EN
The topic of Ukrainian-Russian relations is very important in the alternative history novels of the Ukrainian writer Vasily Kożeljanko (1957-2008). Alternative histories novels "Parade in Moscow" (1997), "Kotigoroško" (2000), "Terorium" (2001), "FalseNostradamus" (2001) novels appeared in an independent Ukraine when there was no longer a Soviet censorship. In alternative historical prose, heroes can be embedded in the history of an active person or as fictional characters who carry the ethno-stereotypical lines of their community and have ethno-stereotypes about other peoples. Ethnic stereotypes of Ukrainians and Russians and stereotypes of Ukraina and Russia can be mythologised. Relations between a stronger and weaker, older and younger, colonizing country and colonized country are presented as a conflict between Strong Russia and a weak Ukraine, but also a strong Ukraine of weak Russia. Russian Empire in the of Kożeljankos alternative histories novels presented negatively.
EN
The aim of this article is to define alternative history genre (branch of fantastic literature) as a participating in the historical writing formula (H. White). The author juxtaposes literary studies, literature and history as neighboring branches of humanistic knowledge. Alternate history genre could be displaced as displaced by both, the history and literary studies. This genre, as a type of fantastic literature, is understood as dangerous phantasm, because of fictional abilities. In this article historiography and literary studies are diagnosed as forming a sisterhood relationship. When the opportunity arises, it is shown that the idea of postmodern history is no novelty, since until the decline of the 18th century history did not stand in oppossition to literature. Actually, the way of thinking about history as an (literary) art has a splendid tradition rooted in antiquity. It is shown that, in fact, there is no essential difference between alternate history (as a branch of fantastic literature) and counterfactualism as a methodology of history. It drives the author to a conclusion − by comparison of the methodologies of history and literary studies in the field of narrativity, and, according to Hayden White, comprehends history as a type of fiction, historio-graphia, literary artifact, or historical writing – that the alternative history novel could be understood as a third path to reconcile literary studies and historical studies. The participation of popular culture, where the alternate history genre and fantastic literature traditionally belongs, makes the history and literary studies more transgressive, widely open for the contemporary forms of communication and more hearable.
PL
The aim of this article is to define alternative history genre (branch of fantastic literature) as a participating in the historical writing formula (H. White). The author juxtaposes literary studies, literature and history as neighboring branches of humanistic knowledge. Alternate history genre could be displaced as displaced by both, the history and literary studies. This genre, as a type of fantastic literature, is understood as dangerous phantasm, because of fictional abilities. In this article historiography and literary studies are diagnosed as forming a sisterhood relationship. When the opportunity arises, it is shown that the idea of postmodern history is no novelty, since until the decline of the 18th century history did not stand in oppossition to literature. Actually, the way of thinking about history as an (literary) art has a splendid tradition rooted in antiquity. It is shown that, in fact, there is no essential difference between alternate history (as a branch of fantastic literature) and counterfactualism as a methodology of history. It drives the author to a conclusion − by comparison of the methodologies of history and literary studies in the field of narrativity, and, according to Hayden White, comprehends history as a type of fiction, historio-graphia, literary artifact, or historical writing – that the alternative history novel could be understood as a third path to reconcile literary studies and historical studies. The participation of popular culture, where the alternate history genre and fantastic literature traditionally belongs, makes the history and literary studies more transgressive, widely open for the contemporary forms of communication and more hearable.
EN
The article is devoted to the reception of the “Polish” in the Russian-language fiction. It indicates the sources of “background knowledge” of Poland from the authors and readers. The article deals with of images of Poland from the Soviet era to the present. Here are presented the schemes of work with the Polish material in the Soviet and post-Soviet fiction. Among them are: 1) the use of the Slavic (and Polish) material to provide the reader with a distance; 2) the use of “Polishness” as a mirror for self-examination of Russian culture; 3) the game with the Polish in the context of revenge models in the alternative stories (Poland as an “internal” and “external” enemy).
EN
In order to analyze the examples of fantasy texts translations it is indispensable to determine what fantasy literature refers to. Yet, it seems also crucial to demonstrate in what way the notion of intertextual and intercultural relations applies to the process of translation. Once these two elements are explained, it is possible to proceed to examining examples which best illustrate the theory. Red Country by Joe Abercrombie, Drood by Dan Simmons, Les Lames du cardinal written by Pierre Pevel and Brent Weeks’ The Way of Shadows show that in the fantasy text translation, intercultural relations are always present due to the fact that the fantasy world constitutes a separate culture, which must be respected. It as well as intertextuality may also be interconnected with the references to other, often exotic, cultures and other literary texts.
EN
The article is a partial presentation of women who helped shape the Polish linguistics before 1939. The author analyses their contribution in the Polish Linguistic Society and their influence on the development of the “Poradnik Językowy”, an important journal of that period. The article is an overview: the author also describes the possible theoretical framework of the future “her-story” of Polish linguistics.
PL
Tekst jest fragmentarycznym przedstawieniem sylwetek kobiecych, które współkształtowały polską lingwistykę przed 1939 rokiem. Autorka analizuje udział kobiet w Polskim Towarzystwie Językoznawczym i ich wkład w rozwój „Poradnika Językowego”, znaczącego czasopisma tego okresu. Artykuł ma charakter rekonesansowy – opisano możliwe ramy teoretyczne przyszłej herstorii polskiej lingwistyki.
EN
Issues discussed in post-apo fiction also gain popularity elsewhere. The devastated reality, within the a trend of alternative history is an inexhaustible source of inspiration. A good example is Apokalipsa według Pana Jana [Mr. John’s Apocalypse], with its panorama of radioactive deserts and completely devastated city. The present study analyzes the topography of the destroyed city of Wrocław in order to create a “map” of the new Fourth Republic, as well as to consider the social structures and the laws that organize the life of survivors and future generations in a new post-apo world.
PL
Problematyka post-apo zatacza coraz szersze kręgi. Bohomaz zdewastowanej rzeczywistości włączającej się w nurt alternative history stanowi niewyczerpane źródło inspiracji. Doskonałym przykładem jest w tym kontekście Apokalipsa według Pana Jana, która panoramę radioaktywnych pustyń i spustoszonych miast przenosi na grunt Polski. Celem rozważań autorki jest analiza topografii zrównanego z ziemią Wrocławia, odtworzenie „mapy” IV Rzeczpospolitej, a także przyjrzenie się wyrastającym spod gruzów lechickiej krainy strukturom społecznym oraz prawu mającemu organizować życie ocalałych i całej przyszłej generacji.
EN
The article explores the origin of alternative history as a trend of the science fiction genre in the USSR popular culture. The study considers the main development stages of this trend according to Russian and Ukrainian cultural contexts. The research allows to identify two directions of the mentioned development. The first one applies to Russian popular culture – from the analytics of the current state of the Russian statehood to the revanchism related to the “lost empire”. The second one refers to Ukrainian popular culture – from the comprehension of the cultural and subjective separation of the country to the attempts of the national identity’s creation. The narrative schemes of the alternative history were changing according to shifts in the Russian and Ukrainian ideological doctrines.
PL
W artykule omówiono genezę powstania gatunku alternatywnej historii w fantastyce kultury popularnej ZSRR. Rozpatrzono główne etapy rozwoju tego gatunku w rosyjskim i ukraińskim kontekście kulturowym. Wydzielono dwa kierunki takiego rozwoju: po pierwsze, w ramach rosyjskiej kultury popularnej – od analizy bieżącego stanu rosyjskiej państwowości do rewanżyzmu w stosunku do „utraconego imperium”; po drugie, w ukraińskiej masowej kulturze – od pojmowania kulturowego i podmiotowego rozerwania kraju do prób wyrabiania tożsamości narodowej. Odnotowano zarazem związek zmian schematów fabularnych, związanych z alternatywną historią i aktualnymi zmianami ideologicznymi zaistniałymi w Rosji i na Ukrainie.
EN
In recent years, some authors have departed from the classical presentation of World War 2. This article analyses selected alternative and revisionist narratives present in the works of Tymoteusz Pawłowski, Rafał Ziemkiewicz and Piotr Zychowicz in terms of historical and ahistorical thinking, presents the authors' attitude towards the achievements of historiography, and presents the way in which they create their narratives, the content of those narratives, and evaluates them in terms of their correctness from the point of view of compliance with historical facts.
PL
W artykule poddano analizie kreację Romualda Traugutta w powieści fantastycznej Konrada T. Lewandowskiego wydanej w 150. rocznicę powstania styczniowego, realizującej model historii alternatywnej w konwencji steampunk. Lewandowski kontynuuje złotą legendę Traugutta – męczennika sprawy narodowej kształtującą się już od dnia egzekucji Rządu Narodowego, a ugruntowaną w literaturze pięknej przez E. Orzeszkową. Nowością zaproponowaną przez pisarza jest rzeczywistość alternatywna, w której powstańcy styczniowi pokonali Rosję dzięki cudowi techniki – specyficznym czołgom wymyślonym przez I. Łukasiewicza. Traugutt w owej rzeczywistości nie ginie, zostaje Naczelnikiem Państwa; podobnie jak realny pierwowzór jest dobrym żołnierzem i człowiekiem głębokiej wiary. Lewandowski podkreśla patriotyzm i heroizm bohatera, gdy ten dobrowolnie godzi się na śmierć dla ojczyzny.
EN
The article analyzes the creation of Romuald Traugutt in the fantasy novel by Konrad T. Lewandowski, published on the 150th anniversary of the January Uprising, which implements the model of alternative history in the steampunk convention. Lewandowski continues the golden legend of Traugutt – a martyr of the national case, which has been evolving since the day the National Government was executed, and grounded in belleslettres by E. Orzeszkowa. A novelty proposed by the writer is an alternative reality in which the January insurgents defeated Russia thanks to the technical miracle, specific tanks invented by I. Łukasiewicz. Traugutt in this reality does not die, he becomes the Chief of State; just like the real prototype, he is a good soldier and a man of deep faith. Lewandowski emphasizes the hero's patriotism and heroism when he voluntarily agrees to die for his homeland.
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EN
Retelling, or re-telling a story, has become established in Polish literature primarily in relation to myths, legends, fairy tales, fantasy and postmodern literature. Meanwhile, the theses related to it work well on the basis of historiography and alternative histories, implementing a different scenario of history. The relationship of retelling to this type of literature is rarely analysed. Then again, research on alternative histories deals with the issues of renarration, intertextuality, reinterpretation and the world upside down, which are sometimes equated with retelling. This article is devoted to the above-mentioned issues.
PL
Retelling, czyli ponowne opowiedzenie historii, w literaturze polskiej utrwalił się przede wszystkim w odniesieniu do mitów, legend, baśni, fantastyki oraz literatury postmodernistycznej. Tymczasem tezy z nim związane sprawdzają się na gruncie historiografii oraz historii alternatywnych, realizujących odmienny scenariusz dziejów. Relacja retellingu do tego typu literatury rzadko podlega analizie. W badaniach nad historiami alternatywnymi porusza się natomiast zagadnienia renarracji, intertekstualności, reinterpretacji oraz świata na opak, które bywają utożsamiane z retellingiem. Powyższym zagadnieniom poświęcony jest niniejszy artykuł.
PL
Innowacje językowe kształtują elementy świata przedstawionego w utworach science fiction. Ich główną cechą jest nazywanie nowych obiektów oraz budowanie atmosfery niepełnej poznawalności fikcyjnej rzeczywistości. Specyficzny (pełen neologizmów i terminologii technicznej) język prozy fantastycznonaukowej stanowi jej gatunkową cechę i wywodzi się z terminologii naukowej. Celem artykułu jest prezentacja i analiza innowacji językowych zawartych w prozie Jacka Dukaja, pisarza uznawanego za następcę Stanisława Lema. Twórca słynnego Lodu najczęściej stosuje takie zabiegi, jak: dążenie do skrótu, zapożyczenia z innych języków (szczególnie z angielskiego i rosyjskiego), neosemantyzacja, tworzenie złożeń i skupisk terminologicznych. Utworami, w których najdokładniej widać wspomniane innowacje leksykalne, są: Perfekcyjna niedoskonałość, Linia oporu, Ruch generała, Lód oraz Wroniec i to do nich głównie odnosi się artykuł.
EN
Language innovations shape elements of fictional worlds depicted in science fiction works. Their main feature is naming new objects and building an atmosphere of incomplete cognisance of fictional reality. The specific (full of neologisms and technical terminology) language of science-fiction prose is its genre feature and comes from scientific terminology. The aim of the article is to present and analyse language innovations contained in the prose of Jacek Dukaj, a writer considered to be the successor of Stanislaw Lem. The creator of the famous Ice most often applies such procedures as: using the abbreviation, borrowings from other languages (especially from English and Russian), creating compounds and terminological aggregations. The texts in which these supplemental innovations are most clearly seen are: Perfekcyjna niedoskonałość, Linia oporu, Ruch generała, Lód i Wroniec. They are a captivating subject of linguistic research.
EN
The author of the article is of the opinion that at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries there was a growing interest in various types of popular literature, including alternative history. Upon reminding us of the terminological differences between alternative (alternate) history and counterfactual (virtual) history, she goes on to discuss alternative histories by Konrad T. Lewandowski and concludes that in his books, while playing an entertaining role, alternative history still remains the teacher of life.
PL
Autorka artykułu wyraża przekonanie, iż na przełomie XX i XXI wieku wzrosło zainteresowanie odmianami literatury popularnej, w tym historią alternatywną. Po przypomnieniu rozróżnień terminologicznych pomiędzy historią alternatywną i historią kontrfaktyczną przystępuje ona do omówienia historii alternatywnych Konrada T. Lewandowskiego. Badaczka dochodzi do wniosku, że w książkach Konrada Lewandowskiego historia alternatywna, pełniąc funkcję ludyczną, nie przestaje być nauczycielką życia.
EN
The author is of the opinion that in the late 20th a nd e arly 21st centuries we e xperience a peculiar restitution of history in miscellaneous literary types and trends, one example of which could be the output by Konrad T. Lewandowski. The main purpose of the article is to present the methods of ‘utilising history’ in his retro crime stories. Having demonstrated the features of the genre, Tierling-Śledź goes on to trace back various types of historical probability in Lewandowski’s works, his transitions from historical facts to ‘unexisting history’. She also poses a question about the consequences of handling history in such a fashion for the reader of historical prose in the early 21st century.
PL
Autorka artykułu wyraża przekonanie, iż na przełomie XX i XXI wieku spotykamy się ze swoistą restytucją historii w różnych odmianach i nurtach literatury, czego dowodem może być między innymi twórczość Konrada T. Lewandowskiego. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie sposobów „użytkowania historii” w kryminałach retro tego autora. Po przedstawieniu wyznaczników gatunku, badaczka śledzi obecne w powieściach Lewandowskiego różne odmiany historycznego prawdopodobieństwa, przechodzenie autora od prawdy historycznej do „historii niebyłej”. Stawia też pytanie o konsekwencje takiego operowania historią dla odbiorcy prozy historycznej u progu XXI wieku.
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