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EN
Kazimierz Telesfor Kostanecki (1863-1940) remains one of the most important figures in the history of Polish medicine and natural science. He was the creator of one of the biggest scientific schools on Polish soil, a researcher versatile, working in parallel on many fields of natural science exploration. In his view, anatomy has become a dynamic and comprehensive science, that combines what today belongs to histology, cytology and embryology. Kostanecki has created an universal model of research, referring to comparative methods and based on planned series of experimental studies, especially when it came to issues related to developmental anatomy and mechanics of fertilization. This model was used and developed by his students and followers. It is not surprising, therefore, that the name Kostanecki has been repeatedly reported in the world literature, and a number of phenomena and facts established by him has kept its value, which comes obviouswhen we still can find citations of Polish scholar works in the contemporary monographs and articles.
EN
Introduction. Although there are lots of varieties of aorta arch, they seem to appear relatively rarely. Anomalies of aortic arch departures are mainly concerned with its location, course, the place of departure and number of its main branches. However, they warrant attention due to their importance in operative, diagnostic, and endovascular procedures. Aim. We want to present here a case of a female cadaver with rare aortic arch origin of the left vertebral artery. The aim of this article is to complete the frame of anomalies in aortic arch and to explore rare variability shown in this specific case. Description of the case. The present report describes an anomalous case of the left vertebral artery arising from the aortic arch between the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery in a female cadaver during dissection in an anatomical laboratory. Aortic origin of the vertebral artery is a rare anatomic variant. Conclusion. Thorough knowledge of anomalous origin is important for patients who undergo operation of an aortic arch or inferior part of the neck. Normally, the vertebral artery arises from the first part of the subclavian artery on both sides.
EN
On September 27, 1297 Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303) promulgated a bull beginning with the words Detestande feritatis, thereby outlawing any further practice of the medieval custom of dismembering human corpses which were subsequently boiled in water to separate the bones from the soft tissue. This was a practice that facilitated burial in places remote from the scene of death of the deceased. The first part of the article presents the circumstances in which the papal document originated. By outlawing such practices the Pope invalidated the decisions contained in the last wills of some, especially the French, cardinals of his times. The custom of dismembering human corpses was predominantly practiced north of the Alps, but it was also present on the territory of today’s Spain. In medieval times it was known as “the German custom” (mos teutonicus) and was underpinned by a specific medieval anthropology. The second part of the article scrutinizes the probable reasons of the Pope’s violent reaction. An attempt is made to reconstruct the forma mentis of Boniface VIII. Relevant indications and clues can be found in the records of the proceedings against the Pope by Philip the Fair, king of France, in the iconography of monuments erected at the Pope’s initiative, and also in the development of the natural sciences in the late Middle Ages.
PL
Nazwisko Adama Bochenka znane jest wszystkim polskim lekarzom i studentom medycyny od ponad 100 lat. Dzieło, które stworzył, pomaga budować fundamenty wiedzy kolejnych pokoleń medyków aż do dnia dzisiejszego. Anatomia człowieka Bochenka jest książką niezwykłą. Liczne ilustracje oraz charakterystyczny dla autora lekki styl pisania sprawiają, że wiedza z pozoru tak nieprzystępna i rozległa staje się przejrzysta i łatwiejsza do zrozumienia. Pozycja ta jest przykładem klasycznego, obszernego podręcznika anatomii, na jakiego napisanie niewielu tylko autorów na świecie potrafiło się zdobyć. Przez ostatnie 100 lat publikacja ta wprowadzała kolejne pokolenia lekarzy nie tylko w tajniki anatomii, ale i całej medycyny. Mimo upływu czasu, dzieło Bochenka wciąż jest uważane za podręcznik wiodący na wszystkich uczelniach medycznych w Polsce, czego niezbitym dowodem są ukazujące się regularnie nowe jego wydania. Z okazji setnej rocznicy śmierci wybitnego polskiego anatoma pragniemy przypomnieć pokrótce jego życiorys, a także przybliżyć historię powstawania największego z jego dzieł.
EN
The name of Adam Bochenek have been familiar to every physican and medical student in Poland for a hundred years. For all those years, the book he have written, has been introducing new generations of future doctors not only to anatomy but to the medicine in general. Bochenek’s The Human Anatomy is an extraordinary book. Typical for the author, descriptive way of writing as well as numerous drawings make all this vast and inaccessible knowledge more clear, lucid and sometimes even addictive. It is an example of a classical, extensive handbook of anatomy. Despite the passage of time, The Human Anatomy is still the leading textbook for all medical universities in Poland, and its new editions coming out every few years are the best way to prove it.
EN
In our today’s society manifestations of social pathology have become everyday occurences. Researchers have been trying for a long time to trace their origins. The nature of evil, however, is not clearly evident, obvious and/or easily understandable. The submitted paper sums up select concepts from various fields of sciences which focus on the primary causes of behavior that challenges existing societal norms. They investigate aspects of human biology as well as psychological foundations and mechanisms of the human species. The importance of social life, hich is capable to channel instincts of anti-social behaviour, should not be neglected, either.
PL
Zjawiska z obszaru patologii społecznej stają się nieodłączną właściwością współczesnych społeczeństw. Badacze nieustannie próbują znaleźć odpowiedź na pytanie, co jest ich przyczyną. Natura zła nie jest jednak oczywista, jasna, zrozumiała. Niniejszy tekst stanowi przegląd wybranych koncepcji wywodzących się z różnych dyscyplin nauki, które odnoszą się do kwestii wyjaśniania zachowań naruszających obowiązujący system normatywny. Z jednej strony – sięgają one w sferę ludzkiej biologiczności, z drugiej – podnoszą znaczenie psychologicznego funkcjonowania Homo sapiens. Nie można jednak pomijać życia społecznego, które może skanalizować instynkty oraz popędy jego uczestników w kierunku działań antyspołecznych.
EN
The aim of this paper is to present Karol Boguslaw Reichert, a relatively unknown anatomist and embryologist born in Kętrzyn, Poland. The disciple of Johannes Muller and professor of various universities: Dorpat (Tartu), Berlin and Wrocław, he become famous for his theory of the internal ear bones development from pharyngeal arches. He was also a proponent of Theodor Schwann’s theory on the development of organisms from single cells.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie postaci urodzonego w Kętrzynie anatoma i embriologa Karola Bogusława Reicherta. Uczeń Johannesa Müllera, profesor uniwersytetów w Dorpacie, Berlinie i we Wrocławiu, zasłynął jako autor teorii rozwoju kosteczek słuchowych z łuków skrzelowych oraz zwolennik teorii Theodora Schwanna dotyczącej rozwoju organizmów żywych z pojedynczych komórek.
EN
The article entitled “Lingua by Erasmus of Rotterdam – between physiology, philosophy and philology” is devoted to the treatise “Lingua, Sive, De Linguae usu atque abusu Liber utillissimus” which was originally published in 1525, while in an anonymous Old Polish translation it first appeared in 1542. It represents one of the most important voices in then Europe on the role of language in international social communication. In it issues related to the ethics of language, seen from a theological, philosophical and philological perspective, were taken up by the Rotterdammer, using references to medical and natural sciences. The combination of these areas of knowledge has become the subject of in-depth analysis in the article. The term „tongue”, which is equivocal in meaning, is understood in the treatise as the organ for as well as the process of speaking. As a consequence, the „physiology of language” presented in the Lingua, resulting in an extended lesson in anatomy, eventually moves the discourse into the area of reflection on the importance and role of word both in interpersonal association and in the Christian „galaxy” – the humanitas, as a factor for its integration and guarantor of peace.
EN
The name of Guido Guidi appears in the histories of medicine as that of the author of a beautifully illustrated book on surgery and as one of the innumerable anatomical eponyms. Guido Guidi practiced medicine and surgery in his native city Florence and made such a reputation that he was in 1542 invited by Francis I, King of France, to come to Paris. The King appointed him one of his personal physicians and permitted him to give public lectures in medicine and surgery at the newly founded College de France. Guidi was about to publish a surgical treatise, based on a Greek manuscript of the tenth century preserved in the Laurenzian Library at Florence. Among the notable features of this manuscript were thirty full-sized plates illustrating the commentary of Apollonius of Kitium on the Hippocratic treatise on dislocations and other pictures accompanying a copy of Galen's treatise on bandaging. These illustrations represented the genuine Hippocratic traditions of surgical practice as transmitted through later Greek channels to Byzantium. In Paris, Guidi lived with Benvenuto Cellini, who became his friend and who has many laudatory references to him in his autobiography. In 1544 Guidi's book on surgery appeared. It is a splendid folio volume, beautifully printed and containing remarkable woodcut copies, or rather adaptations, of the original tenth-century drawings. Guidi's Chirurgia was the best illustrated work on surgery that had appeared up to its date. It comprises translations of six works by Hippocrates, one by Galen and two by Oribasius, together with commentaries by Galen and by Guidi himself. The treatment of all varieties of fractures and dislocations is described in great detail and is very clearly illustrated. Some three years after the publication of his Chirurgia Guidi was recalled to Italy to become chief personal physician to Cosimo de Medici. He practiced and taught medicine at Pisa, took Holy Orders, received high' ecclesiastical preferment, and was in 1557 raised to the nobility. He died at the height of his renown on 26 May 1569 and was buried in the tomb of his ancestors in Florence. For some years before his death he had been occupied in writing a comprehensive work on medicine. This great work was completed and published by his nephew in three huge volumes between 1596 and 1611. This study is based on original research and it corrects many errors that have been perpetuated in standard reference books.
UK
Ім’я Гвідо Гвіді зустрічається в історії медицини як ім’я автора чудово ілюстрованої книги з хірургії та як один із незліченних анатомічних епонімів. Гвідо Гвіді займався медициною та хірургією у своєму рідному місті Флоренції і набув такої репутації, що у 1542 р. Франциск I, король Франції, запросив його приїхати до Парижа. Король призначив його одним зі своїх особистих лікарів і дозволив йому читати публічні лекції з медицини та хірургії у нещодавно заснованому Колеж де Франс. Гвіді збирався опублікувати хірургічний трактат, заснований на грецькому рукописі X ст., що зберігається у бібліотеці Лауренціана у Флоренції. Серед примітних особливостей цього рукопису були тридцять повнорозмірних аркушів, що ілюструють коментар Аполлонія Китійського до трактату Гіппократа про вивихи та інші малюнки, що супроводжують копію трактату Галена про перев’язки. Ці ілюстрації представляли справжні традиції Гіппократа в хірургічній практиці, передані через пізніші грецькі канали до Візантії. У Парижі Гвіді жив із Бенвенуто Челліні, який став його другом та багато разів із похвалою відгукувався про нього у своїй автобіографії. У 1544 р. з’явилася книга Гвіді з хірургії. Це чудовий фоліант, витончено надрукований і містить чудові ксилографічні копії, або, швидше, адаптації оригінальних малюнків X ст. Книга Гвіді «Хірургія» була найкращою ілюстрованою працею з хірургії, яка з’явилася до цього часу. Вона містить переклади шести робіт Гіппократа, однієї роботи Галена і двох робіт Орібасія, а також коментарі Галена та самого Гвіді. Лікування всіх видів переломів та вивихів описано дуже докладно та наочно проілюстровано. Приблизно через три роки після публікації своєї «Хірургії» Гвіді був відкликаний до Італії, щоб стати головним особистим лікарем Козімо Медічі. Він практикував і викладав медицину в Пізі, прийняв священний сан, отримав високі церковні привілеї і у 1557 р. був посвячений у дворянство. Він помер на піку своєї слави 26 травня 1569 р. та був похований у гробниці своїх предків у Флоренції. За кілька років до смерті він був зайнятий написанням всеосяжної праці з медицини. Ця велика праця була завершена та опублікована його племінником у трьох величезних томах між 1596 та 1611 рр. Це дослідження засноване на оригінальних дослідженнях та виправляє багато помилок, які були закріплені у стандартних довідниках того часу.
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Aristotelian Biology. A Synopsis

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EN
In no field of knowledge did Aristotle leave more writings than in biol­ogy. He conducted research for longer and more intensively in zoology than in any other field. In these writings he mentions a good 550 animal and 60 plant species. While this includes the internal anatomy of around 110 animals, he dissected 60 species himself. The present contribution deals with the epistemic motifs and the meaning of Aristotelian biology in the context of his scientific curriculum. It is thus demonstrated that in De anima Aristotle’s actual explanations are preceded by an investi­gation of the principles, which aims to differentiate living objects from inanimate ones, and to develop a method of explanation based on the species-specific vital functions of living beings. This article provides an overview of the four main disciplines of Aristotelian biology: compara­tive anatomy, physiology, genetics and behavioral research. The text offers tabular overviews of the animals and plants dealt with by Aristotle.
PL
Metamorfozy Owidiusza stanowią doskonały materiał do badań nad figurami retorycznymi, a w szczególności nad hipotypozą (euidentia). Występująca bowiem często w towarzystwie innych figur (enumeratio, accumulare res, comparatio, gradatio) hipotypoza, odgrywa wyjątkową rolę w owidiańskiej narracji, a zwłaszcza w momencie kluczowym dla każdej przemiany, jakim jest płynne przejście jednego bytu w drugi. W niniejszej pracy zostały prześledzone głównie fragmenty, które zarówno w sposób dokładny (perspicuitas), jak i przekonujący (persuasio) ukazują zmieniające się ludzkie ciało z punktu widzenia fizjonomii i anatomii. Historie Dafne, Myrry, Ocyrhoé, Aglauros czy Niobe, to tylko niektóre przykłady, które posłużyły do analiz w celu zbadania, na czym polegała istota hypotypozy w momencie przemiany. Celem artykułu było również ukazanie, w jaki sposób łaciński poeta korzystał z tej silnej pod względem natury figury retorycznej (figura ad delectandum), aby wzbudzić u czytelnika jak najgłębsze przeżycia (mouere).
EN
Ovid’s Metamorphoses are an excellent text for the study of figures of speech, and in particular over hypotyposis (euidentia). Often hypotyposis, occurring in the company of other figures (enumeratio, accumulare res, comparatio, gradatio), plays a unique role in ovidian narrative form, especially at the key time of change – metamorphosis, which is the passage of one being to another. This article has traced mainly fragments that accurately (perspicuitas) and convincingly (persuasio) show the change of the human body, from the point of view of physiognomy and anatomy. Stories of Daphne, Myrrh, Ocyrhoé, Aglaulus or Niobe, are just some examples that were used for analysis to investigate what is the essence of hypotyposis at the time of change. The main aim of this article was to show the way, which was used by Ovid, the Latin poet, to stir in the reader the strongest of feelings (mouere).
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