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The article looks at the ideology meant to justify a few years long Nazi domination over most of Europe- Blood and Soil doctrine. It was created from a 19th century concept about the superiority of the German breed and the need for the extension of Lebensraum, ‘living space’ for the German people. The integration was achieved by the annihilation of Slavs and Jews, as well as mass removal and Germanization of the natives of the Eastern parts of the European continent. These Germanization tendencies are presented by the example of the fates of people whose land was annexed to the Third Reich. The theoretical basis for the Nazi policies for people were laid by programs amended according to the situation on the front. The most important ones are thoroughly analyzed in this article.
EN
The article refers to the book by Anna Janko A Little Annihilation: A Memoir (Mała Zagłada) and its aim is to present how tragic events, although not experienced personally, affect the life of the next generation after directly experienced trauma. The author’s mother, as a child, was one of the few who survived the war massacre in the village Sochy and struggles all her life with the remembered cruelty of those events. Her daughter knows the war only from her mother’s storytelling, through the intergenerational memory message, but she experiences similar syndromes to her mother. The literary narrative turns out to be a remedy for the experienced trauma of both generations – directly suffered by the war and the post-memory generation. By reporting on her mother’s fate, Janko puts herself in the position of a descendant of the survivors, but also of a victim who must face with this inherited trauma. Moreover, as the social memory of the war is currently dominated by other narratives, Anna Janko’s book takes the mentioned war events out of the margins of social memory.
PL
Artykuł nawiązuje do książki Anny Janko Mała Zagłada. Jego celem jest przedstawienie, jak tragiczne, choć nieprzeżyte osobiście wydarzenia wpływają na życie kolejnego po bezpośrednio doświadczającym traumy pokolenia. Matka autorki, będąc dzieckiem, jako jedna z nielicznych przeżyła wojenną masakrę we wsi Sochy na Zamojszczyźnie i całe życie zmaga się z zapamiętanym okrucieństwem tamtych wydarzeń. Jej córka zna wojnę tylko z opowieści matki, przez międzypokoleniowy przekaz pamięci, ale doświadcza podobnych do matki syndromów. Narracja literacka okazuje się remedium na doznaną traumę obu pokoleń – doświadczonego bezpośrednio wojną i pokolenia postpamięci. Relacjonując losy matki, Janko stawia się w pozycji potomka ocalałych, ale też ofiary, która musi zmierzyć się z tą odziedziczoną traumą. Ponadto, jako że pamięć społeczna o wojnie jest obecnie zdominowana przez inne narracje, książka Anny Janko wyprowadza wspomniane wojenne wydarzenia z marginesu pamięci społecznej.
EN
The undertaken considerations in the presented article belong to the broader context of metaphysical analyzes concerning one of the aspects of the creative action of the Absolute, which is the preservation of the world in existence (conservatio mundi). This issue is considered from the perspective of created substances and therefore it is expressed in the question of whether they have the possibility of non-existence, which, based on Thomas Aquinas’ creatio ex nihilo theory, is tantamount to the question of whether they were created by God in destructible natures and as such they aim at to self-annihilation. The negation in the substantial order of the disposition to non-existence in contingent beings seems to justify the conclusion that their duration is founded not only in the divine act of preserving in existence but also in their inherent nature, which is oriented rather towards being than non-being. In order to solve the problem formulated in this way, in the first place, the principles responsible for the destructibility of beings will be analyzed, then the considerations focus on the necessity of the existence of created sub-stances, and the whole is completed by the presentation of the relation between contingency and destructibility.
EN
The article is devoted to the annihilation of the ethnically, religiously, and linguistically diverse population of Galicia and Podolia during WW2 and its metaphorical representation in Zygmunt Haupt’s Galician short stories collected in Baskijski diabeł [The Basque devil]. Memories are arranged in a palimpsest-like manner in Haupt’s short stories, which are often set in Zhovkva, a Galician town with which Haupt had a special bond. The only countermeasure against forgetting this lost world is memory, which unfortunately fades over time. The writer thus relies on fragmentary associations and retroactive imagination.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest swoiście zaszyfrowana w galicyjskich opowiadaniach Zygmunta Haupta, zamieszczonych w tomie Baskijski diabeł, zagłada istniejącej przez setki lat zróżnicowanej etnicznie, religijnie i językowo społeczności Galicji i Podola. Pisarz przedstawił ten proces, zapoczątkowany wybuchem drugiej wojny światowej, za pomocą metody wspomnieniowego palimpsestu, często umieszczając wydarzenia w Żółkwi – galicyjskim miasteczku, z którym łączyła go szczególna osobista więź. Jedynym instrumentem oporu przez zapomnieniem o zaginionym świecie jest pamięć, z upływem czasu coraz bardziej ułomna, opierająca się na fragmentarycznych skojarzeniach i działającej wstecz wyobraźni.
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