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EN
Using unique survey data on direct supplier-multinational linkages in Chile, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, and Vietnam, this paper first evaluates how foreign investors differ from domestic producers in terms of their potential to generate positive spillovers for local suppliers. It finds that foreign firms outperform domestic producers on several indicators, but have fewer linkages with the local economy and offer less supplier assistance, resulting in offsetting effects on the spillover potential. The paper also studies the relationship between foreign investor characteristics and linkages with the local economy as well as assistance extended to local suppliers. It finds that foreign investor characteristics matter for both. Additionally, this paper examines the role of suppliers’ absorptive capacities in determining the intensity of their linkages with multinationals. The results indicate that several supplier characteristics matter, but these effects also depend on the length of the supplier relationship. Finally, the paper assesses whether assistance or requirements from the multinational influence spillovers on suppliers. The results confirm the existence of positive effects of assistance (including technical audits, joint product development, and technology licensing) on foreign direct investment spillovers, while we find no evidence for demand effects.
EN
The apparel functions in culture in many ways. One of the most popular functions is the manifestation of power. The author analyses this problem discussing the texts concerning the Byzantine Empire written in the 20th century such as (Krzyżowcy i Puszkarz Orbano of Z. Kossak, Srebrne orły of T. Parnicki, Bizantyjska noc of S. Sierecki). The main elements of the apparel of the Emperorsuch as a round crown, sandals, purple colour and jewels were not only the symbols of the unlimited power of the basileus but also increased his authority and were a tool of creating a myth of power.Finally, the apparel of the basileus took part in making the “theater of power” and was the element of the spectacle which aimed at sustaining the illusion about the role and power of the ByzantineEmpire.
PL
Strój w kulturze pełni wiele istotnych funkcji komunikacyjnych, m.in. pozwala na manifestowanie i wizualizację władzy. Problem ten autorka omawia na przykładzie dwudziestowiecznych tekstów literackich dotyczących Bizancjum (Krzyżowcy i Puszkarz Orbano Z. Kossak, Srebrne orły T. Parnickiego, Bizantyjska noc S. Siereckiego). Najważniejsze elementy cesarskiego stroju: okrągła korona, sandały, purpura i klejnoty stanowiły nie tylko symbole nieograniczonej władzy basileusa i bogactwa państwa, ale również podnosiły w oczach innych jego autorytet i prestiż, byłynarzędziem mitologizacji władzy. Wreszcie, odzienie basileusa było nieodłącznym elementem „teatru władzy”, elementem widowiska rozgrywanego na dworze bizantyjskim, którego celem byłopodtrzymywanie iluzji znaczenia i potęgi Cesarstwa Wschodniego.
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