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EN
Modernism as a trend in architecture is rarely associated with the colonial policy of the European powers. Nevertheless it was one of the tools of the "Western" expansion in Africa, simultaneously a constructive and a destructive force. It was a reflection of the changes in the modern world and at the same time it led to an unavoidable break with the local identity and tradition. “The Year of Africa" (1960), when as many as 17 states proclaimed independence, paradoxically did not bring any radical changes in architectonic solutions. Public facilities were still constructed according to "Western" modernist convention. Political dependence of the new countries on their respective "mother states" has been to a significant degree reduced and sometimes even broken. At the same time their relations on the level of architecture have remained almost unchanged, thereby pushing the "periphery" to the role of a "province". Critical analysis of the effects of colonialism merges post-colonialism with neo-colonialism, understood as control exercised by the metropolis over the decolonised peripheries.
PL
Modernizm jako nurt w architekturze rzadko bywa łączony z polityką kolonialną europejskich mocarstw. Tymczasem stał się on jednym z narzędzi ekspansji „Zachodu” w krajach afrykańskich. Była siłą budującą i niszczącą zarazem. Stanowiła odzwierciedlenie przemian współczesnego świata, a jednocześnie prowadziła do nieuchronnego zerwania z lokalną tożsamością i tradycją. „Rok Afryki” (1960) kiedy to niepodległość proklamowało aż 17 państw, paradoksalnie nie przyniósł radykalnych zmian w obszarze rozwiązań architektonicznych. Obiekty publiczne nadal wznoszone były w „zachodniej”, modernistycznej konwencji. Polityczna zależność od „kraju-matki” została w znacznym stopniu zredukowana, a niekiedy całkowicie zerwana. Równocześnie związki na płaszczyźnie architektury pozostały niemal niezmienne, spychając tym samym „peryferie” do roli „prowincji”. Krytyczna analiza skutków kolonializmu łączy post-kolonializm z neokolonializmem rozumianym jako kontrola sprawowana przez metropolię nad zdekolonializowanymi peryferiami.
EN
In 2007, the urban layout of the city centre of Gdynia, shaped and built in the 1920s and 1930s, was entered into the register of monuments of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. The area concerned covers about 91 hectares, i.e. more than 0.9 square km. The entire area is very densely built-up. There are about 450 different buildings, most of which are five- to six-storey tenement houses. The area includes 24 complexes and buildings entered into the register of monuments, on the basis of separate decisions. It is therefore an area of the greatest concentration of significant architectural works in Gdynia. Including the city centre layout in the register has inspired numerous activities related to this unique – still rather young and very extensive – historic area. The Gdynia Commune has taken up works on creating and implementing local development plans for the entire area. Conservation decisions and arrangements in development plans are prepared in cooperation with planners, monument conservators, residents and users, among others. Such plans include detailed and precise regulations concerning spatial issues, such as the height and type of new developments, as well as the protection of and possible changes to the existing buildings. The plans also contain a division of the preserved houses into groups of different historic value and the scope of protection is dependent on this value. In accordance with international trends, the protection also covers some valuable buildings from the 1960s and 1970s. The regulations of the development plans constitute the local law – they are enacted by the City Council and are accessible to all interested parties. By the end of 2011, around 95% of the historical area will be included in the local development plans. After including the layout of the city centre in the register of monuments, a funding system for conservation works has also been introduced for all the buildings in the area that were built before 1989. Every year, more than 1 million PLN is allocated for this purpose from the City of Gdynia’s budget. The funding may cover 30% to 75% of renovation costs, depending on the building’s historical value. In the last 3 years, owners of about 30 buildings, mainly private tenement houses, have taken advantage of the funding scheme. Public financial support for the works enables better control and provides a broader scope of possibilities of restoring historic solutions or using more complicated technologies. It also creates a good basis for communication and long-term cooperation with monument owners. The inclusion of the city centre of Gdynia in the register of historical monuments has also been a symbolic recognition and an official acknowledgement of the cultural value of this part of the city. Many people have found a new interest in modernism and the history of Gdynia, and the unique architecture of the 1930s has gained more enthusiasts. The City of Gdynia widely implements research and popularising works related to modernist architecture. In the scientific and conservation circles, academic conferences under the theme of “Modernism in Europe – Modernism in Gdynia” have become well-known. They were held in 2007 and 2009, and the next one will take place in September of 2012. Apart from events for specialists, open mass events dedicated to getting to know and visiting the city’s monuments have been taking place since 2010. Each of them has attracted hundreds of people. The tourist Trail of Modernism of Gdynia, where people can buy folders and souvenirs related to modernism, has been functioning for almost a year. Activities related to the protection and conservation of modernist Gdynia have aroused interest throughout the country and have provoked positive comments also among international specialists. In the German newspaper, Der Tagesspiegel, Berlin columnist Thomas Flierl published an article on the history of Gdynia and discovering the city’s value in contemporary times, as well as the protection of the city centre. German monuments conservator, Professor Jörg Haspel, has suggested that Gdynia should apply for inclusion in the Heritage Label list that is being created by the Council of Europe.
PL
Łódzka Kasa Chorych funkcjonowała od 1922 r. i obejmowała opieką medyczną miasto wraz z powiatem łódzkim. Pomocy medycznej mieszkańcom udzielano w ambulatoriach umieszczonych w adaptowanych lokalach i w szpitalach miejskich, z którymi Kasa Chorych miała podpisane umowy. Brak własnych budynków dla lecznictwa ubezpieczeniowego zmusił władze Kas Chorych do budowy placówek: szpitala w Łodzi, dwu budynków ambulatoriów przy ul. Łagiewnickiej nr 34/36 i ul. Leczniczej nr 6 oraz sanatorium w Tuszynie. Powstanie tych gmachów w skali kraju stanowiło pionierskie osiągnięcie łódzkiego oddziału Kasy Chorych. Ambulatorium przy ul. Łagiewnickiej nr 34/36 wybudowano w najbiedniejszej dzielnicy Łodzi. Pomieszczenia przeznaczono dla: ambulatoriów, oddziału położniczego i wodoleczniczego, pokoi obserwacyjnych, gabinetów lekarzy domowych. Gmach wzniesiony w latach 1927–1929 według projektu architekta Witolda Szereszewskiego był przeznaczony dla dużej liczby chorych. Nowością były rozbieralnie przy gabinetach lekarskich i doskonale zorganizowane ambulatoria specjalistyczne. Budynek wolnostojący, murowany powstał na działce o powierzchni 1,5 ha. Rzut opracowano na planie litery H z salami dla pacjentów usytuowanymi wzdłuż traktów zewnętrznych. Główne wejście ozdobiono portalem, wysuniętym przed lico muru. Gmach wieńczyła ścianka attykowa z napisem: KASA CHORYCH M. ŁODZI. Drugim przedwojennym obiektem powstałym na zlecenie Kas Chorych był gmach przychodni przy ulicy Leczniczej nr 6 w Łodzi. Na obiekt ten rozpisano w 1925 r. powszechny konkurs architektoniczny, a zaprojektował go architekt Stefan Krasiłowski. Wybudowano go w latach 1930–1932. Przychodnia była wolnostojąca, trzykondygnacyjna, o rzucie opracowanym na wzór litery A. Wejście główne umieszczono od strony ulicy Leczniczej, przy bocznych skrzydłach zaś usytuowano dodatkowe wejścia od bocznych uliczek. Elewacja przychodni, modernistyczna z klasycystycznymi elementami i łukowato ugiętą pierzeją, tworzy zabudowę ulicy Leczniczej. Te dwa łódzkie przykłady przychodni wielospecjalistycznych dla Kas Chorych wpisują się w nowy rozdział w historii rozwoju lecznictwa ubezpieczeniowego. Dokonano wówczas reorganizacji, polepszyły się warunki leczenia. Budynki wybudowano zgodnie z ówczesnymi wymogami i wzorowo wyposażono w sprzęt diagnostyczno-leczniczy. Prowadzono w nich działalność profilaktyczną i leczniczą, tak potrzebną w przedwojennej Łodzi. Użyte materiały stworzyły architekturę ponadczasową, rozpoznawalną, kształtującą przestrzeń i umiejętnie zabudowującą ulicę, z równoczesnym poszanowaniem dla otaczającej ją zieleni.
EN
The Łódź Health-Insurance Fund started functioning in 1922 and provided medical services for the citizens of Łódź and the whole province. Initially, medical help was given in dispensaries organised in adapted premises and city hospitals with which the Health-Insurance Fund had signed necessary agreements. With time, the lack of the Fund’s own buildings forced its authorities to erect a hospital in Łódź, a dispensary consisting of two buildings at 34/36 Łagiewnicka Street and at 6 Lecznicza Street, and a sanatorium in Tuszyn. The foundation of these buildings was a pioneering achievement of the Łódź Health-Insurance Fund on the scale of the whole country.The dispensary at 34/36 Łagiewnicka Street was built between 1927 and 1929, in the poorest district of Łódź, according to the design of Witold Szereszewski. It housed a maternity ward, a hydrotherapeutic ward, observation rooms and rooms for family physicians. It could admit a large number of patients at a time offering dressing rooms and perfectly organised and equipped specialised consulting rooms. The building itself was detached, built of bricks and concrete in the shape of the letter H on a piece of land of 1,5ha. Rooms for patients were situated along outer routes. The front elevation of the building was decorated with a protruding portal, an attic wall and a caption “KASA CHORYCH M. ŁODZI” (“THE HEALTH-INSURANCE FUND OF THE CITY OF ŁÓDŹ”).The other pre-war building founded by the Łódź Health-Insurance Fund was the dispensary at 6 Lecznicza Street. Designed by Stefan Krasiłowski and erected between1930 and 1932, it was a detached, three-storey structure designed in the shape of the letter A. The main entrance was at Lecznicza Street, side-entrances led into the building from surrounding smaller streets. The front elevation of the building was modernistic with classical elements and an arched frontage, which made the building one of the most distinctive architectural elements of Lecznicza Street.The two examples of dispensaries mentioned above marked a new era in the history of insurance health care. They brought much improvement to the conditions of patients’ treatment. The buildings were constructed according to strict requirements of those times and provided with modern medical equipment, which allowed effective prevention and medicinal treatment. Materials used during construction made it possible to create timeless, recognizable architecture shaping space skilfully and with respect to surrounding greenery.
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