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EN
The aim of the paper is to present an alternative interpretation of the article 449 of the Polish Civil Code. In contrast to the most common, literal interpretation thereof, the paper offers a purposive interpretation taking into account ratio legis of the provision at stake. This tool enables to cast away some interpretative doubts which are constantly raised in the literarure. For inastance, it leads to the conclusion that the acknowledgement of debt which (according to the article 449 of the Polish Civil Code) renders the claims for damages assignable shall be limited to the acknowledgement in the strict meaning of the term, that is to the acknowledgement understood as a contract between creditor and debtor, and shall determine a sum of the acknowledged claim. The paper concludes that the article 449 of the Polish Civil Code, thanks to its purposive interpretation, may effectively protect assignors from assigning their claims for damages for the price which is far lower than the value of damages to which the assignor was entitled. This conclusion put in the context of ongoing works on the new law regulating the compensation agencies makes the article 9 of this law (which exludes the possibility of assignement of claims for damages) redundant.
EN
According to the official communist rhetoric, the assignment of higher education graduates to socialist enterprises and/or institutions was ‘an action with profound social-political meanings, which aims to ensure the production units and other areas which the specialists they need’. The closure of the top most populated 14 cities starting with 1981 combined with the economic crisis of the 1980s and with various measures of the regime perceived as absurd, and made the system more restrictive than ever before. This study focuses on the changes of the job supply for graduates of the University of Bucharest during the 1980s, and on the process of assigning graduates to their work-place.
EN
Taxation of assignment of receivables with corporate income tax does not have the legislation applied in a uniform manner. Situation is variable due to the subject. The Act of Corporate Income Tax forms different regulations for objects whose assignment of receivables is a subject of business activity and for those whose not. This subject matter become an object of contrary judicial decision and tax interpretations due to incomplete regulations in Polish legal system.
PL
Zagadnienia dotyczące opodatkowania umowy przelewu wierzytelności podatkiem dochodowym od osób prawnych należą do kwestii bardzo istotnych. Sytuacja jest jednak różna w zależności od podmiotów. W przypadku podmiotów, których przedmiotem działalności gospodarczej jest obrót wierzytelnościami, najważniejszą regulacją na gruncie ustawy o podatku dochodowym od osób prawnych, dotyczącą sposobu powstania przychodu, jest art. 12 ust. 3 i 3a, natomiast w przypadku tych, które zbywają wierzytelności własne i nie prowadzą działalności gospodarczej w tym zakresie, jest to art. 14 ust. 1. Tematyka ta jest przedmiotem niejednokrotnie sprzecznych ze sobą orzeczeń i interpretacji sądów administracyjnych, dlatego można uznać, że zagadnienia te, choć istotne, nadal nie są w pełni uregulowane w polskim systemie prawnym.
EN
The question of which law should govern the third-party effects of assignments of claims was considered during the preparation of the Rome I Regulation. The European Commission’s proposal for the Rome I Regulation admitted the law of the assignor’s habitual residence as the law that should apply to the proprietary effects of assignments of claims. Finally, EU Regulation on the law applicable to contractual obligations did not include the issue of the third-party effects of the assignment. However, Article 27(2) of the Rome I Regulation required the European Commission to present a report on the question of the effectiveness of assignments of claims against third parties accompanied, if appropriate, by a proposal to amend the Rome I Regulation. Proposal for a Regulation on the law applicable to the third-party effects of assignments of claims (COM(2018) 96 final) is a response to this request. This paper analyses current draft of the new EU Regulation, the rules on determination of the third-party effects of assignments of claims (law of the assignor’s habitual residence and law of the assigned claim) and "super conflict rules" in specific cases. The author argues that the law of the assignor’s habitual residence remains the appropriate conflict rule for proprietary effects of assignments of claims.
EN
The claims are rights in personam but the assignment of claims has a hybrid nature. Abolishing the “nomina ossibus inhaerent” rule has increased commercial significance of the assignment of claims. However, the contemporary legal situationleaves parties with great legal uncertainty, as to the question under which circumstances does the cross - borders assignment is valid. A recent judgment of the CJEU of 9 October 2019 (C - 548/18) in case BGL BNP Paribas SA v. TeamBank AG Nürnberg has augmented this uncertainty. The Luxemburg Court ruled that: “Article 14 of the Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 (‘Rome I’) must be interpreted as not designating, directly or by analogy, the applicable law concerning the third-party effects of the assignment of a claim in the event of multiple assignments of the claim by the same creditor to successive assignees”. In this situation, one would highly welcome an attempt to establish a new set of conflict of laws rules relating to the law applicable to third - parties effects of the assignment of claims. This attempt has recently been made by the European Commission in its Report “on the question of the effectiveness of an assignment or subrogation of a claim against third parties and the priority of the assigned or subrogated claim over the right of another person”, dated 29 September 2016. In the present article, the author reviews the most important propositions formulated in the conflicts’ doctrine through the “lens” of the international insolvency law. Multiply provisions of the Regulation (EU) 2015/848 of 20 May 2015 on insolvency proceedings (recast) - despite many judgments of the CJEU in this area - also lack certainty. Insolvency is a foreseeable risk, but without clear rules concerning the third parties’ effects of the assignment of claims, it may become unenforceable for the creditors of the assignor.
EN
Purchase and sale of receivables has certain effects in the area of civil law and also tax law. Transfer of the debt is an agreement, which may bring to the purchaser, in the future, certain income. In the other hand, an income tax is a tax imposed on individuals or entities that varies with the income or profits of the taxpayer. The article is focused on the analysis of issues related to the taxation of income from assignment of receivables with personal income tax, as well as issues of including the expense on purchase of receivables to costs of earning income.
PL
Obrót wierzytelnościami rodzi określone skutki zarówno w sferze prawa cywilnego, jak i prawa podatkowego. Przelew wierzytelności to umowa, która może przynieść nabywcy w przyszłości pewien przychód, dlatego takie zdarzenie jest objęte zakresem przedmiotowym podatku dochodowego od osób fizycznych. Artykuł jest poświęcony analizie zagadnień związanych z opodatkowaniem podatkiem dochodowym od osób fizycznych przychodów z umowy przelewu wierzytelności. Szczegółowo została przedstawiona problematyka momentu powstania obowiązku podatkowego z tytułu uzyskania przez nabywcę przychodów z przelewu wierzytelności oraz kwestia zaliczenia wydatku na nabycie wierzytelności do kosztów uzyskania przychodu.
Rejent
|
2020
|
issue 5 (349)
32-41
EN
The article discusses the mechanism called a late endorsement. It is an endorsement made after the due date of the promissory note. Transfer of the rights from the promissory note after its due date changes the legal nature of the endorsement: transfer of the rights has then the consequences of an ordinary assignment. The article also draws attention to the claims that can be raised by a debtor in the case of endorsing the promissory note after the due date. The article also deals with demurrers.
PL
Badania efektywności procesu zarządzania ekspatriacją wydają się być jednym z najtrudniejszych elementów tego zjawiska. Niezwykle rzadko polskie podmioty dokonują samodzielnego ustalania obowiązujących polityk i procedur w dziedzinie ekspatriacji, a tym samym nie mają istotnego wpływu na zakres badań efektywności tych procesów. Niemniej w przeprowadzonych w latach 2009–2012 badaniach udało się dokonać analizy tego zjawiska w Polsce. Badanie obejmowało także procedury kontroli efektywności w ekspatriacji stosowane przez te przedsiębiorstwa. Przebadanych zostało 76 podmiotów, w większości powiązanych z kapitałem zagranicznym, które w swojej działalności wykorzystują ekspatriację, tzn. wysyłają swoich pracowników za granicę lub przyjmują zagranicznych pracowników do Polski. Uzyskane wyniki przedstawione w niniejszym opracowaniu pozwalają na dokonanie ogólnej oceny stanu zarządzania ekspatriacją w Polsce.
EN
Effectiveness measures of the expatriate management process seem to be one of the most difficult elements of the phenomenon. It is extremely rare that Polish entities independently establish obligatory policies and procedures in the realm of expatriation. Thus, they have no significant impact on the scope of research into the efficiency of this process. Nevertheless, research conducted over the years 2009–2012 made it possible to analyze this phenomenon in Poland. The study also encompassed procedures for monitoring the efficiency of expatriation as applied by the companies. Seventy–six entities were studied. Most were tied with foreign capital. They use expatriation in their activities—i.e. they send their workers abroad or take in foreign workers in Poland. The results presented in this paper make possible a general assessment of the state of expatriate management in Poland.
EN
The issue of taxation of assignment of receivables in the light of tax on goods and services produces some doctrinal controversy. Decisions of tax authorities are patchy. On the one hand, this study raises the issue of taxation of assignment of receivables with tax on goods and services understood as factoring, including debt collection and other specified. On the other hand, exclusion of tax exemptions of assignment of receivables understood to mean other services in debt sphere. Furthermore, included will be information about where the current problems arise. The acts of universally binding law will form the basis for this study.
PL
Kwestia opodatkowania umowy przelewu wierzytelności na gruncie podatku od towarów i usług budzi w nauce pewne kontrowersje. Niejednolite są również decyzje organów podatkowych. W opracowaniu z jednej strony zostanie poruszony fakt opodatkowania podatkiem od towarów i usług przelewu wierzytelności rozumianego jako faktoring (w tym ściągania długów oraz innych), z drugiej zaś wyłączenie od zwolnienia od opodatkowania przelewu wierzytelności postrzeganego jako inne usługi w zakresie długów. Zawarte zostaną również informacje o tym, skąd wynikają obecne problemy w interpretacji przepisów dotyczących tej kwestii. Podstawę dla tych rozważań będą tworzyły akty prawa powszechnie obowiązującego oraz opracowane do nich komentarze.
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