Background. The objective of the paper was to determine attitudes represented by students of the following fields of study: Physical Education and Physiotherapy at the University School of Physical Education in Wrocław towards people with intellectual disabilities. Material and methods. The respondents (N = 167) completed a modified (the notion: a disabled person/invalid and a handicapped person was replaced by one term: a person with intellectual disabilities) version of Scale of Attitudes towards the Handicapped by A.E. Sękowski. The obtained results have undergone a two-way ANOVA statistical analysis based on the following design: gender (female vs. male) × field of study (Physical Education vs. Physiotherapy) × attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities. Results and conclusions. The obtained results indicate that more positive attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities are shown by students of Physiotherapy than those studying Physical Education. The post hoc comparison of means in the statistically insignificant two-way interaction of students’ genders and their field of study indicates that the effect observed previously is caused by less favorable attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities shown by female students of Physical Education than by the rest of subjects.
Forecasts indicate that the coming months will be important shift in the ratio between the number of people in the age before the new regulations, deemed production (up to 60 years for women and 65 years for men) and transition. The period after 2020 will be characterized by rapid aging of the population. Society, so their decision-makers, representatives of generation Y are facing a new challenge, taking into account the increasing proportion of mature persons in relation to young people (up to 35 years of age) in the labor market, to answer the questions: how to create the conditions for a sense of social security, the possibility of self-realization and achieving your career goals mature workers as "discounted" the potential and social capital, which gathered in the course of their work. The object of this study is the attitude of the representatives of generation Y to a particular group of mature workers – knowledge workers – teachers. Development seeks to obtain answers to the question: what attitude to teachers 65 plus present representatives of particular groups of communities of learners: postgraduate students, students of public and private universities, Polish and foreign, as well as academics belonging to the generation Y in relation to their older colleagues. Another research problem was getting to know the opinions of younger and older (65 plus) academic teachers on the factors that accompany the high quality of life of research and teaching staff during the period of late adulthood. To answer the questions formulated in this way, research was conducted in a group of students: post-graduate students and academic teachers with a total of 476 people. From this group, 378 represented students and post-graduate students. Among this group, 56 people were students of post-graduate studies at a public university, 74 students of public universities, 103 students of a private university 111 foreign students of a non-public university and 34 – non-public university and didactic employees. There were also 38 academic teachers aged 65 and over in the study group. The study used three diagnostic questions specially developed (with a reliability calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient above 0.76) of the Questionnaire Attitudes Towards Academic Teachers aged 65 plus. As a result of the conducted research, it turned out that the attitudes of the majority of respondents to teachers and scholars 65 plus are not burdened with negative stereotypes, and the age of mature people is not a criterion for lowering the assessment of their professionalism. At the same time, it was found that mature academic teachers more than their younger colleagues perceive the negative significance of the age of 65 plus in scientific and didactic work.
The paper presents an application of a mixed-methods design in the study of interethnic attitudes (prejudice). Its goal is to analyze the relationship between attitudes towards the Roma and contacts with members of this group. Both quantitative and qualitative empirical material is used here and methodologically, the analysis presented seeks to verify the applicability, limits and usefulness of mixed methods for prejudice research. Theoretically, the text is based on the contact hypothesis, which mainly holds that contacts with members of a group that is targeted by prejudice lower the level of prejudice towards the group as a whole. It was formulated by Gordon Allport in the 1950s and developed later by authors like Thomas Pettigrew or Linda Tropp. The premises of the contact hypothesis are applied in the case of attitudes towards the Roma in the Czech Republic. Mixed-methods design provides the methodological framework for this study. A secondary analysis of quantitative surveys (by the Public Opinion Research Centre) is followed (enriched and deepened) by a primary analysis of qualitative semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of members of the Czech majority. This mixed design is intended to achieve more comprehensive and convincing results compared to a single-method (either qualitative or quantitative) approach. Results of the quantitative surveys show that intergroup contact is related to reduced prejudice and that the effect of contact is stronger than that of sociodemographic variables like education or age. At the same time, even among people who have positive contacts with the Roma (as their friends or good acquaintances), the attitudes to this group as a whole (i.e. the Roma as a social category) are only relatively less prejudiced, and the absolute average level of prejudice towards the Roma is quite high even among them. The qualitative part of the research shows mechanisms that can explain both the process of mitigating prejudices and, maybe even more strongly, persistence of prejudices among the people who have contacts. Interview participants argued about “normality of prejudiced attitudes” and “exceptionality” of their Roma friends, which enabled them to have good relations with concrete individuals and at the same time keep negative attitudes to the group as a whole. The data analyzed have several limitations. The quantitative data are cross-sectional, not longitudinal, so causality can be targeted only indirectly. Contact with the Roma is described only by one simple indicator of whether the respondent has a friend or good acquaintance among the Roma. The qualitative data have some limits, too – the sample is highly variable but fails to include people with pronounced prejudices against the Roma or people from the lowest social strata of the society.
CS
V článku je prezentována aplikace smíšeného výzkumu na příkladu mezietnických postojů (předsudků). Cílem bylo zanalyzovat postoje majoritní společnosti k Romům ve vztahu k meziskupinovému kontaktu, tedy zjistit, zda osoby z majoritní společnosti mající nějaký bližší kontakt s romskou minoritou vykazují odlišnou míru předsudečnosti oproti těm, kteří kontakty s Romy jako přáteli nebo dobrými známými nemají. Pro analýzu byla využita kvantitativní data z reprezentativního výzkumu CVVM a kvalitativní data získaná z polostrukturovaných rozhovorů. Na tomto základě je zvažována vhodnost využití smíšeného designu, jeho limity i přínosy pro oblast výzkumu předsudků. Záměrem smíšeného designu je získat komplexnější a přesvědčivější výsledky ve srovnání s použitím jedné metody (buď jen kvantitativní, nebo jen kvalitativní) výzkumu. Teoretické východisko textu představuje kontaktní hypotéza, podle které (specifické) meziskupinové kontakty s jednotlivými členy skupiny vedou ke snížení předsudků vůči celé skupině. Tzv. kontaktní hypotéza byla formulována Gordonem Allportem v 50. letech 20. století a dále byla rozvíjena např. autory, jako jsou Thomas Pettigrew nebo Linda Tropp. Předpoklad kontaktní hypotézy, tj. snížení předsudků díky kontaktům, je ověřován na případě postojů Čechů vůči Romům. Smíšený design užitý ve výzkumu byl založen na sekvenci sekundární analýzy kvantitativních dat (data CVVM) následované sběrem a analýzou kvalitativních dat získaných prostřednictvím polostrukturovaných rozhovorů se vzorkem (purposive sample) členů české majority. Výsledky analýzy kvantitativních dat ukazují, že meziskupinový kontakt souvisí se sníženými předsudky a že statistický vliv kontaktu je silnější než vliv sociodemografických proměnných jako je vzdělání či věk. Současně ovšem platí, že dokonce i mezi lidmi, kteří mají pozitivní přátelské kontakty s jednotlivými Romy, jsou jejich postoje k této sociální kategorii jako celku pouze relativně méně předsudečné a i mezi nimi jsou v průměru předsudky vůči Romům poměrně vysoké. Kvalitativní část výzkumu ukazuje mechanismy, které právě mohou vysvětlit jak proces relativního zmírnění předsudků skrze kontakty, tak také přetrvávání předsudků i mezi lidmi, kteří mají přátelské kontakty s Romy. Účastníci rozhovorů argumentovali například „normálností předsudků“ a „výjimečností“ svých romských přátel, což jim umožnilo mít dobré vztahy s konkrétními jednotlivci a zároveň udržet negativní postoje ke skupině jako celku.
The main aim of the paper is to present the results of research concerning psychological and socio-cultural risk factors for development of negative anti-health (that is too restrictive and compensatory) attitude toward one’s body in young Polish women. The study comprised 120 women, of 20 to 25 years of age, with similar socio-demographic status (marital status, living and having been brought up in multi-generation families) who so far in the course of their lives have not disclosed mental or somatic disturbances (having accompanying manifestations of body image distortion). The theoretical theses for the research model were the contemporary cognitive concepts (multifactor models of body image dissatisfaction), as well as socio-cultural concepts. The following have been used in the study: thematic drawings (body images), the Contour Drawing Rating Scale (CDRS) developed by - developed by Thompson & Gray, the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) created by D. Garner (Polish version developed by C. Żechowski), The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire 3 (SATAQ 3), and questionnaire for behaviour towards the body (KZWC - Kwestionariusz Zachowań Wobec Ciała) (author’s own tool). The results confirmed the existence of negative attitude toward one’s own body, as well as development of inclinations for compensation-generating behaviour (application of various cleansing means and methods to change body weight and body image, which are disadvantageous for health). A group of risk factors has been identified, which may lead to the development of the above attitudes and behaviours toward one’s body in healthy women, who at the same time do not accept the image of their real bodies.
The purpose of this article is to review the theoretical approaches related to the socio-political divisions. On the one hand, there is a strong tradition of thinking in those terms of the relationship between society, social environments. On the other hand there are approaches pointing to the growing prosperity of these dependencies. The literature also indicates a more complex relationship between society (electorates) and the party system. The article includes an overview of different approaches in terms of their usefulness for empirical research, including research conducted in Poland.
The article shows the dynamics of mutual perception of Poles and Ukrainians that occur against the background of growing intensity of Polish-Ukrainian contact, which is especially clearly seen after Poland has joined the European Union. These contacts led to the situation, when the image of Ukrainians in the eyes of the Poles turned warmer and ceased to be as deeply as before rooted in history. Poles noticed some values they share with Ukrainians. The image of Poland and Poles in the eyes of Ukrainians has a lot of very positive elements: Poles are modern, agile and tolerant, and Poland is a country where the authorities care about people and respect their freedom and where there is a rapid economic growth. In the attitudes of Poles there are many inconsistencies and paradoxes: Ukrainian state is assessed as ineffective and affected with corruption, but at the same time Poles would like to see Ukraine as a member of the European Union. In the Polish associations with Ukraine one can see the echo of tragic events of the World War II, but at the same time the Ukrainians are widely accepted in Poland as workers and often do jobs that require a significant level of trust: such as baby sitting, taking care of elderly parents or cleaning up the private apartments. The growing number of immigrants from Ukraine in Poland can, however, lead to conflicts over access to the labour market, which may have broader social effect. Migration crisis in Europe contributes also to the growth of hostility towards immigrants in Polish society. This change may also affect the Ukrainians.
The aim of the current study was to monitor the changes that individual participants experienced as a result of taking part in a peace education program. The findings of prior analyses led to the understanding that participating in a peace program does not always ensure positive changes and may even cause a regression in attitudes. The present study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the researchers learned about the processes that participants underwent during a peace education program and accordingly, a reinforcement program to restore/rehabilitate any negative attitudes was formed. In the second stage, the effectiveness over time of this reinforcement program was evaluated. The study’s findings show that engaging in reflection about the workshop content, especially when it is oriented towards positive thinking, is effective in reinforcing attitudes among participants who underwent a positive change in attitudes, and at the same time helps to rehabilitate attitudes among those participants who underwent a negative change. It is recommended that future peace education programs include at least three parts: preliminary preparation, the program itself, and follow-up/reinforcement activity after completion of the program.
As a response to the diversification of Englishes into a great many native and non-native varieties, scholars such as Kirkpatrick (2007: 195) have proposed that "context and learner needs" should decide whether native or non-native models are adopted in ELT. However, an analysis of some of the arguments used in Kirkpatrick (2007) and Jenkins (2000, 2007) suggests that they have overemphasised the importance of non-native models, without giving due consideration to those Expanding Circle contexts where native models would be equally, or perhaps even more, appropriate. It will be suggested that a thorough examination of learners' needs and aspirations in different local contexts reveals that these too are actually subject to diversification. In particular, it is important for those learners who prefer to continue to refer to native-speaker models (without necessarily attempting to attain native-speaker targets) to be aware of their interlocutors' attitudes to stigmatised accent features - especially in those cases where parallels exist between native and non-native realisations (e.g. the absence of dental fricatives). Research by Van den Doel (2006) indicates that attitudes to these stigmatised accent features are difficult to predict, and that it would therefore be undesirable to recommend their general use in any pronunciation models.
The present study attempted to highlight the main processes of the acquisition and development of various environmental perspectives and puts forward suggestions on how youth can be better addressed in the light of the research findings. The present paper involved the use of a number of focus groups and a contextual study that examined the development of environmental education on the Maltese islands, considered the main local environmental issues and subsequently analysed the main causes and mechanisms that have shaped the development of the local environment and the Maltese people. The present research identifies a number of geographic and socio economic trends which have a strong impact on young people's knowledge. The results indicate relatively low positive behaviour towards the environment, and the main issue appears to be what is seen as the ‘costs’ involved in performing such pro-environmental actions. A pervasive sense of futility in environmental actions emerged with issues relating to the Maltese government and politics being the main reasons for this feeling. An environmental perspectives model was designed employing the technique of graphical display. The model illustrates how young people perceive the future of the Maltese environment through three Cartesian axes.
Introduction: The first organ transplant was carried out by the team of Dr. Joseph Murray. In Poland, the team led by Zbigniew Religa carried out the first heart transplantation on November 5,1982. Materials and methods: The study was conducted among students of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences at the Medical University of Warsaw (MUW) and the Faculty of Health Science at the Medical University of Bialystok (MUB) among students of three years of bachelor’s degree and two years of master’s degree. Test method was a diagnostic survey. We used a questionnaire compiled by the authors of the publication, containing 21 questions, and in five of them the 5- degree Likert’s scale was used. Results: When asked about promoting the procurement and transplantation of organs from the deceased 74.3% of students from both universities answered definitely yes, 22.2% - rather yes. When asked if in the event of death they would agree to be a donor 64.2% said definitely yes, 26.3% - rather yes, 8.7% - hard to say. 48.5% of respondents from MUW and 42.4% from MUB spoke to their relatives about their decision whether or not to remove organs after death. Conclusions: The analysis of the study shows high acceptability of transplantation medicine in terms of saving lives, however, the desire to donate one’s own organs after death or acceptance of organ donation after death of loved ones is far from the overall acceptability
Introduction: People who are homeless are most often unable to acquire and maintain regular, safe, secure, and adequate housing, or they lack a “fixed, regular, and adequate night-time residence”. Purpose: To assess the attitude of secondaryschool students, high-school students, university students, and working adults towards homeless people. Materials and methods: A survey of 420 randomly selected middle school students (n=120), high school students (n=100), university students (n=100), and working adults (n=100) was conducted. Nearly half of the participants reported a fear of homeless people. Results: According to the majority of respondents, a homeless person collects scrap metal and waste paper, and also begs. The first words that come to mind when a majority of people think of the homeless were: poor, unhappy, dirty, lonely, and smelly. The participants reported the main reasons for homelessness to be: joblessness, family problems, alcohol, helplessness, and avoiding work. The majority of respondents argued that social and legal problems are the main reasons that it is difficult for homeless people to extricate themselves from their situation. The groups surveyed had a variety of opinions about homelessness. According to most respondents, a homeless person is a poor, miserable, lonely, childless man with a vocational education who begs, collects scrap metal and waste paper, and is also usually dirty and smelly. Conclusions: In the survey groups, respondents’ opinions about homelessness varied.
The article applies in the Almeria speaking community the core value sociolinguistic methodology developed by J.J. Smolicz in Australia. The results demonstrate the absolutely nuclear role of language in that community, in all target groups. The case of Almería, very probably, shows a universal pattern of sociolinguistic behaviour. In principle, it confirms the theoretical and methodological hypothesis developed in Australia. They also highlight the relevance of interdisciplinary-based research, from which valuable descriptive results can be obtained for the disciplines involved.
Postawy wobec osób z niepełnosprawnością są częstym tematem prac badawczych. W niniejszym artykule autorka skupia się na możliwości kształtowania pozytywnych postaw wobec takich osób poprzez kontakt z dziełami sztuki. Wychowanie przez sztukę potraktowane zostało jako narzędzie do pracy z uczniami, które ma szansę zmienić postrzeganie niepełnosprawności poprzez pryzmat stereotypów.
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Attitudes towards people with disabilities are a common topic of research. In this article the author focuses on the possibilities of shaping positive attitudes towards disabled people through contact with works of art. Education through art was handled as a tool to work with students who have a chance to change their perception of disability by stereotypes.
This paper presents an overview of empirical studies concerning human attitudes towards robots. We start with explaining what attitudes towards robots are. It is followed by the overview of the aforementioned studies which is organized according to the factors related to the attitudes. These are human-related factors (sex, age, education, nationality, culture, belief in human nature uniqueness, religiousness), robot-related ones (external look, its purpose) and factors which arise from the human-robot interaction (earlier experiences with robots, interactions, designing robots).
Introduction: Non-smoker employees can significantly improve the existing smoke-free policies in the workplace by asserting their right for smoke-free air and confronting smoker colleagues. The aim of the study was to assess the psychological and social drivers of non-smokers' readiness to assert their right for smoke-free air in the workplace. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six small-and-medium enterprises (SME) with diverse background were randomly selected, and 284 employees agreed to participate in the study. Our study focused on the responses of 85 non-smokers (M age = 34 years, SD = 7.98, 84.2% worked in indoor offices). A cross-sectional design was used and participants completed a structured anonymous questionnaire assessing background and demographic characteristics, and psychosocial predictors of assertiveness intentions. Results: Although more than half of non-smokers reported they were often/almost always bothered by exposure to SHS, roughly one third of them reported having asked their colleagues not to smoke at work. Regression analysis showed that the effects of distal predictors (i.e. annoyance due to SHS exposure) were mediated by past behaviour, attitudes (protection motivation beliefs), social norms, and self-efficacy. Conclusions: Health beliefs related to SHS exposure, and concerns about workplace health and job performance, social norms and self-efficacy can increase the assertiveness of non-smokers in workplace settings. Related campaigns should focus on communicating normative messages and self-efficacy training to empower non-smoker employees to act assertively towards protecting their smoke-free rights.
This article attempts to answer the questions: how hip-hop subculture participants perceive their own environment, how to refer to the stereotypes about themselves and what values they most identify with. Author’s interest in the subject stems from the mnearly 20-year presence in hip-hop in Poland and everyday and abusive relationships often convinced of hip-hop to the areas of social pathology. The study involved 60 people who identify with the subculture of hip-hop teenagers aged 16 – 18 years in the majority of high school students. The research method was a structured interview. The results show an interesting and internally varied image of hip-hop subculture. Interesting may be differences in views on the environment from the perspective of respondents gender. Girls look more critically on their own subculture and often admit that the group use drugs and violence occurs. Respondents represent a complex picture of the world highlighting the significance of musical texts in the description of their reality. Participants evaluate their own subculture rather as a happy people, with life goals related to the plans of other ordinary teenagers. Everyone in hip-hop subculture express aversion to the police and presenting its own internal code of conduct and values. They are reluctant to paint graffiti on monuments, but didn’t bother of destruction the facade of other buildings, and railcars. They have no sense of uniformity required by declaring that hip-hop is not only the dress code, but a lifestyle.
The article presents the results of validation studies on the Inventory of Attitudes Towards Social Innovation. The measurement was conducted on public institution employees and members of non-governmental organizations, i.e., people who, due to their professional or social roles, participate in resolving local social problems. The study was conducted using cross-validation. Factor structure, internal consistency of the test and subscales, and stability over time were assessed using the test-retest method. The results indicate a three-factor structure of the phenomenon, as well as satisfactory psychometric properties of the inventory.
In many health space analysis of the relationship between the State of health and the environmental factors that may be in many ways. As a rule, this issue, as in the scientific literature and in the form of various legal acts, is presented in the light of environmental threats to health. Beyond the research nature shot as a factor stimulating health, typically no direct references to health in documents that contain various aspects of nature protection law. In the article it was decided to discuss the health of the legal and administrative context of environmental policy tools and the scale of their impact on the level of awareness of the ecological and health societies. Confirm you can fact complementary perception of the relationship between ecology and health, when in fact a range of environmental health legislation without threads binding health with nature.
The study aimed to investigate the effects of electronic mind mapping on achievement and attitudes in an educational psychology course. This study used a quasi-experimental research design with pre-test and post-test control groups. The study sample consisted of 65 students, 34 students in the control group and 31 in the experimental group. The experimental group was taught using electronic mind mapping, while the control group was given traditional classroom instruction. To achieve the study objective, an achievement test and electronic mind mapping attitude scale were used. The results of the study showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups in achievement test scores and attitudes, in favor of the experimental group attributed to using electronic mind mapping.
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