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Is earnings management impacted by audit fees and auditor tenure? An analysis of the Big Four audit firms in the US market

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Santos-Jaén J. M., Martín de Almagro-Vázquez G., Valls Martínez M. d. C.
Oeconomia Copernicana
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2023
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vol. 14
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issue 3
899-934
EN
Research background: Audits are intended to ensure the reliability of financial statements, as this is fundamental for different stakeholders. However, both auditor tenure and audit fees could affect the earnings management of companies. In 2014, the European Union established a mandatory audit firm rotation policy. In the United States, although there is still no mandatory regulation in this regard, there has been a large public debate over the advisability of this policy. Another unresolved controversy is whether audit fees determine audit quality. Purpose of the article: The aim of this research is to study the effect of auditor tenure and audit fees on earnings management, i.e., to determine whether a longer-term relationship between the auditor and the audited company, as well as higher audit fees, reduce the audited company's earnings management, thereby making the financial statements more reliable for stakeholders and increasing the quality of the audit report. In addition, the Big Four auditing companies in the United States were analyzed in order to determine the influence of corporate culture. Methods: A sample of companies listed in the S&P 500 stock market index was employed for the analysis, covering the years 2012 to 2021, resulting in a dataset comprising 3,010 observations. To examine the research hypotheses while mitigating the potential bias from omitted variables, a linear regression analysis was conducted using panel data with fixed effects regression. To enhance the robustness of the results, winsorized variables were also employed. Findings & value added: Overall, the results confirm that the quality of financial statements improves as auditor tenure increases, and so implementing a mandatory auditor rotation may not be in a company’s best interests. The results also support the market segmentation theory, as higher audit fees are aligned with higher quality financial reporting. Furthermore, by analyzing the Big Four audit companies in the US, it is shown that the influence of audit fees and auditor tenure on earnings management also depends on the internal aspects of the particular audit firm, especially its ethical culture. In sum, US policymakers should neither set limits on audit fees nor enforce a mandatory audit firm rotation similar to that of the EU.
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Wynagrodzenia biegłych rewidentów polskich banków giełdowych

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Marcinkowska M.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
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2014
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vol. XCI (91)/2
223-239
EN
The paper concerns the issue of auditor fees and it presents the analysis of the auditors of Polish listed banks in the years 2009–2012. The study confirms the rule that the audit is primarily made by the entities with the largest market reputation and specialization in banking industry (“Big Four” firms). Total value of the remuneration of the auditor is dependent primarily on the size of the bank group (the number of consolidated entities), as well as the size of the bank in financial terms (equity and net income). The degree of use of the additional services varies greatly between banks. Entities that do not ordered additional services from their auditors (except audit and review of financial statements), pay higher fees for the audit. Thus, the analysis – despite its limitations – confirmed many observations made in the literature.
3
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‘Big 4’ influence on audit market

86%
Tache M.
Central European Economic Journal
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2020
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vol. 7
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issue 54
EN
The main purpose of this paper is to determine the impact that Big 4 companies have had after the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) became mandatory on the audit market. Thus, after thorough research of the specialised studies, the impact of the financial reporting based on IFRS is analysed, while considering that Big 4 companies have created a strong monopoly that led to several changes on the audit market. All the companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange that traded premium shares from 2011 to 2019 were analysed. With the use of ANOVA analysis, this paper verifies if the profitability, shareholders’ funds, firm size and the size of the business group influence the choice of the audit firm. Our results confirm that the choice of an audit firm is influenced by the shareholders’ funds, number of employees and the size of the business group. Besides, this paper presents an analysis of the changes that have occurred from 2011–2019 on the audit market of Romania.
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