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EN
The ethical problems of conservation discussed by the author in his present work consist, in the first line, of competences and responsibilities following from both the adopted principles of conservation and standards of practical activities that have been worked out in the course of practice. The competences of an artist-conservator constitute a result of his professional training which, in other words, may be described as acquisition of necessary amount of knowledge and practical abilities and skills and also gaining of a defined ideological attitude. The responsibility, however, is connected with assuring and guaranteeing of purposeful action considered from the viewpoint of the method, the means of action and the function of the work. The so considered set of problems includes also all motivations and intentions that are preceding the concrete decisions or actions whereas as an essential ethical criterion may be regarded both the proper motivations and the actions themselves. As the main ideological factor in motivation is to be regarded the humanist nature of the conservator’s work which has to meet the cultural needs of the community. By saying this the author does not mean a simple demand for values of certain type but the values themselves that may influence the directed cultural processes. In addition to factors connected with the profession alone and the professional or ideological motivations the results of actions undertaken by a conservator may frequently be quite basically affected by a number of objective factors such as, for instance, the organization and activities of administrative units in conservation authorities, the material supply, the development and equipment of ateliers or laboratories but also the characteristic features of the conservator’s personality, his sense of fellowship, honesty or readiness to convey his experience to others without any outlooks for personal profits and so forth. It must, however, be emphasized that only a small share of the above requirements of the conservator’s practical activities is being met usually. There is, for example, an apparent lack of smoothly working laboratories or frequently observable shortages in materials or tools. In several instances it proves impossible to obtain the full informative material that may be inevitably needed for taking and carrying out of decision m conservation practice. Such situation is obviously limiting the reasoned forecasting of results of actions undertaken by a conservator, at the same time increasing the share of risks and causing ethical uncertamity in professional respect. The conservators in this country h a v e , no doubt, every reason to be proud of their achievements, but their activities, in view of specific needs, are still far from adequacy. As consequence of financial troubles at least 50 per cent of skilled conservators and restorers are not properly employed or are employed in forms conflicting with their skills and abilities. This extremely difficult situation prevailing in art of conservation in this country should be subjected to careful analysis and at the same time as one of urgent tasks must be regarded the further improvement of organization, this of execution and that of regulations ruling the wages.
EN
The article has been written on basis of the lecture inaugurating classes of the Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies. University of York. The author presents his own views on the conservation of monuments, drawing attention to the necessity of observing the principles of conservation.
EN
The question as to the place the modern knowledge of cultural property conservation occupies among the other knowledges cannot be simply answered by m e ans o f knowledge classification prepared by UNESCO nor by that of National Sciences Foundation, USA or classification used by the USSR Central Statistics Office. Through the highlighting of evolution the concept of cultural property conservation itse lf has underwent in course of time, the motives and incentives tending the people to undertake conservation, the tasks and demands, methods and means applied as well as the professional and ethical requirements and those connected with the conservator’s training level the author makes an attempt to define specific features of the conservation itself. He comes to conclusion that it cannot be considered as an entirely humanistic field of knowledge though it deals with products of the man’s mind and culture neither as art, 'though some creative elements are apparently present in it, nor as a typica lly technical discipline even at the cost of its considerable shares of experience, observation and so on. From the author’s considerations a final conclusion could be drawn that conservation of cultural property in its actual state represents one o f practical knowledges c losely related to several other disciplines but under no condition aligning with them.
EN
The theoretical and empirical approaches showing that authenticity are the crucial concept of existentialism, postmodernism and humanistic psychology (be free, autonomic, unique, self-defining, self-creating and integrated, transcend enculturation, invent our own patterns, rise above circumstances, gather the past, present and future into the wholeness of our resolute selves, create our own meanings and goals). This article discuses especially the role of authenticity on religious maturity (Allport’s intrinsic orientation, Batson’s quest and Sandage’s dwelling and seeking). In this paper projection method were used to examine the functioning authenticity among artistically gifted young people and its role on religious maturity. Ss (N=296 aged 15–20 yrs) had to finish sentences: 1) I’m sadly …, 2) I treasure, I like …, 3) Rational analysis…. The results of qualitative analysis revealed that the authenticity have two aspects: 1) autonomy (the freedom and loneliness, spontaneity, sensuality and creativity, 2) empathy (kindness, sensibility, emotional self-reflection, the acceptance of the imperfection, love and friendship). The findings confirmed validity of the authenticity on religious maturity as well as usefulness of considerations based on new theoretical suggestions in psychology (developmental framework of new concepts of the authenticity and religious maturity). Implications are considered for future research on dialectical understandings of religious maturity (a Wuthnow, Sandage, Shults dialectical model of spiritual development based on dwelling and seeking offers an interesting theoretical base for research).
EN
Background and study aim. This paper attempts to seek connections to the authenticity and spirituality of traveller in one or another mode of experience. Material and methods. The preparatory terminological background is defined by the distinction of the spheres of the sacral and the profane [Eliade 1957]. The central concept is spirituality, which can be perceived not only as an aspect of religiosity, but also, in relation to the philosophical anthropology of Max Scheler [1981], as a substantially personal way of human existence. Results. The essential viewpoint stems in the distinction between the individual ways of travelling, since both tourism and pilgrimage can obtain religious as well as secular connotations. Conclusions. As opposed to the continuum defined by Cohen [1979], this contribution deals with phenomena of authenticity and spirituality.
PL
Kontekst i cel badania. Niniejsza praca próbuje szukać połączeń z autentycznością i duchowością podróżnika w jednym lub innym trybie doświadczeń. Materiał i metody. Przygotowawcze tło terminologiczne jest zdefiniowane przez rozróżnienie sfery sakralnej i profanum [Eliade 1957]. Centralną koncepcją jest duchowość, co może być postrzegane jako nie tylko aspekt religijności, ale również w stosunku do filozofii antropologicznej według Maxa Schelera [1981], jako zasadniczo indywidualna droga ludzka. Wyniki. Główny punkt widzenia wynika z różnicy między poszczególnymi sposobami podróżowania, ponieważ zarówno turystyka, jak i pielgrzymka mogą uzyskać religijne, jak również świeckie konotacje. Wnioski. W przeciwieństwie do kontinuum określonego przez Cohena [1979], przyczynek ten dotyczy zjawisk autentyczności i duchowości.
EN
Access to the UNESCO Convention on World Heritage, passed in 1972, by numerous states of the Far East and their declarations of cultural property to be placed on the World Heritage List, disclosed a profound divergence between two philosophical-methodological approaches to conservation and the protection of historical monuments. The European conception, based on the authenticity of substance, is derived in a straight line from the Roman-Christian cult of the holy relics, and is applied in the case of permanent building material and a mild climate. Only in those conditions, and with suitable conservation, can an architectural object last for centuries and millennia in its unaltered material structure. The Far Eastern conception is based exclusively on the authenticity of form, function and tradition, and originates from a belief in reincarnation. It is employed for unstable (soil, timber, bark, and bast) and in an extremel aggressive climate. Solely thanks to the principle of a systematic exchange of used elements or whole fragments of a building could the old architecture of the Far East, at Times boasting of a more than a thousand year-old lineage, survive to our times in a form close to the original. It must be stressed th a t both contradictory philosophies possess certain universal elements and made undeniable conmaterial tributions to the protection of cultural heritage. If during the discussion waged by the East and the West we opt for mutual respect for our philosophies, recognising their great although different merits for the protection of cultural property and, at the same time, indicate the fact that the development of science and technology permits and suggests the retention of original substance in all those instances when it is possible, then we shall be taking an important step towards a universal conception, albeit enmaterial dowed with a truly pluralistic character.
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Głód autentyzmu

63%
PL
Tekst dotyczy rozumienia i poszukiwania autentyzmu/ autentyczności. To poszukiwanie jest dostrzegalne w różnych sferach życia, lecz może najbardziej we współczesnej turystyce. Rozważania mają charakter bardziej teoretyczny niż empiryczny. Obecne są w nich dwie tezy. Jedna dotyczy tego, że niezwykle trudno uchwycić znaczenie autentyzmu, któremu zaprzecza nieprawda, kłamstwo, obłuda i pretensjonalność, udawanie i pozór, nieszczerość i nienaturalność, podrabianie i kopiowanie. Dziś wiele wytworów kultury ma taki właśnie mało autentyczny i powierzchowny charakter. Druga teza mówi, że najbardziej uporczywe poszukiwanie autentyczności dokonuje się w czasach mało autentycznych – czyli w nowoczesności – a więc w świecie skądinąd niemal zupełnie sztucznym, upozorowanym.
EN
The article deals with the question of how authenticity should be defined and looked for. The search for authenticity is visible in various spheres of life, but especially in tourism. The present analysis is rather theoretical than empirical, and contains two theses. According to the first one it is very difficult to discern the meaning of authenticity which is denied by untruth, lies, hypocrisy, pretentiousness, falsity, insincerity, artificiality, forging and faking. Nowadays, a lot of artefacts of culture are just like that: superficial and not authentic enough. According to the other thesis the search for authenticity is being carried out in the times that have hardly anything to do with authenticity; that is to say, in modern times the world is faked and completely artificial.
EN
The theme of this article is the history of the inn known as the Kosciuszko Inn - the former country inn now located within the boundaries of Krakow. Built in 1752, it used to belong to the historical complex of Krakow bishops’ mansion buildings in Bialy Pradnik. Together with the opposite building, it is one of the few remaining elements of the impressive Late Baroque mansion project. The building survived until the 20th century without any major alterations, preserving its 18th-century-style architectural shape. After World War II, its fate was typical of historical sites in the People’s Republic of Poland. Confiscated from private owners, it was used for residential purposes and gradually fell into decline. The building’s condition temporarily improved after the major restoration that took place between 1951 and 1953. Some of the elements and details of the original style, lost over the centuries, were restored. Since 1970s, it had been planned to once again overhaul the building and adapt it to new functions, but the plans never materialised. In 2000, the vacated and devastated building burnt down. Before the fire, the building’s new owner had obtained approval for the concept of the overhaul and adaptation, but he failed to take any further actions. Neither did he comply with the order to secure the building after the fire. Given the situation, at the initiative of the Historic Preservation Unit of the Krakow City Office, the site was expropriated by the gmina. The legal basis for administrative actions was Article 37.1 of the Cultural Heritage Protection Act of 15 February 1962. Expropriation by the gmina enabled reconstruction of the destroyed historical building in 2006. Unfortunately, due to the high degree of destruction of the stone walls, it was decided to dismantle them almost entirely and reconstruct using new materials (only the middle part of the front wall was left). The site, even though devoid of most of its original substance, was restored to the landscape and, what is important, still plays the role of a vital component of the historical complex of palace buildings. The exterior architectural shape and details were reconstructed to resemble those of the original 18th century building. Inside, a part of the former layout was preserved, while the rest of the building was adapted to suit the new functions. Currently, the building is used by the District Cultural Centre.
PL
Twórczość Fiodora Dostojewskiego ma duże znaczenie dla kształtowania się XX-wiecznej filozofii dialogu. Jego spojrzenie na bohatera powieściowego jest zawsze rezultatem skonfrontowania własnej świadomości ze świadomością innych, czemu sprzyja przejście od narracji auktorialnej do personalnej: postaci, opisując swoje przeżycia i sposób postrzegania świata, prowadzą dialogi wewnętrzne, które pomagają im odnaleźć lub nadać sens własnej egzystencji. Prawda o mnie lub o innym człowieku odsłania się w spotkaniach z innymi ludźmi, ale nie może być precyzyjnie opisana, ponieważ zagubiłaby się wtedy spontaniczność, autentyczność i wielowymiarowość osoby. Aby mogło dojść do otwarcia drugiemu kredytu zaufania, człowiek mu się przed nim otworzyć, nawet jeżeli zamiast wzajemności napotyka mur obojętności lub nienawiści. Takie właśnie, przepełnione szczerością, a zarazem żądzą wypowiedzenia „nowego słowa” (może to być myśl, idea, wynalazek, zmiana społeczna, dokonanie rewolucyjnych zmian), spotkania bohaterów Zbrodni i kary, Idioty i Braci Karamazow analizowane są w artykule. Dostojewski prezentuje w nich istotę tego, co może zdarzyć się między ludźmi, kiedy pozwalają porwać się niezwykłym przeżyciom o wielkiej mocy, zrzucając chętnie zakładane na co dzień maski.
EN
The works of Fyodor Dostoyevsky played an important role in shaping the 20th century philosophy of dialogue. His view on the novel’s protagonist is always the result of confronting his own consciousness with the consciousness of others, which is facilitated by shifting from auctorial to personal narration: the characters, describing their experiences and outlook, conduct an internal dialogue which helps them to find or make sense of their own existence. The truth about me or about another person is revealed in encounters with other people but it cannot be described with precision because the spontaneity, authenticity, and multi-dimensionality of the person would otherwise be lost. In order to give another person the credit of trust, we must open to them even if, instead of reciprocity, we encounter indifference or hatred. This article analyses such encounters of the protagonists of Crime and Punishment, The Idiot, and The Brothers Karamazov; encounters which are replete with honesty as well as the desire to utter “a new word” (this could be a thought, an idea, an invention, a social change, a revolutionary change). In them, Dostoyevsky presents the essence of what can happen between people when they let themselves be overwhelmed by exceptional and powerful experiences and take off the masks and veils readily used every day.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia wybrane zagadnienia związane z prezentacją i eksponowaniem zabytkowej architektury za pośrednictwem nowych mediów i technik cyfrowych. Tekst skupia się na problematyce autentyzmu zabytków oraz przestrzeni historycznej i współczesnej – pojmowanych jako palimpsest. Autentyzm, jako istotny element wartościowania zabytków, traktowany jest jako znaczący element podczas tworzenia cyfrowych odwzorowań i rekonstrukcji zabytków. Prezentacja dziedzictwa kulturowego, wspierająca się rzeczywistością wirtualną, a także rozszerzoną rzeczywistością (augmentacją), ukazana jest jako czasowe, nieinwazyjne i alternatywne rozwiązanie w eksponowaniu m.in. zróżnicowanych stylistycznie obiektów. Tytułowe technologie są również postrzegane jako sposób „uzupełniania” zmienionych lub nieistniejących już elementów obiektów oraz przestrzeni. Taka forma wpisywania cyfrowych obiektów do rzeczywistości tworzy specyficzny palimpsest – czasowe nakładanie cyfrowych obiektów – kształtując jednocześnie nowe relacje, interakcje z obiektami, jak i nową formę obcowania z dziedzictwem kulturowym. Tytułowe zagadnienia poddane są krytycznej analizie, która pozwala ukazać słabe strony zjawiska prezentacji „cyfrowych” obiektów zabytkowych, a także określić potencjał nowych technologii i postulaty badawcze.
EN
The article presents chosen aspects connected with presenting and exhibiting historic architecture with the use of new media and digital techniques. Focus is given to the problem of authenticity of heritage structures and to the palimpsest of historical and modern spaces. Authenticity, as an important element for the appraisal of heritage structures, is treated and an important issue while creating digital presentations and reconstructions of historic objects and structures. Presentation of cultural heritage, which bases upon virtual and augmented reality, is perceived to be a temporary, noninvasive and alternative solution for exhibiting, for example, stylistically complex objects. The technologies mentioned in the title are also perceived as a way to “complement” changed or no longer existent objects and landscapes, or their elements. This method of introducing digital objects into reality creates a characteristic palimpsest – a temporary overlap of digital objects. At the same time, it evokes new relations, new interactions with objects, as well as a new form of contact with cultural heritage. In the article, the main topics are subject to a critical analysis, which allows to show the disadvantages of presenting “digital” historic objects of structures, as well as to pinpoint the potential of new technologies and to pose further research questions.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problemy związane z należącym do procesu badań powierzchni architektonicznych odsłanianiem malowideł ściennych. Omówiono też sposób przygotowywania w przeszłości wtórnych powłok przed nanoszeniem kolejnych dekoracji oraz podstawowe zasady postępowania konserwatorskiego. Warstwy stratygraficzne malarstwa ściennego stanowią: murowane podłoże, tynki, pobiały i warstwy barwne. Nie zawsze zdejmowane są wszystkie wtórne nawarstwienia z całej powierzchni oryginalnej dekoracji, czasami wykonuje się jedynie niewielkie odkrywki. Zdejmowanie przemalowań jest prowadzone w ramach prac konserwatorskich, dlatego duża część rozstrzygnięć należy do specjalistów z tej dziedziny. W przeszłości konserwatorzy odsłaniali zwykle w całości zachowaną warstwę najstarszą; późniejsze były po prostu tracone. Dziś istnieje wiele metod konserwacji i sposobów ekspozycji, aby ocalić malowidła pochodzące z kilku okresów historycznych, stworzone na tej samej ścianie. Różne sposoby i formy ich ekspozycji pokazano w artykule na fotografiach. Należy podkreślić, że jednoczesna prezentacja malowideł pochodzących z kilku okresów to głównie kwestia estetyczna. Nie wolno też zapominać, że dekoracja malarska nie tylko jest dziełem sztuki, ale stanowi dokument losów historycznej budowli.
EN
The article presents problems of revealing of mural paintings which is an integral part of architectural surfaces investigation. The paper also describes different kinds of preparatory layers used in the past as a support for new decorations and general rules of its conservation proceedings. The stratigraphic layers of mural painting are the following: the wall, plasters and renderings, strata of whitewash and polychromes. In some cases only limited parts of authentic paint are presented without removing of all layers added later on the whole decorated surface. Overpaintings are removed in conservation treatment, that is why the conservator is the one to make the most important decisions. In the past conservators used to reveal the oldest existing paint layer; overlapping layers were simply lost. Today there are many solutions and methods of conservation allowing to preserve and expose paintings created on the same wall in different historical periods. The photographs included in the article illustrate different systems and forms of presentation. It should be stressed that parallel presentation of paintings coming from several periods is mainly an aesthetical problem. One should also remember that painted decoration is not only a work of art but also a document of history of the building.
PL
Autorka, odwołując się do złożonych problemów ochrony zniszczonego na skutek trąby powietrznej w lipcu 2011 r. białaczowskiego parku, porusza ważne kwestie związane z zagadnieniem ochrony autentyku w polskich ogrodach historycznych i postuluje wypracowanie metody postępowania konserwatorskiego, nie tylko w celu ratowania Białaczowa, ale także usprawnienia ewentualnych działań w analogicznych przypadkach, które niestety coraz częściej mogą się pojawiać z powodu zmian klimatycznych. W skład omawianego zespołu rezydencjonalnego w Białaczowie (woj. łódzkie) wchodzi rozległy (ponad 22 ha) park o charakterze krajobrazowo-leśnym, kształtowany na przestrzeni wieków przez wybitnych planistów (Lindauer, Stricker, Szanior, Tański). Uznawany był on do niedawna za jedno z najcenniejszych założeń ogrodowych w Polsce, charakteryzujących się wysokimi walorami zarówno kulturowymi, jak i przyrodniczo-krajobrazowymi. Po kataklizmie skala zniszczeń była nieporównywalna do jakichkolwiek, jakie do tej pory na skutek czynników naturalnych dotknęły założenia ogrodowe na terenie Polski. Po zdarzeniu tym w zasadzie natychmiast rozpoczęto prace porządkowe, jednak poza nimi do tej pory nie udało się niczego więcej zrobić, by uchronić tę cenną historyczną kompozycję przed całkowitym zniszczeniem. Sam proces rewaloryzacji założenia, poza oczywistymi trudnościami wynikającymi z charakteru i zakresu zniszczeń, z wielu przyczyn jest niezwykle skomplikowany. Przede wszystkim niezbędne jest określenie kierunku działań konserwatorskich dotychczas nie dość precyzyjnie zaplanowanych. Powinny one zmierzać do ochrony autentyku. Park jest wielowiekowym „zapisem” przemian kompozycyjnych, od zespołu o prawdopodobnie średniowiecznej metryce, po XIX-wieczną, przekształcaną jeszcze na początku XX w. rozległą kompozycję krajobrazową. Paradoksalnie, zniszczenia drzewostanów odsłoniły wiele elementów dotychczas nieczytelnych w układzie. Wydaje się niezwykle ważne, by jak najszybciej podjąć profesjonalnie prowadzone prace polegające na ochronie wszystkich elementów i odbudowie jego układu przestrzennego w oparciu o relikty historycznej kompozycji.
EN
The author of the paper, referring to the complex issues of protection of the historic park in Białaczów destroyed by a windwhirl in July 2011, discusses important issues connected with the protection of the original in Polish historic gardens and suggests developing conservation methods not only to rescue Białaczów but also to improve such activities in similar cases which unfortunately take place more and more often as a result of climatic changes. The residence complex in Białaczów (Łódź Voivodship) includes a huge landscape and forest park (over 22 ha) formed over the centuries by eminent designers (Lindauer, Stricker, Szanior, Tański). Until recently it was considered to be one of the most valuable historic gardens in Poland with high cultural as well as natural and landscape value. The scale of damage after the disaster was incomparable to any previous natural disasters to the historic gardens in Poland. Although the cleanup work began right after the tragic event, not much more has actually been done so far in order to save the valuable historic site from a total destruction. Apart from obvious difficulties connected with the character and scope of damage, the redevelopment process itself is highly complicated for a number of reasons. First of all it is necessary to define the objective of conservation work which so far has not been precisely planned. That objective should be to protect the original. The park is a centuries-old “account” of compositional transformations from a historic complex of maybe even medieval origin, to a huge 19th-century landscape complex that was still further developed at the beginning of the 20th century. Paradoxically, the damage to the trees revealed many elements of previously unclear layout. It seems to be extremely important to begin professionally conducted work as soon as possible in order to protect all of its elements and redevelop its space layout on the basis of the original remains of that historic site.
PL
Na Liście światowego dziedzictwa UNESCO znajduje się obecnie 77 historycznych parków i ogrodów, które społeczność międzynarodowa uznała za dziedzictwo kulturowe o znaczeniu światowym. Ich analiza wykazała, że reprezentują kilka głównych cech, które kwalifikują je jako światowe dziedzictwo: są wybitnymi przykładami różnych stylów sztuki ogrodowej, a ich kompozycja i elementy wskazują cechy charakterystyczne dla danego stylu; ich właścicielami i twórcami są często znane osobistości, które zasłużyły się w historii świata, wybitni artyści, planiści, projektanci ogrodów, architekci; często cechuje je pionierskie podejście do sztuki ogrodowej, a także planowania przestrzennego, dzięki czemu były inspiracją dla kolejnych miejsc, projektantów i właścicieli ogrodów na całym świecie; niektóre niosą ze sobą wartości niematerialne: religijne, duchowe, są inspiracją dla poezji czy innego wymiaru sztuki (np. malarstwa, muzyki, architektury, produkcji tkanin i dywanów).
EN
The UNESCO World Heritage List consists of 77 historic parks and gardens, which the international community recognized as the cultural heritage of world importance. Analysis of these properties showed that they present some of the characteristic attributes that qualify them as a world heritage: they are outstanding examples of different styles of garden art, and their composition and elements indicate the characteristics of the style; the owners and creators are often famous in the history of the world, or were outstanding artists, planners, designers of gardens, architects; they were often places of pioneering approach to the art of gardening, as well as spatial planning, which were the inspiration for other properties, designers and garden owners worldwide; some of them carry intangible values: religious, spiritual, inspire poetry, or another forms of art (e.g. painting, music, architecture, production of fabrics and carpets).
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