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EN
Przemyśl, as a large garrison and fortress in the first period of military activities also had to face up to a challenging task of military correspondence. It was secured by a few field post offices whose operation in the first period of the FWW fights and the first siege is presented in this article.
EN
The article analyzes the attempts of the Bolshevik authotities of the Soviet Ukraine to form in 1919 an autonomic air force formation – Ukrainian Worker's and Peasant's Red Air Fleet. In order to do that basisc step were taken, whose aims were: obtaining, collecting and atoring aviation property, attempting to organize repairs and produce aviation equipment and plane engines, creating an aviator's school, creation ang organizing combat units, and even using military airplanes for international communication.
EN
Objectives The aim of this research paper is to present the history of sanitary aviation in postwar Poland since 1945 up till now. In the course of research the following methods were used: analysis, synthesis, abstraction and generalization. The outcome of the research is presentation of the 74 year history of restoring aviation as an element of medical rescue system in postwar Poland. Methods In the course of research the following theoretical research methods were used: analysis, synthesis, abstraction and generalization. Results It has been proved that due to great involvement of Polish aviators the operational capacity of medical service system was restored in a short period of time benefitting by the pre war experience and that of other dynamically developing countries of Western Europe. The historical facts had crucial influence on the present make up of Aviation Emergency Medical Service. Conclusions Presently the formation owns modern aircraft and equipment compliant with worldwide standards of HEMS Helicopter Emergency Medical Service.
EN
This article looks at some historical aspects of sanitary aviation in Poland in the context of global aviation and its influence on the development of Polish aviation. The research was limited to the period from the rise of sanitary aviation until the outbreak of the Second World War. The first part of the article examines the development of sanitary aviation in the world. It includes mainly technical aspects starting from free balloons, flying ambulances and the first sanitary airplanes. The article also examines the legal aspects pertaining to the International Conference of the Red Cross in 1925. The main part of the article is concerned with the development of sanitary aviation in Poland. The history is divided into two parts, 1924-1927 and 1927-1939. The division was based on the legal act regulating the principles of operation of sanitary aviation, which changed its further development.
EN
The use of unmanned aircraft systems by the armed forces is currently an area of interest to many foreign and domestic experts, mainly due to the characteristics and properties of these systems. Amorphous battlefields, as well as dynamism, where efforts force the need for combat measures which are capable of carrying out the highest risk missions, are limiting the risk of losing personnel in manned aircraft. Due to the fact that the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland are involved in several operations outside the country, and the fact that a modern and strong army must also consist of modern armed forces, there seems to be a desire to acquire the latest technological achievements – unmanned aircraft systems. This publication discusses the possibility of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland. using unmanned aircraft systems.
EN
Aviation as a new weapon emerged at the beginning of the 20th century. The event that influenced its development was the course of the First World War. It was not the decisive factor in determining the fate of the war, however, its dynamic development in the final stage of the war could indicate its great importance in the future. The development of military aviation was the domain of the military authorities. The popularisation campaign and the development of appropriate flight training programs were entrusted to the civilian authorities. The establishment of appropriate organisations was needed to effectively engage the public in cooperation. Sport aviation and gliding excelled in preparing young people for service in airborne combat units and transport aviation. Their development in Europe in the inter-war period proceeded in two ways. The first was the creation of organisations by administrative orders, which took place in Germany, Russia and Italy. The second was the skilful use of social initiatives linked to aviation interests, appropriately coordinated by the state and supported by subsidies, as was the case in England and France. The purpose of the establishment of these organisations and activities was to popularise and train aviation in the widest circles of society and to prepare it for a possible airborne threat.
EN
The Directive sets out the principles for the collection, storage and processing of passenger data. It was implemented in Poland in the form of a statute that significantly detailed the regulation of the Directive. The National Passenger Information Unit was established under the statute. The transposition raises no legal objections.
EN
This paper argues that provision of industrial commons (IC), might be con- sidered as a crucial factor of a cluster’s attractiveness in digital transformation, e.g. in Industry 4.0 (I4.0) time. By drawing on the qualitative case study method of Hamburg Aviation cluster (HAv), it aims at exploring the nature of IC in the leading German I4.0 cluster. Proximity emerges, even if sometimes not explicitly, as the recurring top- ic facilitating the provision of IC, along with the advancement of I4.0. As Industry 4.0 stipulates much uncertainty, the closeness featuring in clusters, seems to bring various benefits, which can help address challenges associated with I4.0, and faced mainly by small and medium firms (SMEs). The vicinity to key actors and the gains of network- ing, reflect the importance of (un)articulated proximity.
EN
This paper covers considerations on the relationships of four dimensions of organizational innovativeness: product, process, strategic and behavioral. The purpose of the article is to present the results of research on empirical verification of theoretical statements about the interdependencies within dimensions of organizational innovativeness. This research aims to identify if there are any positive relationships among particular dimensions of organizational innovativeness and to define the character of statistically significant relationships. The study has been done in the aviation industry, in deliberately chosen innovation cluster associating aviation and aerospace organizations from Poland. During the research a quantitative approach was adopted including the application of Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient analysis and curve estimation regression models. The results show that the particular dimensions of the organizational innovativeness are positively interrelated, although in case of behavioral and product innovativeness the identified correlation is not statistically significant.
EN
Purpose: This paper aims to match subjective and objective measures of organizational innovativeness and test correlative relationship between the two. Methodology: The research adopts a quantitative approach, and applies correlation analysis to identify interdependencies. The study has been done in the aviation industry, as organizational innovativeness has so far been described especially in high-tech industries – however it has not been investigated within aviation industry yet. Findings: The results show that the discussions over reliability of research based on subjective measurements techniques are not unfounded. The evidence suggests that subjective measures are not correlated with objective measures, and the outcomes of third-party investigations differ considerably. Therefore decisions about measurements techniques should be deliberate, thought out, theoretically grounded and justified. In general, methodological recommendations provided by this paper could be boiled down to the ascertainment that accurate and reliable assessment of organizational innovativeness should use a set of objective measures addressing all stages of the innovation process. Originality: It should be noted that this study was restricted to only one industry and prone to some common bias. The aviation industry sample was relatively small and purposefully selected, disallowing conclusive statements made outside of this empirical setting. However despite the limitations this paper provides some significant contribution to evaluation and research on innovativeness. It compares two approaches to measurement and empirically proves which approach is more suitable in case of such a highly innovation-intensive sector like aviation. Moreover, it introduces a new in Polish research tool for subjective assessment of organizational innovativeness namely the questionnaire developed by Wang and Ahmed (2004).
EN
Using theories and models of human factor analysis in aviation, the problems of behavior and actions of unmanned aerial vehicles operators (UAVO) are presented, with particular emphasis on aspects of safety, situational awareness and communication. Besides to literature research, there were made the first in Poland interview surveys of operators and people involved with the industry, about human factor aspect, including threats to aviation safety related to UAV flights.
EN
The Polish soldier’s ethos of World War I is interpreted only on the basis of the literary representations of the armed action of the Polish Legions. However, it is not the romantic paradigm but a deliberation on dehumanization and mechanization of the modern battlefield that directs the discourse on historical and cultural death of the old Europe. What is ignored is the testimonies of the pilots, sailors, artillerists, who were actually most affected by the development of technology and industrialization at the time, which largely influenced the ways of depicting the fighting on the fronts of the Great War. Wiktor Willmann, graduate of the Military Academy in Wiener Neustadt was a pilot in the Austro-Hungarian army. His Wspomnienia wojenne (War memories) allow to review the popular opinion on the supremacy of the products of the munitions industry, i. e. objects, things, as understood by Tim Dant and Bjørnar Olsen in axiologically defined areas.
EN
The article is an analysis of the chosen aviation prose for adolescents from the interwar period (novels by Z. Dromlewiczowa, K. Makuszyński, M. Wardasówna, M. Kann). The aviation pictures and motives, the depictions of pilots in publications for the young reader have been mainly shaped by the large popularity of the aviation movement in the Second Republic of Poland. They had also largely corresponded with the civic-patriotic movement, which put emphasis on different forms of physical activity in adolescents, including aviation sports, as forms of taking part in defensive politics of the country. The analyzed books mainly fulfilled the cognitive-educational goals, as well as propaganda-agitational goals. They presented the fictionalized history of aviation, biographies of the most famous pilots, basic knowledge on aviation engineering and aerodynamics, they described the scouts’ gliding courses. The authors of the aviation prose for adolescents drew their inspiration from the work of the famous interwar period writer-pilot, Janusz Meissner, thus bolstering the romantic and heroic legend of Polish aviation built by the author.
EN
The article presents the importance of technological development in the context of the new possibilities of using the air force on a complex digital network battlefield. The role of continuous 3D surveillance of a battlefield while gaining air supremacy was described. It was demonstrated how the use of the precision weapons, weapons based on new achievements in physics, and revolution in propulsion systems are changing the face of future combat and of the role of the use of aviation.
EN
This study aims to identify the factors that make passengers loyal to an airline in Southern Africa by investigating the impact of service quality and safety perception on customer satisfaction and how satisfaction and frequent flyer programs (FFP) subsequently influence customer loyalty. The key finding was that service quality positively influenced customer satisfaction, and satisfaction was an important antecedent of customer loyalty. The analysis also suggested that safety perception and FFP positively influence customer loyalty, while their relationship with satisfaction was not significant. An analysis of switching behaviour revealed that satisfied customers may still switch to other airlines. The main contribution of this study is the development of a customer loyalty model for the aviation industry in Southern Africa. Knowledge of customer loyalty drivers will assist airline marketing managers in developing strategies for improving passenger load factors and profitability.
EN
The international community is making increased efforts to tackle the global pandemic of the COVID-19 virus, which is destroying society’s highest protected interest - human lives and endangering the population. The economy of each state are also secondarily affected. Some sectors have created and are creating a potential threat to support the spread of the corona virus. Unfortunately, the Transport sector and the Air Transport sub-sector are among such entities. The article presents the first part of a research study aimed at identifying the research problem of applied research in air transport and a description of the research intention to solve the problem.
PL
Wykorzystanie przestrzeni powietrznej przez bezzałogowe statki powietrzne łączy się z koniecznością dostosowania się do coraz większej ilości regulacji prawnych. Przepisy międzynarodowe, a także polskie wprowadzają konsekwencje prawne, ale też administracyjno-techniczne, które uniemożliwiają eksploatację BSP. W związku z tym odpowiednia wydała się analiza i interpretacja czynów zabronionych związanych z korzystaniem z BSP, a także sankcji, które przepisy przewidują. Istotne znaczenia posiada także orzecznictwo organów sądowych, które wskazuje, jak należy rozumieć unormowania prawne, a także jakiego rodzaju sankcje należy stosować, tak aby przyniosły proporcjonalny rezultat do wcześniej dokonanego bezprawnego czynu
EN
The use of airspace by unmanned aerial vehicles is associated with the need to adapt to an increasing number of legal regulations. International and Polish regulations introduce legal consequences, but also administrative and technical ones, which prevent the operation of UAVs. Therefore, the analysis and interpretation of prohibited acts related to the use of UAVs, as well as the sanctions provided for by the regulations, seemed appropriate. The jurisprudence of judicial authorities is also of great importance, as it indicates how legal regulations should be understood, as well as what types of sanctions should be applied so that they bring a result proportionate to the previously committed unlawful act.
EN
Research and development institutions have a wide range of competences in their fields of scientific and technical activity. They also often have some unique capabilities to do research and development (R&D). However, these possibilities are often known only to a small group of industry specialists and few parliamentary representatives. There is also a lack of information about research capabilities of R&D institutes in industry, especially among small and medium enterprises. The aim of the article is to present the concept of a multidisciplinary research project aimed at testing by a scientific research institution the possibility of using social media and modern techniques of visualization and computer simulation in aircraft reconstruction engineering. The authors propose to try the approach of marketing campaign capabilities of research and development institutions in a way similar to the action of raising funds for some purpose, but unlike this type of action, the campaign should be aimed at increasing technical awareness of the society. As part of the pilot program, the authors propose a virtual reconstruction of the construction of the Polish PZL P-50 Jastrząb fighter plane whose two prototypes were created before the outbreak of World War II. On the basis of analyses, calculations and computer simulations, in the second phase it is proposed to make a preliminary design of the aircraft with performance similar to the PZL P-50 on the basis of modern knowledge and the latest technologies available in aviation technology. One of the ways to encourage people to undertake creative work, including the restoration of historical objects, will allow them to gain valuable employment possibilities in R&D institute . The combination of marketing techniques, using the power of social media, with the strictly engineering challenges of recreating a historic aircraft and designing its modern equivalent, gives the possibility to confirm the technical and organizational capabilities of the research and development institutions. On the basis of the above activities, a database of people interested in research and development activities of scientific institutions and their contribution to the reconstruction of historically important products of Polish technical thought will be built.
PL
Instytucje badawczo-rozwojowe posiadają szeroki zakres kompetencji w swoich dziedzinach działalności naukowo-technicznej. Często mają także pewne unikalne możliwości wykonywania prac badawczo-rozwojowych (B+R). Możliwości te są jednak często znane tylko małej grupie specjalistów branżowych i niewielu przedstawicielom parlamentu. Brakuje także informacji o możliwościach badawczych instytutów w przemyśle, a w szczególności wśród małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie koncepcji multidyscyplinarnego projektu badawczego, mającego na celu sprawdzenie przez instytucję naukowo-badawczą możliwości wykorzystania mediów społecznościowych oraz nowoczesnych techniki wizualizacji i symulacji komputerowych w inżynierii rekonstrukcji samolotu. Autorzy proponują wypróbować podejście możliwości kampanii marketingowej instytucji badawczo-rozwojowych w sposób podobny do akcji zbierania funduszy na jakiś cel, ale w odróżnieniu od tego typu akcji, kampania powinna mieć na celu zwiększenie świadomości technicznej społeczeństwa. W ramach programu pilotażowego autorzy proponują wirtualne odtworzenie konstrukcji polskiego samolotu myśliwskiego PZL P-50 Jastrząb, którego dwa prototypy powstały jeszcze przed wybuchem II Wojny Światowej. W oparciu o wykonane analizy, obliczenia oraz symulacje komputerowe w drugiej fazie proponuje się wykonać projekt wstępny samolotu o osiągach zbliżonych do PZL P-50 w oparciu o współczesną wiedzę i najnowsze technologie dostępne w technice lotniczej. Jeden ze sposobów zachęcenia do podjęcia pracy twórczej w tym rekonsreukcji obiektów historycznych pozwoli pozyskać cennych pracowników. Połączenie technik marketingu, wykorzystujących potęgę mediów społecznościowych, ze stricte inżynierskimi wyzwaniami związanymi z odtworzeniem historycznego samolotu i zaprojektowaniem jego współczesnego odpowiednika daje możliwości potwierdzenia posiadanych zdolności technicznych i organizacyjnych przez instytucje badawczo-rozwojowe. W oparciu o powyższe działania budowana będzie baza danych osób zainteresowanych działalnością badawczo-rozwojową instytucji naukowych i ich wkładu w odtwarzanie historycznie ważnych wyrobów polskiej myśli technicznej.
19
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PL
Zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa w sektorze lotnictwa cywilnego jest priorytetowym działaniem wielu organizacji lotniczych. Potwierdzeniem tego są liczne dokumenty regulujące kwestie ochrony lotnictwa cywilnego, wydane nie tylko na szczeblu prawa krajowego i unijnego, ale również w konwencjach o zasięgu międzynarodowym. Ryzyko zaburzenia bezpieczeństwa w lotnictwie cywilnym jest ogromne, ponieważ istnieje wiele zagrożeń, które mogą przyczynić się do jego utracenia. Dąży się do przeciwdziałania im, jednak aby były one skuteczne niezbędna jest świadomość istnienia zagrożeń i ich potencjalnych skutków. Mogą one posiadać podłoże militarne, nie militarne, bądź też pochodzić z otoczenia wewnętrznego lub zewnętrznego danej organizacji lotniczej. Różne możliwe zagrożenia pochodzące właśnie z tych źródeł, zostały przedstawione i opisane w tym opracowaniu.
EN
Ensuring security in the civil aviation sector is a priority activity for many aviation organizations. This is confirmed by numerous documents regulating civil aviation security problems, issued not only at the level of national and EU law, but also in conventions of international scope. The risk of security disruption in civil aviation is enormous because there are many risks that can contribute to the loss of security. There are attempts to counteract them, however, if they are be effective, it is necessary to be aware of the dangers and their potential consequences. They may have a military, non-military background, or come from an internal or external environment of a given aviation organization. Various possible threats originating from these sources have been presented and described in the article.
EN
In this article the author discusses the crucial issues of Polish military history of 1914-1939 concerning Polish military units from the First World War and the Polish army of the Second Polish Republic until the Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union invasion of Poland in September 1939. The article also deals with the questions connected with Poland’s strategic location in the years 1921-1939 and the related Polish military planning, the mobilization and economic preparations undertaken at that time, military alliances, military relations with the then neighbors of Poland etc. Thus the article presents the whole of the major military issues related mainly to the functioning of the Polish state between 1918 and 1939. The author has also briefly presented the current state of Polish historiographic research concerned with the above mentioned issues. Where it is necessary, the author suggests foreign-language historical literature, including those publications which concern the armed forces of Poland’s then. powerful neighbors, i. e. the Red Army and the Reichswehr and later the Wehrmacht.
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