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EN
An interview with Magda Karcz, a graduate of the Faculty of Graphics and Painting at the Academy of Fine Arts in Łódź. Her diploma about Polish Avant-garde Typography of the 1920s and 1930s has gained recognition in Poland and abroad, and has been displayed at several international exhibitions. The diploma was formally extensive: it comprised a book, a set of playing cards, a website with an option of downloading digitized signs, and a series of posters. The book has been presented at several exhibitions abroad. It got to the second stage in the “Polish Graphic Design Awards 2018” competition. It was nominated in the STGU competition "Project of the Year 2018" in two categories: “Fresh blood” and “Form”. Owing to the Type Directors Club award, Karcz’s books have travelled worldwide: the US, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, Spain and Canada among others.
EN
This paper analyzes different paths of the development of both the movement and the notion of concrete poetry in three linguistic regions. The German-language konkrete Dichtung turns out to usually denote the original, historical shape of the movement, which was partly created in German- speaking countries and which has been treated as a literary phenomenon. The Englishlanguage term concrete poetry is a much broader category which also encompasses visual poetry and avant-garde texts that are distant from the sources of concretism in its early form. The Polish understanding of ‘poezja konkretna’ [concrete poetry] was influenced by both German- and English- language books and by the movement’s regional version, which appeared in Poland as late as in the 1970s. The selected linguistic areas allowed the author to show three basic ways of thinking about concretism, i.e. about its initial, international, and regional versions.
EN
The author presents the ways in which “Peiperism”, i.e. a model of thinking about the avant-garde as exemplified by the reception of Tadeusz Peiper’s works, is disintegrating today. Research on avant-garde poetry which privileged a theoretical perspective resulted in the distorted reception of texts, thus building a doctrinal model of the first avant-garde that marginalized or objectified literary works. However, the restoration of the superior role of poetry which was absorbed and dominated by the structural concept of poetic language compels readers to “leave the beaten track” and try to read Peiper’s works in a different way. At the same time, established opinions on the intellectual and nonphysical as well as fully expressible and complex model of the Cracow avantgarde are redefined. A closer look at the texts reveals interpretational differences and shows that avant-garde authors’ utopian projects are not necessarily congruent with their output.
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EN
The pope of Polish avant-garde is a main character of a certain persistently recollected critical topos. It claims that, after spending World War I in Europe, Tadeusz Peiper took a basic shape of his poetical idea from avant-garde artists he then met. Critics who share this opinion believe that Peiper, aware of these “borrowings”, was developing a carefully planned strategy in order to conceal those external sources and to pretend originality. The author of the article disavows these harmful assumptions, reconstructing their possible genesis (rooted in and continued prewar suspicions of plagiarism) and analyzing some of their critical versions. In the same time she presents wider and not only avant-garde background of Peiper’s idea (baroque, gongorism).
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Tadeusz Kantor i jego UR-MATERIE

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Powidoki
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2020
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issue 3
18-25
EN
The article discusses the problem of space in the art of Tadeusz Kantor, an artist of the 20th century whose fifty-year oeuvre was and still is polysemous, difficult to define. The author of the text puts forward a hypothesis that the desire to master space visible in his works became important because the artist graduated in stage design. It results from treating this field of art as a specific artistic strategy that tackles three-dimensional space subjected to the manipulation of art. For Kantor, space was UR-MATTER he struggled with all his life: he treated differently the flat painting canvas, in another way he approached the open area of the city, the beach subjected to happening activities, and even more differently he dealt with the classic theatrical division into the stage and audience, i.e. illusion and disillusion.
EN
The text discusses the use of microphotography in art publications in the early decades of the twentieth century and the parallels established between microphotography and abstract art. As the author argues, the photographic trend of “New Vision” contributed to the growing presence of microphotography in the popular visual culture of the time, but artists’ concern preceded this popularity. Microphotography brought interest both as a manifestation of an invisible, hidden reality, and for purely aesthetic reasons, as a source of infinite variety of decorative patterns. For artists like Klee and Kandinsky scientific images proved instructive with regard to the elementary structures of design and formative forces of living organisms. Viewed in light of the Monist philosophy of Haeckel, Driesch and Francé, microscopic images were recognized as a demonstration of the infinite plasticity of matter – a document of nature’s universal creative potential that art searched to parallel.
EN
A particular feature which distinguished modern Russian art from the parallel western developments was its attachment to organic aesthetic. The organic interests of artists such as Kandinsky and Tatlin became obvious in the 1920s, but these were only the later surfacings of a structure that deeply informed very early modernist theory and that was as applicable to poetry as it was to visual arts. In its organic, evolutionary vision of the world the Russian avant-garde drew on a great variety of sources: Goethe’s morphological theories, Romantic philosophy of nature, bergsonian vitalism, Lamarck’s transformationism, and the dissemination of Darwin’s theory of evolution. As the author argues, the vision of a world in continuous evolution was responsible for the rejection of conventional representation and for a shift in the focus in art from the end result – a completed picture of a static object – to the object in flux and the very process of making the work of art.
EN
The text discusses Sergei Eisenstein’s publication Nonindifferent Nature. The author focuses on the notions of organic unity, pathos and plasticity of emotions that form the skeleton of Eisenstein’s concept of “art as a sensitive seismograph”. The “embodied” interpretation of art psychology proposed by Eisenstein results directly from his interest in natural sciences. In this context, Nonindifferent Nature is an interesting reference point for contemporary debates in the field of environmental humanities.
EN
This article is part of research on the role of artistic practices in creating and defining regional identity in the Balkans. The author’s interest focuses on the neo-avant-garde movement formed in the period of socialist Yugoslavia in the multi-ethnic region of Vojvodina, where Central European and Balkan influences intersect. The cities of Novi Sad, Subotica, and Zrenjanin became the natural environment for the development of this formation. Although the artists who created it (Serbs, Hungarians, Jews, Croats, etc.), working in such groups as Kôd, Bosch+Bosch, Januar and Februar, enjoyed much greater independence than artists in the countries of the Eastern Bloc, they nevertheless clashed with the communist authorities of Yugoslavia, giving rise to the ethics of civil resistance. The purpose of this paper is to answer the question: how is the lesson of Vojvodina neo-avant-garde art being updated nowadays as a practice of social self-understanding, and according to what principles can it participate at present in shaping the regional distinctiveness and the cultural and artistic idiom of Vojvodina?
EN
The text discusses the intersections between the natural sciences investigating the latent energy of the inorganic matter and the art historical studies of such authors as Alois Riegl, Wilhelm Worringer and Aby Warburg. The author reconstructs the discourses of Monist natural philosophy concerning the inner animation of plants, crystals and minerals, especially “biocrystals” and “liquid crystals”, as the newly discovered entities on the verge of organic and inorganic. These scientific explorations and the notion of inorganic animation stirred the imagination of art historians. The concept of inorganic animation was adopted by Wilhelm Worringer in his theory of ornamental styles proposed in his book Abstraction and Empathy: A Contribution to the Psychology of Style (1907). The impact of Monist philosophy is also traceable in Aby Warburg’s conception of art history, in his notion of Pathosformel (pathos formula) understood as a form of static animation, as well as in his conception of the latent posthumous life of images.
EN
The theory and works of the Futurists are characterized by fascination with movement, the dynamism of things and the surrounding reality. Futurists’ interest in the notion of energy gave a privileged place in their works to visual rhythm. Rhythmic repetition of dissected forms not only allowed to suggest the motion of represented objects, but the abstracted, repetitive patterns created a rhythmic pulsation directly perceived by the viewer. The rhythm of the painting, created by rhythmic vibration and pulsation of shapes and colors, was to give intimation of the universal vibration and interpenetration of matter.
EN
Bauhaus was the only art school derived from the extensive achievements of the avant-garde of the first half of the twentieth century, which gained the status of an independent artistic movement. Cited in the text by Deyan Sudijc, the design historian points out that in the second half of the twentieth century, up to modern times, every new group of reformer artists is rediscovering Bauhaus. Thus, the German school, which had been active for barely thirteen years, created something more than just a style, because it showed what the philosophy of creating objects that are both artistic and useful is. The article attempts to describe the phenomenon of the school by recalling Polish critics who, like Tadeusz Peiper, visited Walter Gropius and described both the principal and the proposed education system. The author also particularly focuses on discussing Bauhaus’s theatrical output in the context of Oskar Schlemmer. The German creator of the Triadic Ballet, after leaving the innovative university, came to Breslau, or today’s Wrocław, to lecture at the local school and to stage innovative theater performances. This is an interesting and somewhat forgotten episode in his work. The Bauhaus story is not just a story about an avant-garde school, the author also touches on the somewhat embarrassing aspect of legacy. The college founded by Gropius unfortunately did not survive the Nazi dictatorship in Germany. It was dissolved practically at the beginning of Hitler’s rule. However, fascist propaganda used Bauhaus stylistics in some areas of its functioning. Thus, the school, which became a separate stream of avant-garde, was also difficult to get involved in the political history of the twentieth century, which is also a paradox and a warning for historians assessing the work of artists mostly in terms of their aesthetic values.
PL
Bauhaus był jedyną szkołą artystyczną wywodzącą się z szerokiego dorobku awangardy pierwszej połowy dwudziestego wieku, która zyskała status samodzielnego ruchu artystycznego. Przywołany w tekście Deyan Sudijc, historyk dizajnu zwraca uwagę, że zarówno w drugiej połowie dwudziestego wieku, aż po czasy współczesne każda kolejna nowa grupa artystów-reformatorów odkrywa na nowo Bauhaus. Tym samym działająca ledwie trzynaście lat niemiecka szkoła, stworzyła coś więcej niż styl, bowiem pokazała na czym polega wręcz filozofia kreacji obiektów, które są i artystyczne, i użyteczne. Artykuł próbuje opisać fenomen szkoły, poprzez przywołanie polskich krytyków, którzy jak Tadeusz Peiper odwiedzali Waltera Gropiusa i opisywali zarówno dyrektora, jak i proponowany system kształcenia. Autorka szczególnie skupia się też na omówieniu teatralnego dorobku Bauhausu w kontekście postaci Oskara Schlemmera. Niemiecki twórca Baletu triadycznego, po opuszczeniu nowatorskiej uczelni przyjechał do Breslau czyli dzisiejszego Wrocławia by wykładać w miejscowej szkole i realizować w teatrze nowatorskie od strony scenograficznej widowiska. Jest to ciekawy i nieco zapomniany epizod w jego twórczości. Historia Bauhausu nie jest tylko opowieścią o awangardowej szkole, autorka dotyka również nieco wstydliwego aspektu spuścizny. Uczelnia założona przez Gropiusa niestety nie przetrwała dyktatury nazistowskiej w Niemczech. Została rozwiązana praktycznie na początku rządów Hitlera. Jednakże propaganda faszystowska, w niektórych sferach swojego funkcjonowania posługiwała się stylistyką Bauhausu. Zatem szkoła, która stała się oddzielnym nurtem awangardy była też w sposób trudny uwikłana w historię polityczną dwudziestego wieku, co jest i paradoksem i przestrogą dla historyków oceniających prace artystów przeważnie pod kątem ich estetycznych walorów.
PL
Powstanie niepodległych państw w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej po 1918 r. przyniosło zmianę nie tylko w realiach europejskiej geopolityki, ale także zainicjowało wiele procesów kulturotwórczych, dokonujących się w imię modernizacji regionu. Ich celem była budowa podmiotowości poszczególnych nowych państw bazująca na cywilizacyjnym awansie, możliwym dzięki politycznej niezależności, którą wiele środkowoeuropejskich narodów uzyskało po raz pierwszy w swojej historii. Oczekiwany rozwój miał nie tylko potwierdzić ich prawo do istnienia, ale także do zajmowania eksponowanego miejsca w Europie. W ramach Starego Kontynentu Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia okazywała się par excellence domeną modernizacji i miejscem, gdzie jej postępy były zarówno najbardziej oczekiwane, jak i wzbudzały najwięcej kontrowersji. Szczególną rolę w tym procesie przypisywano sztuce i artystom, których powołaniem było głoszenie haseł wzywających do zmiany status quo. Jednakże zamiast bezdyskusyjnie przejmować gotowe wzorce nowoczesności, starano się wypracować oryginalne koncepcje modernizacyjnych reform, opierając się na próbie pogodzenia nowoczesności z tradycyjnymi wartościami uznawanymi przez poszczególne kultury narodowe za godne zachowania. Procesy te wspierali zarówno twórcy awangardy, jak i bardziej umiarkowani promotorzy modernizacji, dzięki czemu obok siebie mogły współistnieć programy radykalnie awangardowe, jak i poszukiwania konserwatywnych definicji modernizmu. „Nowa Europa” w latach 1918–1939 opowiedziała się po stronie nowoczesności, konsekwentnie dążąc do cywilizacyjnego awansu i umiejętnie wykorzystując w tym celu narzędzia, jakie przyniosła nowa rzeczywistość polityczna, a przede wszystkim uzyskana przez państwa po zakończeniu I wojny światowej niepodległość.
Muzealnictwo
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2021
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issue 62
128-131
PL
Monumentalna publikacja Awangardowe muzeum (red. Agnieszka Pindera, Jarosław Suchan, Muzeum Sztuki w Łodzi, Łódź 2020) zestawia i analizuje cztery projekty muzealnicze: Muzea Kultury Artystycznej w Rosji Radzieckiej, działalność Société Anonyme w Stanach Zjednoczonych i grupy „a.r.” w Polsce oraz Kabinett der Abstrakten w Hanowerze. Kluczem doboru jest to, że koncepcję każdego z projektów opracowali awangardowi artyści, co więcej w założeniach mieli oni również kierować realizacją tych przedsięwzięć. Publikacja podzielona jest na trzy części: artykuły badawcze, teksty źródłowe oraz katalog dokumentów i prac. Badanie awangardowych projektów muzealniczych obejmuje cztery obszary: koncepcję, kolekcję, organizację i ekspozycję. Kwestie te nie są wyodrębniane w badaniach, raczej celowo splatane. Głównym założeniem książki jest ukazanie, w jaki sposób awangarda instytucjonalizowała samą siebie. Ta teza zostaje poddana refleksji w niniejszej recenzji. Podobnie jak konsekwencje tej publikacji, do których należy m.in. wpisanie awangardy do kanonu historii sztuki i uświęcenie jej dorobku jako niepodważalnej wartości.
EN
Ewa Maria GoczałThe Faculty of PhilologyPedagogical University of Cracow  Exits: Avant-gardisation as an Incentive to Canonization (the Case of Różewicz the Poet) Abstract: The article aims at determining the specificity of canonical character of the poetry of Tadeusz Różewicz – one of the most important writers of the Polish literature of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, whose just recently finished work – although there are already numerous studies – is only now subjected to all-embracing summaries. The discussion has been submitted to the concept of continual canonization which corresponds with the diagnosis of multiplicity and dynamism of modern canons as well as conforms with, the basic to the author of Faces of Anxiety, the movement of transgression – constant avant-gardisation, going beyond individual and non-individual norms and established models. The study is divided into four parts corresponding with four aspects of Różewicz's excesses. The first one is a general description of the postulated category of canonical character in the context of the work of the author of Exit; the second one describes a type of avant-garde specific to the author; the third one concerns negative poetics. The fourth part sums up the issue by discussing the newest selection of Różewicz's poetry – Znikanie [Disappearance] edited and commented by Jacek Gutorow, poet and literature scholar. The problem of paradoxical continuation based on variability, poetic tradition, and the strategy of external canonization of the writer will be discussed – through the creation of a new canon of his poems which will be potential, alternative, personal and explicitly submitted to the subject of the sense of writing and the autotelic nature of poetry.Keywords: avant-garde, canon, contemporary poetry
PL
Ewa Maria GoczałThe Faculty of PhilologyPedagogical University of Cracow  Exits: Avant-gardisation as an Incentive to Canonization (the Case of Różewicz the Poet) Abstract: The article aims at determining the specificity of canonical character of the poetry of Tadeusz Różewicz – one of the most important writers of the Polish literature of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, whose just recently finished work – although there are already numerous studies – is only now subjected to all-embracing summaries. The discussion has been submitted to the concept of continual canonization which corresponds with the diagnosis of multiplicity and dynamism of modern canons as well as conforms with, the basic to the author of Faces of Anxiety, the movement of transgression – constant avant-gardisation, going beyond individual and non-individual norms and established models. The study is divided into four parts corresponding with four aspects of Różewicz's excesses. The first one is a general description of the postulated category of canonical character in the context of the work of the author of Exit; the second one describes a type of avant-garde specific to the author; the third one concerns negative poetics. The fourth part sums up the issue by discussing the newest selection of Różewicz's poetry – Znikanie [Disappearance] edited and commented by Jacek Gutorow, poet and literature scholar. The problem of paradoxical continuation based on variability, poetic tradition, and the strategy of external canonization of the writer will be discussed – through the creation of a new canon of his poems which will be potential, alternative, personal and explicitly submitted to the subject of the sense of writing and the autotelic nature of poetry.Keywords: avant-garde, canon, contemporary poetry
EN
Due to the pragmatic orientation and continuation of modernist artistic solutions, it is difficult to find explicit Socialist Realist traits in the Polish design of that time, especially as the term “Socialist Realist design” remains undefined. Design that is neutral in form can be linked to the doctrine on the level of the socialist concept, aiming at consequent changes in the socialist forms of life. However, the idea of socially oriented design combined with modernization unquestionably had its roots in the broadly understood avant-garde movements. We should not treat this phenomenon as an ideological contradiction. In spite of their avant- -garde pre-war provenance, many ideas were (successfully) put into practice at that time as the design of life for a better tomorrow of the egalitarian (socialist) society.
PL
Trudno w sztuce użytkowej i designie lat 1949-1956 doszukiwać się cech jawnie socrealistycznych. Zresztą trudno byłoby je też precyzyjnie zdefiniować. Socrealistyczność designu, formalnie neutralnego, tkwić mogła co najwyżej w sferze socjalistycznego kontekstu, wytworzenia w konsekwencji zmian ustrojowych socjalistycznej formy życia. Ale sama idea zorientowanego społecznie designu połączonego z kwestią modernizacyjną wywodziła się z szeroko pojętych ruchów awangardowych. Relacja polskiego designu z okresu realizmu socjalistycznego z modernizmem i awangardą wcale więc nie jest oczywista. W powszechnym dyskursie dominuje jednoznaczne przeciwstawienie modernizmu socrealizmowi zakorzenione w odwilżowym micie przełomu 1956 roku. Problem ten zaś wymaga większego niuansowania, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do designu.
PL
Punktem wyjścia jest zaniepokojenie związane z zanikaniem fundamentów kultury europejskiej. W paradygmacie klasycznym artysta pracował na bazie idealnego obrazu w swej duszy. Ta wizja została odrzucona. Nowożytność zaproponowała ludzkości racjonalizm, wolność i równość. Efektem tych dobrych intencji jest psychodeliczny bazar. Człowiek idąc w nim jest zdezorientowany, a jego odczuwanie doprowadzone do granic wytrzymałości. Ta wykorzeniona istota skazane jest na kulturalne tułactwo. Ucieczką od tego impasu jest powrót do pytania Archimedesa o punkt oparcia i zastanowienie się nad tym, co w ludzkiej naturze niezmienne a co przypadkowe i przemijalne.The Classic Pattern and Mass Man as Interpreted by the Contemporary Theorists of Society and Culture: Daniel Bell, Allan Bloom, and Jose Ortega y GassetSUMMARYThe starting point for the analysis is an anxiety associated with the vanishing of the foundations of European culture. In the classical paradigm, the artist worked on the basis of an ideal image that s/he carried in his/her soul. However, this vision was rejected. Modernity offered rationalism, freedom, and equality to the humankind. The result of this fundamental change is the so-called “psychedelic bazaar” – a certain form of culture continually offering new, surprising and often extreme experiences. By following them, a person is disoriented and his/her feeling is driven to the breaking point. Consequently, s/he is like an uprooted being condemned to cultural wandering. The way out of this impasse is to return to Archimedes’ question about the point of support, and to ponder over the invariable in human culture and the accidental and transitory.
EN
The iconostasis and icons created by Jerzy Nowosielski (1923–2011) for Podlasie orthodox temples half a century ago and rejected at that time, were brought to Podlasie again – this time into a different space – as an exhibition of the Museum of Icons in Supraśl, Branch of the Podlasie Museum in Białystok. This exhibition contributed to raising many questions and reflections. Why were the works created by Nowosielski rejected? Common neo-Russian architecture and icon patterns present in Orthodox churches half a century ago might have shaped aesthetic preferences of the faithful at those times. Are contemporary church art perceptions changing? Are we able to give a fresh look to the iconographic canon, get a new perspective, or is it likely to stay unreachable or perilously close to oblivion? Nowosielski was an artist and theologian. Although his painting grew out of the icon’s aesthetics, the understanding of the theology and icons was not constant and it was an unending search for his own way. Over half a century ago the combination of avantgarde and iconography proved to be risky – in Podlasie, many of Nowosielski’s works were misunderstood and rejected. A lot of interesting projects of Orthodox church architecture, polychrome or interior arrangement were not carried out at all. The exhibition ‘<(...) and I regret that Jerzy is not here ... .> Novosielski Unknown’45 presented many sketches, including unrealized concepts. And nowadays, is it a popular attitude among artists to treat the canon as a path they follow in their unique way? Observing contemporary realizations orthodox churches’ interiors, is right to ask ourselves, are we not resort back to experiences from far centuries of icon painting now, in the 21st century? Can we ignore aesthetic preferences and sensibility of the contemporary man? Was Nowosielski not more imaginative and authentic in his realizations half a century ago than many artists today? Nowosielski opened up new paths in the iconography half a century ago. The time of the awareness to view the icon as a fully valuable art work may have come. It is possible to reconcile a very important language of the iconographic canon with the present-day context, so that our artistic legacy would not turn out unattractive and unauthentic in the future. The aesthetics of the icons created by Nowosielski could still inspire contemporary artists-iconographers, who have been following the path opened up by him.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia recepcję filmów Chaplina w środowiskach lewicy literackiej i artystycznej Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej lat 20. Autor ukazuje, w jaki sposób berlińscy dadaiści wykorzystywali jego wizerunek do walk politycznych z rządzącą SPD, a także jak konstruktywiści sowieccy, czescy i serbscy łączyli jego grę aktorską ze sztuką maszyny, a wymowę filmów z ideologią komunistyczną. Od słynnych publikacji Iwana Golla ("Apologia Charlota"; "Chapliniada") lewicowe środowiska awangardowe często traktowały Chaplina na równi z bohaterem walczącego proletariatu, narzucając polityczną wymowę jego filmów. Nie inaczej było w Polsce, gdzie w kontekście ogólnoeuropejskiej fascynacji Chaplinem środowisk lewicowej awangardy kręgi „Nowej Kultury”, futurystów i konstruktywistów warszawskich w podobny sposób interpretowały kreacje amerykańskiego komika. Ten wspólny dla Niemiec, sowieckiej Rosji, Czech, Węgier, Polski i Bałkanów dadaistyczno-konstruktywistyczny schemat utożsamiania filmów Chaplina z głosem wojującej klasy robotniczej miał przekonywać o potrzebie radykalnej rewolucji w sztuce i wytworzeniu podstaw nowej kultury proletariackiej dostępnej dla szerokich mas społecznych.
EN
The article describes how Chaplin’s films were received by left-wing literary and artistic circles in Central and Eastern Europe of the 1920s. The author demonstrates how Berlin dadaists used his image in the political struggle with the ruling SPD party, and how Soviet, Czech and Serbian constructivists combined his acting with the art of the machine, and the message of his films with communist ideology. From Ivan Goll’s famous publications ("Apologie des Charlot"; "Die Chapliniade") avant-garde left-wing circles treated Charlie Chaplin on a par with a fighting working class hero, imposing a political interpretation of his films. It was the same in Poland, where in the context of a pan European fascination with Chaplin of the left-wing avant-garde the circles of the “New Culture”, futurists and Warsaw constructivists interpreted the American comedian’s work in a similar way. This common for Germany, Soviet Russia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and the Balkans dadaist-constructivist scheme of identifying Chaplin’s films with the voice of the struggling working class was seen as a proof of the need for a radical revolution in art and the creation of new proletariat art available to the masses.
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