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Śmierć grzesznika w prawosławnej literaturze polemicznej epoki unii brzeskiej

100%

Hodana T.

Slavica Wratislaviensia

2019

vol. 168

27-37

The death of a sinner in Orthodox polemical literature of the era of the Union of Brest In the Orthodox polemics of the end of the 16th and the first half of the 17th century, sinners, dying of a “bad death”, are most often apostates from the faith (bishops who joined the Union of Brest), converts, and religious dissenters, especially persecutors of the Orthodox Сhurch, and those committing sacrilege and blasphemy. Descriptions of their miserable deaths are based on a traditional Old East Slavic schema, but they have a particular, less universal dimension. They generally act as cautionary examples, which are referred to when discussing current issues (the dispute over the legality of the Synod of Brest, the controversy over the acquisition of temples and properties, the debate over the calendrical reform, and the apologetics and defence of Orthodox sanctuaries, icons, and relics). In all cases, the death of a sinner (Uniate, Catholic or Protestant) becomes the final confirmation that the Orthodox author is right, as well as the evidence of the sanctity of his tradition, and the sign of condemnation of the religious dissenters.

Смерть злодея в православной полемической литературе времен Брестской церковной унии В православной полемической литературе конца ХVI и первой половины XVII века в роли грешников, умирающих „злой смертью”, чаще всего выступают вероотступники (главным образом, епископы, признавшие Брестскую церковную унию 1596 года), люди, обращенные из православия, и инославные христиане, в первую очередь гонители Церкви, святотатцы и богохульники. Описания их жалкого конца опираются на традиционную древнерусскую модель, но в отличие от нее носят гораздо менее универсальный характер. Большей частью они играют роль назидательных примеров, к которым полемисты обращались в связи со злобой дня, такой как спор о каноничности брестского поместного собора, протесты против захвата православных храмов и имущества, разногласия насчет календарной реформы или же апология и защита православных святынь — церквей, икон и мощей. Во всех приведенных примерах смерть злодея (униата, католика или протестанта) является окончательным оправданием позиций благочестивого автора — доказательством богоугодности его собственной традиции и знаком осуждения любого инославия.

Wróżbiarskie rytuały małego pogrzebu wtórnego u Ludu Konkomba z Północnej Ghany

80%

Zimoń H.

Roczniki Teologii Fundamentalnej i Religiologii

2012

vol. 4

227-240

This article describes and interprets two divination rituals of the so-called small secondary funeral in the village of Kutuln. These relate to a bad death, which occurs when people die prematurely or inappropriately. Africans feel fear toward the dead who in life were bad people and those who died a bad death. The concept of a bad death for Africans presents their approach to life, the time of death and the moral evaluation of dead people, as a premature or unusual death is not accidental. A bad death explains the course of human life and has an impact on the burial of the deceased and his fate in the afterlife. Africans believe that those who die a bad death, do not leave the sphere of human life and do not pass into the land of their ancestors. People who die a bad death are deprived of a normal burial and extensive secondary funeral, and the living will never respect them and called upon them through prayers and sacrifices. Small secondary funerals among the Konkomba are limited to the divining rites, which last one day. The course of divination is similar in small and large secondary funerals. The initial phase of divination using 10 cowrie shells is decisive and important. During the long speech, Bingo, the main diviner or the master reveals and explains the causes of the bad death and propose preventive measures designed to remove ritual impurity and the propitiation of supernatural beings. The cause of death of the woman Mafimbi were quarrels and disagreements with her husband in the village of Bwana, caused by her lover Nbale. She would have happily married him, but her father did not agree to it. Her lover Nbale persuaded Mafimbi not to eat or drink in the home of her husband. The second case concerns the death of a nameless girl who died on the day of her birth because of quarreling parents: her father Bindifrim and her mother Ndodebu living in the village of Jinjinabi. Noteworthy is the attitude of dependence on help, during the divining rites, of the god Uwumbor, spirits of the Earth, clan protective spirits, gnome bush spirits, twin spirits, ancestor spirits, and especially spirits of dead diviners. Help from these supernatural beings is essential during the rites of divination, in order to properly explain the circumstances and causes of death of deceased persons. Divination by using three sticks as complementary only confirms the previously given causes of death. It should be noted that during these divining rites, small and large secondary funerals also have a didactic and moralistic dimension, because they teach people respect for tradition, preservation of social norms and moral order in the life of the individual and community.

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1 Roczniki Teologii Fundamentalnej i Religiologii

1 Slavica Wratislaviensia

1 2021

1 2019

1 Hodana T.

1 Zimoń H.

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Śmierć grzesznika w prawosławnej literaturze polemicznej epoki unii brzeskiej

Wróżbiarskie rytuały małego pogrzebu wtórnego u Ludu Konkomba z Północnej Ghany