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EN
The article describes the state of preservation of the portico and the results of architectonic studies. Basing on the architectonic module present in the composition of the sanctuary, as well as on other traces preserved in the structure, the author analyzes the causes that led to deviations in ancient times in the realization of this element of the structure from the regular modular grid binding at the time of its construction, in the case of several of the portico's components. Hitherto conducted research defined the described portico as the last element of the sanctuary that was under construction, basing this view on its uncompleted and undecorated state preserved to this day. The explanation provided was the death of Queen Hatshepsut and the interruption of construction work because of this. In the light of research conducted by the author, the portico was not the last, but one of the subsequent elements of the sanctuary, which was elevated in two principal phases and in many stages. The reason for it remaining uncompleted was not the queen's death, but the collision that took place during construction work, between the raised portico and the tomb from the 11th dynasty existing in the area of its localization. In this situation the ancient constructor was forced to make deviations in the realization of the project on the modular grid, changing the position of the portico columns and abandoning the realization of one of the formerly planned chapels. In spite of this, in the end construction work had to be abandoned, from fear of leading to a catastrophe. For these reasons the portico has remained uncompleted and undecorated to this day. The research carried out has also made it possible to exclude the hitherto suggested secondary use of sandstone architraves from the neighbouring Mentuhotep sanctuary of the 11th dynasty, for the portico constructed during the times of Hatshepsut.
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EN
The dendrochronological method is the most precise way of delimiting the age of wood in historical objects. One of its applications are architecture studies. The article presents possible uses dendrochronology in this field, methods of collections samples from wooden constructions, as well as the general assumption of annual rings analysis and wood dating. The article discusses the results of the dendrochronological analysis applied to two buildings in Eastern Pomerania: the arcaded house in Gdańsk-Lipce and St Peter and Paul's church in Puck. The skeleton construction of the oldest of arcaded houses in Żuławy was dated to 1572. The age of oak tree pillars in the tower of the church in Puck was estimated at 1409. Further results of the dendrochronological analysis applied to Pomerania architecture will soon be presented.
PL
Zespół budynków na ul. Mostowej 6 jest jednym z najciekawszych przykładów architektury mieszczańskiej na terenie Starego Miasta Torunia, wpisanego na Listę światowego dziedzictwa UNESCO. W dotychczasowej literaturze nie rozpoznany całościowo zabytek datowano na XVI w. Przeprowadzone w latach 2014-2015 badania architektoniczne znacznie zmieniły obraz jego przekształceń. Celem niniejszego tekstu jest prezentacja historii budowlanej do połowy XVI w., kiedy to budynki zostały ze sobą połączone, otrzymując dzisiejszą formę. W najstarszej fazie (XIII-XIV w.) były to najprawdopodobniej trzy niezależne domy szkieletowe zbudowane na kamiennych piwnicach, o wielkości dzisiejszego pierwszego traktu. W XIV w. doszło do ich rozbudowy w głąb działki wraz z wyprowadzeniem ceglanych ścian wzdłużnych. Budynki otrzymały typowy układ dwutraktowy. Elewacje w tym czasie zapewne były jeszcze szkieletowe; były wymieniane od XV do XVI w. W bardzo dobrym stanie zachowany jest szczyt schodkowy kamienicy południowej, pochodzący z ok. 1400 r., która – tak jak północna – pełniła funkcję domu-składu. Budynek środkowy od początku pełnił funkcję przejazdu ze spichlerzem.
EN
The complex of buildings at 6 Mostowa Street is one of the most interesting examples of burgher architecture in the Old Town of Toruń, inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The literature has so far dated the incompletely recognised monument to the 16th century. Architectural research carried out in 2014-2015 brought a significantly changed picture of its transformations. This paper sets out to present the history of construction until the mid-16th century, when the buildings were joined together to acquire the form they have today. In the earliest phase (13th-14th century), these were most probably three independent timber-framed houses built on stonework basements, the size of today’s first bay. In the 14th century, they were extended into the plot, with the construction of longitudinal brick walls. The buildings were arranged in a typical double-bay layout. At that time, the façades were probably still timber-framed; they were consecutively replaced from the 15th to the 16th century. A very good state of conservation is observed for the stepped gable of approx. 1400 in the southern tenement house, whose function, like the northern one’s, was a house combined with a warehouse. The middle building from the beginning served as a passage with a granary.
PL
Pałac marszałka Adama Kazanowskiego, jedna z największych, a jednocześnie najsłabiej rozpoznanych pod względem dziejów budowlanych rezydencji wazowskiej Warszawy, aż do początku XXI wieku nigdy nie była przedmiotem kompleksowych badań architektonicznych in situ. Badania najcenniejszej części dawnego pałacu, czyli skrzydła wschodniego, udało się wykonać dopiero w 2007 roku podczas prac remontowych prowadzonych przez Caritas Archidiecezji Warszawskiej. Artykuł prezentuje ich wyniki, które pozwoliły na weryfikację licznych hipotez na temat faz budowy i pierwotnego wyglądu rezydencji Kazanowskiego, doprecyzowanie chronologii powstawania poszczególnych elementów budowli, a także zrekonstruowanie układu przestrzennego i funkcjonalnego obiektu w kolejnych etapach jego istnienia. Do najważniejszych ustaleń należy zaliczyć przede wszystkim dokładne określenie zasięgu skrzydła pałacowego oraz budynku arsenału, ustalenie lokalizacji części pierwotnych, XVII-wiecznych otworów okiennych, a także odkrycie reliktów pozwalających na rekonstrukcję unikatowego w skali Warszawy sposobu ukształtowania głównej klatki schodowej pałacu. Za ważne należy również uznać ustalenie charakteru i zakresu przekształceń całego zespołu pałacowego w okresach, gdy był on siedzibą klasztoru Karmelitanek Bosych, a potem Warszawskiego Towarzystwa Dobroczynności.
EN
The palace of marshal Adam Kazanowski, one of the largest residences of its kind in Warsaw during the reign of the Vasa dynasty, has also been one of the most mysterious in terms of the history of its construction, since no comprehensive architectural research has been performed on its site until the early 21st century. It was only in 2007 that a survey of the most valuable section of the now-vanished palace – its eastern wing – was performed in the course of renovation works conducted by the Warsaw Archdiocese branch of the Caritas. This article presents the results of this survey which allowed to verify various hypotheses concerning the phases of the construction of the palace as well as its original appearance, to make a more precise determination as to the chronology of the construction of its individual sections as well as to reconstruct the spatial and functional layout during the subsequent phases of its existence. The most significant conclusions include the precise determination of the area covered by the main body of the palace and the arsenal, the determination of the location of original, 17th-c. window openings as well as the discovery of the remnants which allowed to reconstruct the original layout of the main staircase – a truly unique design in its times in Warsaw architecture. Another important issue is the nature and scope of alterations of the palace complex during the times when it served as a Discalced Carmelite convent and, later on, as the seat of the Warsaw Charitable Society.
PL
W artykule przedstawione zostały wnioski z badań architektonicznych wykonanych przez autorów w latach 2010-2013, w powiązaniu z badaniami historycznymi i z wynikami badań archeologicznych. Badania wykonano w Pracowni Rewaloryzacji Architektury „Nowy Zamek” w Warszawie w celu sformułowania wniosków konserwatorskich do projektu stałego zabezpieczenia ruin i zagospodarowania otoczenia. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na przedstawienie w układzie chronologicznym faz budowy i użytkowania zamku od połowy XIV w. do czasów współczesnych. W takim ujęciu opracowane badania in situ oparte na źródłach archiwalnych nie były dotąd publikowane.
EN
The article presents conclusions from architectural research carried out by authors in the years 2010-2013 in conjunction with historical studies and results of archaeological research. The studies were conducted at the “Nowy Zamek” Architecture Revalorisation Studio in Warsaw in order to formulate conservation conclusions for the project of permanent protection of ruins and development of the surroundings. The obtained research results enabled to present phases of construction and functions of the castle from the mid-14th century to contemporary times, in a chronological order. Such in situ research based on archival sources and assuming the discussed perspective has not been published so far.
EN
The author presents a critical discussion of methods used in historical-architectonic studies on brick walls upon the basis of heretofore research concerning methods of architectonic investigations, work conducted on the spot, and examples of studies and conservation. The applied methods of architectonic studies were presented from the viewpoint of their usefulness in the practical conservation of architecture. The article considers assorted methods destructive and non-destructive for bricks — historical studies and architectonic, stratigraphie and archaeological investigations. Next, the author analyses the examination of the wall, drawing attention to frequently committed errors, stemming from the accepted method. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of considering the whole face of a brick wall and not only its corners, which was, and continues to be an approach universally applied by certain researchers. The successive analysis focuses on studies of particular bricks, stressing the necessity of suitable examinations of the sizes of bricks, the so-called measurement registration, which consists of comparing and analysing the sizes of the brick (to 12 mm.). An enormous role is played by suitable research on the mutual permeation of the joints, which makes possible a precise determination of the chronology of fragments of the wall. Finally, the article deals with the documentation of the brick wall, stressing the necessity of a meticulous documentation of the entire wall and particular bricks. The summary defines general tendencies in research pertaining to the conservation of brick walls, influenced by the manner of previous architectonic studies. The author accentuates the fact that both in the research, design and execution phase it is possible to make a number of mistakes whose consequence is the destruction of the original form of the wall. This is the reason for the importance of a coordination of particular stages of conservation and the cooperation of properly trained specialists in the course of the entire conservation process, which should be always preceded by precise architectonic studies.
EN
Architectonic studies on castle cellars were carried out from 1949 to 1971. That period can be divided into 3 stages: 1949—1952 — "Research Work on Warsaw Castle” , 1960— 1962 — architectonic studies made by the Ateliers for the Conservation of Cultural Property and 1971 — research archaeologic and architectonic work. At present, several years after the completion of the studies and of the reconstruction of the castle, it is possible to draw the main conclusions. First and foremost, one should mention the elaboration of the method fo r fie ld architectonic studies. The preserved ce lla r waljs of the castle, dating from several different ages, provided an excellent research field. A t the same time a jo in t cooperation of archeologists and architects was in itia te d during the work in the castle. A frequent resumption of the same subject over the span of more than twenty years — along with the stabilization of the method — mode it possible to rectify some of working theses and also to single out the problems to be solved. One of them was the discovery and location of the o ldest bricked building of the Castle of the Mazovian Princes. The building was erected when town’s bricked fo rtifications and the Castle got join e d in the second half of the 14th century. Once the Castle was put up the moat became unnecessary. The moat performed its role when there existed a prince's stronghold where a bricked tower fo r living in was b u ilt up in the 1st half of the 14th century, the so-called Grodzka Tower. The next achievement was the complexity of the studies, in which historians, archaeologists and architects participated. Until the early f if ties such studies were carried out only by archaeologists and historians. The site of the castle provided a good ground fo r the fo rmation of a new model of cooperation that should become obligatory universally in architectural studies: the historian examines source materials, socio-economic relations and the economic background; the archaeologist investigates and interprets the material history of the site and inaccessible and unknown elements th a t are found underground. The architect studies the material substance of the structure found both underground and overground and he determines a fu ll chronology of individual architectural details. The art historian examines the decor of the structure, fo/rn and substance. A fu ll exchange of information and a common interpretation of the phenomena both in the field and "c a b in e t" examinations make it possible to learn architecture and its history an a given site.
PL
Przeprowadzone badania architektoniczne i dendrochronologiczne konstrukcji dachowej kościoła szpitalnego pw. Ducha Świętego w Sierpcu pozwoliły na ustalenie jej daty budowy oraz zidentyfikowanie w istniejącej konstrukcji pozostałości pierwotnej więźby pochodzącej z okresu średniowiecza.
EN
Architectural and dendrochronological research carried out on the roof construction of the Holy Spirit hospital church in Sierpc enables us to determine the date of the construction and identify the relict of the original medieval truss in the existing construction.
EN
An attempt is made at summing up the results of the architectural research into the Kazanowski Palace, one of the largest Warsaw residences in the first half of the 17th century. Thanks to the research into the structure of the former Palace preserved in the walls of the later Convent of the Discalced Carmelites it has been possible to identify the genuine 17th-century form of an asymmetrical palace with the main body and two wings. This layout, as it turned out, substantially differed from the Palace’s reconstructions so-far existing in literature. The uncovering on the Palace’s walls also allowed an almost full reconstruction of the disposition of its rooms and elevation fragments, e.g., attics. As seen against Warsaw architecture of the period, the plan of the piano nobile seemed quite peculiar. It contained two tracts of reception rooms: one in the Palace’s main body, the other in the northern outbuilding. Both tracts began with sizeable dining rooms, and leading through subsequent antechambers (partially exerting additional functions of, e.g., a library), they led to the lord’s reception bedroom located at the point where the main body bordered on the outbuilding. All this seems to be in line with court protocol which Adam Kazanowski, Marshal of the Court of the Crown, must have been well acquainted with. Next to the master’s apartment there was an apartment of his spouse, the two interconnected by a chapel. The reconstruction of the layout also allowed to associate respective rooms with fragments of a rhymed description of the building which Adam Jarzębski contained in his Gościniec [Guide to Warsaw]  from 1643, this helping to reconstruct the décor and furnishing of all the important Palace’s rooms, Moreover, the reconstructed 17th-century shape of the Palace allowed to undertake considerations related to the residence’s designer. It is known from the sources that while the Palace was being built, fee was paid to the architect and stonemason Constantino Tencalli, yet design solutions suggest that Giovanni Battista Gisleni may have participated in the designing process.
PL
Tekst jest podsumowaniem wyników badań architektonicznych Pałacu Kazanowskich, jednej z największych rezydencji Warszawy w 1. połowy XVII w. Dzięki nim udało się ustalić pierwotną XVII-wieczną formę budowli. Rekonstrukcja planu pozwoliła na powiązanie pomieszczeń z fragmentami wierszowanego opisu z r. 1643, co umożliwiło poznanie wystroju i wyposażenia istotnych wnętrz pałacu. Zrekonstruowana forma pałacu pozwoliła także na rozważania na temat autorstwa projektu.
EN
This paper is devoted to the issue of wooden architecture protection in so called open-air museum. Unique form of certain buildings is closely related to their educational and expositional functions. In the museums attempts are frequently made to reconstruct the whole village cultural landscape in a given period of time. This aspect is often more important than the building history or the original materials maintenance. What is more, the conditions of rural architecture are worsening all the time. These factors contribute to the phenomenon of making copies of the buildings. The ideas of this kind are nowadays widely applied by a number of museums. The issue of creating a new museum as well as the attempts made to maintain original monuments has been analyzed on the examples of six conservation projects of the buildings earmarked to be transferred to Olęderski Park Etnograficzny (Haulander Ethnographic Park) in Wielka Nieszawka. These buildings are very much unique in terms of construction as well as spatial design. They were adjusted to the terrain conditions of the Vistula plains exposed to floods. This manner of building was typical of the Haulander colonization. Most of the most valuable buildings come from the 18th century. They will be removed and transferred to the reconstructed cultural landscape dated back to the beginning of the 20th century. Detailed architectural research enabled to establish the chronological boarders of the whole project. The most important features of the buildings were revealed through the analysis of the building materials, reconstruction and the final conceptual project. Three farm buildings will be inserted in the historical village landscape. These are: the one that includes staff rooms, cash desk and the exhibition dedicated to Protestantism; the one that shows impoverished single-building farm typical of the 18th century and the wealthy one that consists of arcade house, workers house, granary and the barn. The latter is to present the prosperous farm typical of the beginning of the 20th century. What is significant, the possibilities of reconstruction have been taken into consideration while preparing the area. That means the maintenance of the original substance (often in deteriorating conditions) was the most important in the project while the restoration work was limited. Translated by Karolina Pszczółkowska
PL
Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie wyników przeprowadzonych w 2018 r. badań architektonicznych kościoła pw. Świętych Apostołów Piotra i Pawła w Hannie, dawnej cerkwi greckokatolickiej. Z uwagi na brak jednoznacznie określonej chronologii świątyni, głównym celem badań było dokonanie rozwarstwienia chronologicznego poszczególnych części zabytku oraz jednoznaczne określenie czasu ich wzniesienia i zakresu ewentualnych przekształceń. W tym celu analizę architektoniczną obiektu uzupełniono o badania dendrochronologiczne drewna konstrukcji ścian i dachów, dające możliwość precyzyjnego określenia daty ścięcia drzew, z których zostały wzniesione poszczególne części cerkwi. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań i analiz ustalono, że świątynia wznoszona była w kilku fazach budowlanych od XVIII do XX stulecia. Pierwsza struktura cerkwi hanieńskiej wzniesiona została w latach 1739-1740, kolejne przekształcenia nastąpiły w 1747 r., kiedy dostawiono drewnianą kaplicę, oraz w latach 1764-1765, gdy cerkiew powiększono o część zachodnią mieszczącą babiniec wraz z przedsionkiem oraz nadbudowano z celu wyrównania korony zrębu ścian nowych i starych części. Cerkiew uzyskała wtedy kształt zbliżony do obecnego. W XIX w. dokonywano jedynie niezbędnych remontów, szczególnie w zakresie wieżyczek i przekrycia dachów i ścian, oraz przekształcano dobudówki przy sanktuarium, które ostateczną formę uzyskały dopiero w 1. połowie XX wieku.
EN
The purpose of the study is to report the results of architectural research conducted in 2018 in Saints Peter and Paul the Apostles Church in Hanna, a former Greek Catholic temple. Since a clear chronology of the temple is missing, the main purpose of the studies was to perform chronological stratification of the individual sections of the historic monument and to clearly date the erection of the temple and determine the scope of its transformations. For this purpose, the architectural analysis of the site was supplemented with dendrochronological studies of the wooden wall and roof structures with a view to precisely determining the time of sourcing the trees used for the construction of particular sections of the church. The performed studies and analysis showed that the temple had been erected over several construction phases from the 18th through the 20th century. The first structure of the Hanna church was built in the years 1739-1740; subsequent additions and transformations occurred in 1747 (a wooden chapel was added) and in the years 1764-1765 when the church was enlarged by the western part housing the women’s section and the vestibule; it was also extended upwards to level the top of the wall framework of the new and old parts. At that time, the church was given its present-day shape. In the 19th century, only necessary renovations were carried out, especially in the turrets, roofs and walls. Also, the annexes to the sanctuary were transformed, however, its current shape goes back to no earlier than the early 20th century.
EN
There is no possibility to talk about medieval Poland without Zaremba z Kalinowy family. Nowadays Kalinowa is a small village with gothic church and the XIX century looking palace surrounded by moat and lake from a north side. In XIV or beginning of XV century first manor house was build on the island. During our excavations in 2011 we discovered that in XV century new mansion was constructed on a mainland area. Inside there were beautiful late medieval tiled stoves, and rare artefacts (i.e. axe shaped badge) mostly known from large cities like Gdańsk or Kraków. In the XVII century Kalinowa was sold to Łubieńscy family. After that they build new palazzo in fortezza residence which was totally rebuilt in XVIII and XIX century.
PL
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EN
The article presents the results of an analysis carried out during the renovation of a roof of the southern wing of the Warmia Chapter in Olsztyn in the years 2013-2014. The renovation of the castle wing roof provided us with the possibility to freely access normally inaccessible places and an opportunity to analyse the form and rules of carpentry structures found in this part of the castle, that is, a roof truss and frame walls from around 1429, including the stock-taking of carpentry joints that are not visible after the structure assembly. Since it was impossible to carry out a conservation analysis of carpentry structures in isolation from the context they are situated in, the research conclusions often have a broader scope and concern the history of the entire southern wing. The example of the Olsztyn castle presented in the article shows a significant role of analyses of historical carpentry structures in chronological order and studies of architecture and construction monuments. Historical and architectural studies of historic carpentry structures, covering a typological analysis of the structure, along with an analysis of carpentry joints, assembly signs, traces of processing and other traces and distinguishing marks, e.g inscriptions, as well as comprehensive archival studies allow chronological breakdown of the sole carpentry structure and determination of relative chronology and stratification of the entire historic building, usually subject to conversions and reconstructions over centuries. As we can see on an example of the discussed monument, studies of historical carpentry structures can often contribute to targeting architectural studies of the entire object, representing a point of departure for stratification of the entire building in many cases. Researchers have not paid much attention to wooden structures of the Olsztyn Castle. As we can speculate, a frame structure of the southern wing yard wall with a secondary masonry work could have been beyond the awareness of castle users and researchers. The level of complexity of frame structures of walls erected along with mezzanine floors and a structure of roof truss attests to the fact that the wooden structure of the granary was erected one of the highly qualified carpentry workshops, established and functioning in the Teutonic Knights state in Prussia in the 14th and 15th centuries under the influence of settlers coming from the West. Broader studies of the typology of medieval frame structures on the territory of former Prussia, especially those applied in secular construction, are seriously hindered due to the low number of preserved fachwerk walls to our times. Therefore, we should all the more indicate the need for preparing detailed documentations and analysing all relics of ancient frame structures, even those – or perhaps especially those – hidden behind subsequent masonry work, which was attempted at demonstrating on the basis of an analysis of medieval carpentry structures of a former granary in the southern wing of the Olsztyn fortress. It is not for the first time that it turns out how important the performance of scientific research during the construction investments carried out in an architecture monument is for its preservation. Not only does it allow us to become familiar with its structural transformations and supplement previous knowledge, but also to verify previous findings. Such simultaneous continuation of scientific research can often influence the construction process itself, allowing potential corrections of initial investment assumptions for the benefit of the monument’s value. As regards the roof of the southern wing of the Olsztyn Castle, the research influenced, among others, the scope and method of conducting carpentry works and the type of reconstructed roof covering. No pre-investment architectural studies carried out at an object that is continuously used cannot contribute to the collection of such a large amount of information about a given monument, as regular, careful supervision exercised by persons with appropriate qualifications, carried out during renovation works.
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