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XX
Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are very signifi cant for the economy. However, they face many problems when trying to fi nance their development. In connection to the above, theauthors set four research questions that are connected with bank policies towards SMEs. Then, they make an analysis in order to answer the questions. The conclusions, recommendations. and limitations are presented at the end of the paper.
EN
The authors of the paper present the results of their research in the structure of resources used to cover financial deficit of institutions of public finance sector on central and local level. The authors also evaluate the consequences triggered by application of different methods of financing. The aim of the paper is to analyse the reasons of low activity of local government units in obtaining financial resources directly from the capital market as compared to the State Treasury and commercial enterprises. By means of tools used in comparative analysis the authors juxtapose the most important parameters of primary and secondary markets of long-term debt securities issued by local government units, the State Treasury and commercial enterprises.
EN
Sector of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is significant in every market economy. Small and medium-sized enterprises are generally considered as an element powering the economy despite the economic slowdown in Poland and turbulences in the economies of Member States of the European Union. Micro-enterprises have the largest share of enterprises belonging to the SME sector - in Poland, they consist of 95.7% of the market (in the European Union - 92.2%). This sector produces a significant portion of GDP and generates numerous workplaces. Their share in the GDP over 5 years remains at similar level and amounts to 48.5%. However, SMEs are often confronted with market imperfections. They have difficulties in obtaining capital or credit, particularly in the start-up phase of the enterprise. Financial resources are their foundation. What is more, they are the basis for the operation of each enterprise. In Poland, there are various possibilities of obtaining financing sources; however, their variety does not imply that all parties have equal access to these resources. Currently, the most important source of funding, in addition to equity capitals, are bank credits. The aim of this paper is to present a credit offer for enterprises beginning an economic activity by selected institutions of the Polish banking sector.
EN
The economic slowdown in Poland, which is mainly a consequence of the ongoing global financial crisis since 2008, exposed Polish firms to the danger of loss of liquidity risk arising among others from the deteriorating financial condition of companies and limited access to short-term finance. It determines not only the proper functioning of any enterprise, but often the ability of surviving on the market. The article presents the results of analyzes of relationship between the dynamics of changes in different types of short-term loans and the gross domestic product. It also presents the most important types of financial crises and the factors that determine them. An attempt was made to present the credit policy of banks to changes in the economic situation in Poland.
XX
Innovativeness of enterprises is largely dependent on their ability to obtain investment capital. Problems encountered by the SME sector when trying to obtain bank credits are commonly mentioned, therefore this paper attempts to evaluate the role of bank credits in financing investment activities of Polish SMEs on the basis of available literature and empirical research. To this end, sources of financing were analysed, focusing in particular on crediting offered to small and medium-sized enterprises, costs and terms of obtaining credits are presented in reference to the structure of actual investments.
EN
Concluding leasing and bank credit contracts public sector entities are subject to, as all other expenditures on services and goods, the rigors of public procurement law. The aim of the paper is to compare how often these two sources of public financing are used in Poland and other European countries. As for public procurement of value less than so-called European thresholds, Poland is characterized by very high amount of bank credits in comparison with leasing services. In case of public procurement with higher values (more than the EU thresholds), the situation in the period 2010–2014 is the same, however, tendency of amount of bank credits is decreasing, while the number of leasing contracts slowly increases. The Polish public entities are leaders in the EU especially in the area of public contracts for bank credits. It could be explained by their preferences in the field of financial means by such procedures which do not require additional complicated description of public procurement subject. Bank credits fulfill such a condition.
PL
Zawieranie umów leasingowych i kredytowych przez podmioty sektora publicznego podlega (podobnie jak inne wydatki na dobra i usługi) wymogom prawa zamówień publicznych. Podjęta w artykule próba porównania tych dwóch form finansowania sektora publicznego w latach 2010–2014 prowadzi do wniosku, że w przypadku zamówień o wartości poniżej progów unijnych zdecydowanie dominuje kredyt. Dla zamówień publicznych o wartości równej co najmniej progom unijnym ta przewaga jest nadal duża, chociaż malejącej tendencji umów kredytowych towarzyszy rosnący trend liczby umów leasingowych. Porównania międzynarodowe wskazują, że krajowe podmioty zamawiające są liderem europejskim w zakresie zamówień publicznych na usługi kredytu. Wysoka liczba kredytów, przy relatywnie niskiej liczbie zawieranych kontraktów na dostawy leasingu, może świadczyć o preferencjach potencjalnych zamawiających w zakresie pozyskiwania środków pieniężnych przez takie procedury, które nie wymagają skomplikowanego opisu przedmiotu zamówienia, co spełniają kredyty, podczas gdy specyfiką leasingu jest połączenie dwóch rodzajów zamówień: dostaw i usług finansowych.
EN
SME plays a significant role in the German economy. Each entity has to raise funds for operation and development. Bank credit is the most common form of external financing of enterprises in Germany which results from the bank-oriented financial system. The authors’ purpose is to show the importance of bank loans in financing microenterprises in Germany.
PL
Sektor małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw to kluczowy element gospodarki Niemiec. Największy udział w Mittelstand, szacowany na 82%, mają mikroprzedsiębiorstwa, dlatego efektywność ich działania i poziom innowacyjności determinują nie tylko konkurencyjność sektora MŚP, ale też gospodarki kraju. Każde przedsiębiorstwo na bieżącą działalność i realizację projektów inwestycyjnych musi pozyskać środki finansowe. Kredyt bankowy jest najpowszechniejszą formą finansowania przedsiębiorstw, co wynika z „bankowo zorientowanego” niemieckiego systemu finansowego. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie znaczenia i dostępności kredytów bankowych dla mikroprzedsiębiorstw w Niemczech.
EN
The aim of the article is to combine corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the banking sector with the idea of responsible lending. Because CSR concerns stakeholders and borrowers, it may seem obvious that implementation of the two ideas should be parallel. Yet banks, desspite the implementation of CSR, do not act with the idea of responsible lending. By ignoring responsible lending, sometimes banks do a disservice to their borrowers. Examples of banks operating in Poland provide empirical support for this thesis.
EN
Enterprises conducting business use a wide range of solutions based on factoring. The discounting instruments guarantee payment after confirming the existence of a receivable, thus allow for obtaining the funds before the due date indicated on a given invoice. The article presents external sources of financing by comparing the basic banking products in the form of a current account overdraft to the factoring solutions based on the assignment of rights and the subrogation mechanism in financing businesses.
PL
Podmioty gospodarcze prowadząc działalność, wykorzystują szerokie spectrum rozwiązań opartych na faktoringu. W przypadku procesu sprzedaży instrument dyskonta gwarantuje otrzymanie zapłaty już po potwierdzeniu istnienia wierzytelności, tym samym pozwala na uzyskanie środków przed terminem wymagalności wskazanym na fakturze. W artykule przedstawiono zewnętrzne źródła finansowania działalności, porównując podstawowy produkt bankowy w postaci kredytu obrotowego w rachunku bieżącym do rozwiązań faktoringowych opartych na mechanizmach cesji i subrogacji w finasowaniu przedsiębiorstw.
EN
Credit insurance is offered to customers using bank credit. This unique insurance product is also one of the elements of bancassurance, which involves partnerships between banks and insurance companies. The purpose of this article is to identify students' awareness of credit insurance and compare the results with other studies. Based on our survey of students, opinions about credit insurance differ and the knowledge of it is insufficient, which the authors believe underlines the need for relevant education.
PL
Ubezpieczenia kredytu są oferowane klientom korzystającym z produktu bankowego jakim jest kredyt. Ubezpieczenie kredytu jest specyficznym produktem ubezpieczeniowym oraz jednym z elementów współpracy bankowo-ubezpieczeniowej. Celem artykułu jest ocena poziomu świadomości studentów w zakresie ubezpieczenia kredytu na podstawie przeprowadzonego badania kwestionariuszowego oraz dostępnych wyników badań w przedmiotowym zakresie. Przeprowadzone wśród studentów badanie ankietowe wskazało na odmienne poglądy, niewielkie doświadczenia oraz niepełną wiedzę w zakresie ubezpieczenia kredytu wśród badanych studentów. Dostępne wyniki badań potwierdzają obserwacje w przeprowadzonym badaniu. Poziom świadomości ubezpieczeniowej powinien być podnoszonym m.in. przez edukację.
EN
This article deals with the problems related to the use of trade credit in financing business operation against the background of the other source of external capital – bank credit. The article is a review of selected literature on the relationship between the two above-mentioned forms of financing. Analysing the literature of the subject, one can conclude that trade credit can be a substitute for bank credit. There are also a growing number of publications that pinpoint an informational role of trade credit, which can be used by banks to update their assessment of the creditworthiness of a business. For the sake of topicality, special emphasis has been paid to the relationship between the use of trade credit and bank credit in selected cases of financial crisis.
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