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1
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Amber as Jewellery, Status Symbol and Work of Art

100%
Bouzek J.
Studia Hercynia
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2016
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vol. 20
|
issue 1
13-18
EN
The paper presents a Late Archaic Italic amber head from the collections of the National Museum in Prague, with some brief notes on the amber routes, and role of amber in exchange of keimelia, wedding gifts and antidorons. The studied head is compared with stylistic particularities of heads and figurines, from fine Ionian oeuvres to cruder Italic and Etruscan varieties.
2
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Trade and faith in Nubian Early Makuria (AD 450–550): macroscopic examination of personal adornments from el-Zuma in Nubia

75%
Then-Obłuska J.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2016
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vol. 25
741-760
EN
In the long history of the land between the Third and Fourth Cataracts on the Nile, the period corresponding to the times of Early Makuria is particularly well represented. The el-Zuma tumuli cemetery has been dated to the Early Makuria Phase II (AD 450–550). Although the graves were heavily robbed, the remains of personal adornments (beads, pendants, rings, and an earring) give a broad overview of materials (marine mollusk shell, coral, ostrich eggshell, stone, metal, faience, glass) and techniques applied in their production. A comparative synopsis of contemporary Nubian adornments shows parallels for the objects from el-Zuma. Moreover, the provenance of the materials and manufacturing techniques suggests el-Zuma’s involvement in regional and longdistance exchange during this period. Finally, the presence of a Christian symbol and imported beads in the el-Zuma tumuli is meaningful in itself.
3
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Preliminary report on the 2016 season in Metsamor (Armenia)

75%
Jakubiak K., Iskra M., Piliposyan A., Zakyan A.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2017
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vol. 26(1)
557-569
EN
Excavation in Metsamor in 2016 was focused on the settlement area as well as necropolis. Extended trenches uncovered a substantial part of the settlement and contributed new stratigraphic and chronological data on the three phases of occupation, especially the heavy fire that appears to have destroyed the buildings in the early 8th century BC. A unique find from this level of destruction was a necklace made of sardonyx, agate and gold beads. In the post-Urartian period, the northeastern part of the settlement was clearly rearranged. Exploration of a kurgan tomb in the cemetery showed that the tomb had been reused for the most recent burial, looted, which may have included a symbolic horse burial. The construction of the tomb, based on finds from a layer at the bottom of the burial chamber, which included several golden adornments and beads of different materials, can be dated to the Middle Bronze Age, the latest burials to the Iron I period.
4
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Metal and Glass Small Finds from Yurta‑Stroyno, Season 2016: Selected Finds

75%
Studia Hercynia
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2017
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vol. 21
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issue 2
113-120
EN
The paper presents an overview of metal and glass small finds found during the final season of the Yurta‑Stroyno Archaeological Project in 2016. The basic data of the collection are presented here, as well as a preliminary classification and interpretation of the selected finds. The most frequent metal from the site is iron – featuring mainly elements of construction and different types of fittings. During the final season, parts of iron knives, a saw and metal or wood working tools such as a punch or an awl were found. A rare find is a miniature bronze axe head shaped pendant. The majority of the glass finds are body fragments of free‑blown vessels. The best represented shapes are cups, beakers, wide bowls and flasks. The group of glass beads features two main types: hexagonal and flat round beads. Several new fragments of raw glass and glass production waste were found during the field survey to supplement the previous‑year’s findings.
5
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Cross-cultural bead encounters at the Red Sea port site of Berenike, Egypt. preliminary assessment (seasons 2009–2012)

75%
Then-Obłuska J.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2015
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vol. 24(1)
735-777
EN
A macroscopic analysis of the bead and pendant assemblage from Berenike (excavated in seasons 2009–2012) provides not only a preliminary bead typology and chronology, but contributes to the study of the multicultural character of the Red Sea port of Berenike from the Ptolemaic through the early Byzantine period. The presence of diverse marine and terrestrial organics, semiprecious stones and manmade materials used in crafting beads indicates a substantial supply from coastal and inland desert dwellers, as well as from overland and overseas traders. Part of the products found at Berenike must have been designated for permanent and temporary residents of the town. Other objects originated from, or were destined for African, Arabian or Asian markets.
6
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Early Makuria Research Project. Beads and pendants from the tumulus cemetery in Nubian Tanqasi, Sudan

63%
Then-Obłuska J.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2018
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vol. 27(1)
303-316
EN
An assemblage of 1687 beads and pendants was recovered from the excavation of five tumuli (16, 23, 46, 52, 179) in the cemetery of Tanqasi in Sudan. The assemblage is dominated by faience beads (n=920). The remaining beads and pendants are made of glass (n=422), stone (n=241), ostrich eggshell (n=102), and metal-in-glass (n=2). Morphological estimation based on material, technique of manufacture and shape provides a preliminary overview of types that are encountered at Tanqasi cemetery. In addition to beads made of locally available materials (ostrich eggshell, quartz and faience), glass beads of Mediterranean and Indo-Pacific provenance were found. In general, the assemblage is dated to the period between the late Meroitic and post-Meroitic. A few bead types: small faience, bichrome glass and gold-in-glass, are late Meroitic in date. One stone bead may be Napatan in origin.
7
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Ozdoby stroju wykonane z paciorków w kulturze wielbarskiej

63%
Żyto K.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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2018
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issue 33
75-92
EN
The main purpose of the article is to present various forms of costume decoration in Wielbark culture. The analysis was based on well-known burials with an intact arrangement of monuments in the burial cavern. On this basis, decorations made of beads were highlighted. In addition to the necklaces that adorned the area of the neck and chest, vertical compositions are particularly noteworthy, in which the beads were discovered in a line from the level of the neck to the waist level. In addition, beads were used to trim robes in the form of applications. Another type are beads decorating belt and sachets or purses.
PL
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8
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Between the Nile and the Ocean. The bead assemblage from Shenshef in the Eastern Desert (4th–6th centuries AD)

63%
Then-Obłuska J.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2017
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vol. 26(1)
719-747
EN
More than 200 beads and pendants were found in seven trash middens excavated at the 4th/5th to the 6th century AD settlement site in Shenshef in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. The site lies close to the Sudanese border and the Red Sea coast, and about 20 km to the southwest of the ancient port of Berenike. Although the purpose of the settlement has not been established, excavations provided a wide range of imports from the Mediterranean region and the Indian Ocean. An overview of the materials and manufacturing techniques applied in the production of the beads and pendants confirms the short- and long-distance contacts of Shenshef inhabitants. In addition to the many bead parallels that link the site with the Red Sea ports and the Nile Valley region up to the First Cataract, the presence of South Indian/Sri Lankan beads at Shenshef is especially meaningful. They may be proof of the intermediary role played by the Shenshef inhabitants in trading overseas imports into the Nubian Nile Valley region.
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Kolia w kulturze wielbarskiej. Studia nad jednym elementem stroju kobiecego

63%
Żyto K.
Pomorania Antiqua
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2018
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vol. Tom XXVII
s. 47-70
EN
The article focuses on presenting the research potential of the strands of beads discovered in the graves of the Wielbark culture. In the literature, apart from M. Mączyńska and U. Lund Hansen, until this time no one has undertaken research on the necklace treated as one element. A characteristic burial rite containing both inhumation and cremation of the Wielbark community allows for registration in the well-preserved and untouched graves of the original arrangement of the necklace. The analysis of the material was carried out chronologically on the Lubowidz and Cecele phases. Based on well-recognized necklaces, several leading types have been identified. The first of them included necklaces composed of various types of beads, which do not form a coherent whole, e.g. in the form of segments or location of tchem to the raw material. The second type is represented by symmetrical necklaces. These include configurations composed of one type of beads or structures in which the right part of the necklace is similar to the left part. To gain this effect, it was necessary to choose beads of the same type and place them symmetrically in relation to each other. The third type of necklace represents the strands in which the central part (middle) has been filled with the largest bead or pendant made of metal. Also, based on materials from the Wielbark culture burial grounds, attention has been paid to configurations in which beads have found a different application. Among these systems, vertical compositions are particularly noteworthy, in which the beads were found in a line from the level of the neck to the waist level. This location of artefacts evidently indicates other use of beads as a consequence of another type of decoration. The division of the necklace presented in this work is currently still an open division. However, already at this level of work on the stripes of beads, we can conclude that the necklines indicate the diversity of the composition of the necklace and the way how they were worn. Further studies on the necklaces in the Wielbark culture will be focused on a comparison of the period sections of the bead sets in terms of age and sex of the deceased.
PL
Artykuł koncentruje się na przedstawieniu potencjału badawczego pasm paciorków odkrywanych w grobach kultury wielbarskiej. W literaturze przedmiotu oprócz M. Mączyńskiej i U. Lund Hansen jeszcze nikt nie podjął badań nad koliami traktowanych jako jeden element. Charakterystyczny birytualny obrządek pogrzebowy społeczności wielbarskiej pozwala na rejestrowanie w dobrze zachowanych i nienaruszonych grobach pierwotnego układu kolii. Analiza materiału została przeprowadzona pod kątem chronologicznym na fazy lubowidzką i cecelską. Na podstawie dobrze rozpoznanych kolii udało się wyróżnić kilka wiodących typów. Do pierwszego z nich zostały zaliczone kolie złożone z różnych typów paciorków, które nie tworzą spójnej całości np. w postaci segmentów lub rozmieszczenia ich względem surowca. Drugi typ reprezentują kolie symetryczne. Należą do nich kompozycje złożone z jednego typu paciorków lub układy, w których prawa część kolii jest podobna do części lewej. Aby uzyskać taki efekt należało dobierać paciorki tego samego typu i umieszczać je symetrycznie względem siebie. Trzeci rodzaj kolii reprezentują pasma w których centralna część (środkowa) została wypełniona największym paciorkiem lub wisiorkiem wykonanym z metalu. Dodatkowo na podstawie materiałów pochodzących z cmentarzysk kultury wielbarskiej została zwrócona uwaga na zespoły, w których paciorki znalazły inne zastosowanie. Wśród tych układów na szczególną uwagę zasługują kompozycje pionowe, w których paciorki zostały odkryte w jednej linii od poziomu szyi do poziomu pasa. Takie położenie zabytków ewidentnie wskazuje na inne zastosowanie paciorków w następstwie na inny rodzaj ozdoby. Przedstawiony w niniejszej pracy podział kolii jest w chwili obecnej podziałem jeszcze otwartym. Jednakże już na tym poziomie prac nad pasmami paciorków możemy stwierdzić, że kolie wskazują na różnorodność składu kolii oraz sposobu ich noszenia. Dalsze badania na koliami w kulturze wielbarskiej będą skupione na porównaniu w poszczególnych odcinkach czasowych zestawów paciorków pod względem wieku i płci osób pochowanych.
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Wyroby ze szkła i „szklistego fajansu” odkryte na cmentarzysku kultur łużyckiej i regionalnej grupy kręgu halsztackiego w Domasławiu, pow. wrocławski

63%
Purowski T.
Archeologia Polski
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2013
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vol. 58
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issue 1-2
23-87
EN
The set of objects of glassy materials under examination counted close to 1300 pieces. Graves from the Bronze Age contained about 20 beads, those from Ha C more than 1250 beads and 2 heads of bronze pins. The older pieces are homogeneous from a formal point of view, that is, they are plain, made of a clearly translucent turquoise glass. The younger objects were manufactured either of weakly translucent blue and/or opaque yellow glass. Physicochemical analyses have demonstrated that the clearly translucent turquoise glasses constituted “true” Low Magnesium, High Potassium Glass (LMHK) that was typical of the European Bronze Age. The weakly translucent blue material represented so-called glassy faience (Low Magnesium, Medium Potassium Glass [LMMK] and Low Magnesium Glass of Glassy Faience [LMGGF] were identified in it) and objects made of it were spread through the territories of modern Poland in the Ha C (and in the beginning of Ha D). The yellow opaque glass can be assigned to “true” Low Magnesium Glass (LMG), widespread in Europe in the Early Iron Age and later.
11
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Kwestia chronologii, typologii i pochodzenia szklanej biżuterii z wczesnośredniowiecznego ośrodka grodowego w Gnieźnie

55%
Sawicka J.
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
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2020
|
vol. 25
247-289
EN
The study presents 175 artefacts from the settlement center in Gniezno – beads and rings. The materials come from settlement levels from around the mid-10th to the 13th centuries. The latest chronological findings based on 14C dating have made it possible to refine the dating, especially of the early settlement levels of the stronghold, where the vast majority of glass artefacts come from. Threeba sic groups of beads have been distinguished based on the technique of their production – beads made of a drawing a tube, the technique of winding a glass strip, as well as casting and sintering. The results of 7 physico-chemical analyzes of the glass composition (performed with the X-Ray Fluorescence, XRF method) are presented. Physicochemical analyzes of the chemical composition of the tested beads made it possible to determine the technological group and the type of glass. An attempt was made to explain the origin of the starting material (glass) for jewelery. A comparative analysis made it possible to indicate in a general manner possible manufacturers and to outline the likely directions of the influx of these glass ornaments to Gniezno.
12
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Royal ornaments of a late antique African kingdom, Early Makuria, Nubia (AD 450–550). Early Makuria Research Project

51%
Then-Obłuska J.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2017
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vol. 26(1)
687-718
EN
After the fall of the Meroe kingdom, three entities – Nobadia, Early Makuria, and Alwa (Alodia) – emerged in northeast Africa between the 4th and the 6th centuries AD. Richly furnished elite cemeteries with tombs of the Nobadian kings are known from Qustul and Ballaña in Lower Nubia (Emery and Kirwan 1938), but until now no royal tombs of Early Makuria have been identified. A comparative analysis of some recently excavated adornments and ornaments from the tumulus cemetery of el-Zuma in Upper Nubia have now enabled the Early Makuria royal tombs (AD 450–550) to be placed there. The assemblages from three large tumuli are dominated by personal adornments (beads, pendants, earrings, chains, crosses, and a ring), royal regalia (cabochons and settings), and other decorated items (metal sheets, an intarsia and ivory gaming pieces). Apart from beads of various materials, like marine mollusk shell, ostrich eggshell, faience and stone, which were made probably in local workshops, the remaining items were imports from the Mediterranean and Sri Lanka/South India (glass beads in the latter case). Moreover, many of the decorated objects and the techniques used to make them find parallels in the elite Nobadian cemeteries of Qustul and Ballaña, hinting at the royal origin of some of the Early Makuria tomb owners at el-Zuma. These parallels induce the thought that there was a single workshop in late antique Nubia producing artifacts for the elite.
13
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Korálkové šperky pro onen svět. Předběžná zpráva o souborech z hrobky hodnostáře Nefera (AS 68d)

51%
Dulíková V.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2016
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issue 16
20-24
EN
Faience beads in the form of jewels, which decorated the bodies of the deceased, represent a regular constituent of the burial equipment of officials, priests and their families in the Old Kingdom period. While most tombs were robbed already in ancient times, beaded jewels were often disregarded by the robbers. Despite the fact that the context had been disturbed and the threading material usually decomposed, the beads still allow us to get an idea of the appearance of the original jewels. The odds improve further if an intact burial is discovered. Such situation has occurred twice in the case of the rock-cut tomb of the dignitary Nefer. During the archaeological seasons in the years 2012-2014, two of the four shafts uncovered were found intact (AS 68d, Shafts 3 and 4). The three sets of beaded jewels which were found in Nefer's tomb belonged to a man, woman and a child, providing an opportunity for a remarkable comparative material study. The potential of these finds consists not only in their state of preservation, but also in the variability of their owners that will enable us to compare the burial practices used for individual members of a high-ranking family who lived in the second part of the Old Kingdom period.
14
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Beads and pendants from the late Harbor Temple and harbor temenos in the Red Sea port of Berenike (seasons 2010–2013): materials, techniques, functions and cultural attribution

51%
Then-Obłuska J.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2017
|
vol. 26(2)
193-210
EN
More than 250 beads and pendants have been registered from the Harbor Temple and its surroundings, the so-called “harbor temenos”, in the Red Sea port of Berenike. The Harbor Temple assemblage is dominated by South Asian glass beads dating from the 4th through early 6th centuries AD, but the bead finds from the presumed temenos show much greater variety in both type and date, the latter spanning the centuries from the 1st to the 5th century AD. Rather than being accidentally lost, the quantity and find context of the beads support the idea of a votive offering function. Stylistic similarities of some objects found in the Harbor Temple have led to their association with South Arabia or Axum (Rądkowska, Sidebotham, and Zych 2013); yet a much closer affiliation might also be considered. Similar ritual objects, as well as beads and pendants, have been recorded at contemporary temples and shrines in Nubia
15
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Średniowieczne krążki ołowiane ze zbiorów Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy w świetle badań traseologicznych. Możliwości wykorzystania badań mikroskopowych do analiz funkcjonalnych zabytków metalowych

45%
Wielgus-Wawrzyniak B.
Studia Lednickie
|
2023
|
issue XXII
97-189
EN
In the course of research conducted at early medieval sites, the so-called lead discs with holes were discovered. Determining the function of these objects poses many difficulties. Some recognize them as scales weights, others as weights. The microscopictraseological analyses of 20 lead discs and 2 clay spinners from the collection of the Museum of the First Piasts at Lednica, presented in this article, allowed us to identify a number of traces created during their use. Juxtaposing this information with other metric features in the analysed collection of discs, four functional categories were separated: spinners, weights, beads and holders.
PL
W trakcie badań prowadzonych na stanowiskach wczesnośredniowiecznych odkrywane są tzw. krążki ołowiane z otworami. Określenie funkcji tych przedmiotów sprawia wiele trudności. Jedni uznają je za odważniki, inni za ciężarki. Zaprezentowane w artykule mikroskopowe analizy traseologiczne 20 krążków ołowianych i 2 przęślików glinianych pochodzących ze zbiorów Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy pozwoliły zidentyfikować szereg śladów powstałych w trakcie ich użytkowania. Zestawiając te informacje z innymi cechami metrycznymi w analizowanym zbiorze krążków wydzielono cztery kategorie funkcyjne: przęśliki, ciężarki, paciorki i oprawki.
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