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EN
This article examines the antecedents and background of the antithesis between art and beauty. It also considers if this confrontation, typical in modern aesthetics, provides necessary conceptual categories to comprehend the situation of art in the communication era, characteristic of a generalised aesthetisation. Departing from the ideas posed by Yves Michaud, Mateu Cabot, Didi-Huberman and Mario Perniola, the author dismantles the false opposition between art and beauty; she proposes a strategy to avoid an antithetical position and exhorts the readers to recover a different experience from beauty.
EN
This article provides a historical overview of aesthetics as a science, which showed that methodological problems of aesthetic education of the younger generation in modern society has an important place in philosophy, psychology, pedagogy, art, culture and others. The development of aesthetics is a direct reflection of the evolution of society. Studying the genesis, functioning in a society of aesthetic theories and beliefs, the history of aesthetics gives the necessary background for understanding the theoretical problems of aesthetic education. The dialectical method of cognition is known, it involves the unity of historical and theoretical approaches to the analysis of any phenomenon, so the problem of aesthetic education research carried out in the context of the evolution of the main aesthetic doctrines. Methodological problems of aesthetic education of the younger generation in modern society are investigated. Analysis of the literature confirms that aesthetic education depends, first, on the social and cultural environment, and secondly, is determined by psychophysiological and general development of the child. Therefore, aesthetic education is determined by natural talent, is spontaneously formed in a socio-cultural and educational environment; it determines life, artistic and aesthetic experience and it is updated through targeted educational influence. Thus, the conceptual basis of modern foreign research is orientation on upbringing of an individual with a stable aesthetic worldview based on human values and priorities. On the other hand, unbiased analysis shows that the views of scientists on this important issue are ambiguous and constitute a mosaic picture on the level of theoretical and empirical considerations and need further research. The study used the following methods: analysis of philosophical, historical, art, psychological and educational literature of the study; comparison, generalization and systematization of scientific-theoretical information on the problem of aesthetic education of the individual.
EN
The article presents a research of the usage of colours in Estonian fairy tales and the associations that are created by means of colours. The topic of colour usage also includes the aspect of corporeality that generates a critical discussion on the presentation of a woman in fairy tales. The symbolical meanings of different colours in fairy tales largely overlap with their meanings in folk belief and runo songs. The colours that are particularly meaningful are black, white, and red. Also, such colours as grey and gold occupy special places in fairy tales. In addition to physical description, colours are used to present characters’ or objects’ inner values, also expressing the way they differ from the ordinary, or hinting at the magical qualities they may possess. Black and white form a pair of opposites, symbolising good and evil, beauty and ugliness, life and death. Those meanings remain with them also in case one is being used without the other. The colour red represents health, fertility, and beauty; that is why it is frequently used in the descriptions of women. At the same time, the colour red can be used as an opposite to white, having in this case a negative meaning. Gold and other metals show the object’s magical characteristics, but at the same time also its value. Possessing a golden object can also hint at the owner’s high moral values. The colour grey represents wisdom but it can also be seen as a colour that disguises magical as ordinary.
EN
This review embraces the following topics: intra- and inter-populational variation of facial preferences, relationship between facial attractiveness and mate value, biological and social effects of the perception of facial attractiveness, credibility of the adaptive perspective on facial preferences, and the phylogeny of facial attractiveness. Its main conclusions are as follows: (1) Many sources of inter-individual variation in assessments of facial attractiveness have been identified, e.g., the age, sex, biological quality, physiological state, personality, and living situation of the judge, as well as previously observed faces, physical similarity of the focal face to the judge's face, and acquaintance with and knowledge of the face owner. (2) Inter-populational consistency in perception of facial attractiveness is substantial and possesses both a biological and a cultural basis. (3) Facial attractiveness is a reliable cue to biological quality of the face owner, e.g., better parasite resistance, physical fitness, reproductive fitness, longevity, less mutational load, higher intelligence and better mental health. (4) Facially attractive people have more sexual partners, marry at a younger age, and remain single less frequently. Thereby, they have higher reproductive success than unattractive individuals. (5) As a whole, research supports the thesis that facial preferences are adaptive, that is, they evolved during the course of biological evolution because they assisted an individual in choosing a mate with good genes or a good personality.
PL
Takie kryteria atrakcyjności twarzy jak symetria, proporcjonalność, wyrazistość cech płciowych czy gładkość skóry opisują przeciętne preferencje w populacji, ale nie oznacza to, że wszyscy oceniają twarze tak samo i według tych samych kryteriów. Wewnątrzpopulacyjne zróżnicowanie gustu jest równie duże jak stopień zgodności sędziów w ocenie atrakcyjności twarzy. Co więcej, różnice pomiędzy dwoma ocenami atrakcyjności danej twarzy dokonanymi przez jedną osobę w jakimś odstępie czasu są również bardzo duże. Ocena atrakcyjności twarzy zależy od: 1) kontekstu, np. erotyczny, małżeński, społeczny; 2) właściwości biologicznych i psychicznych sędziego, np. wiek, płeć, jakość biologiczna, faza cyklu miesiączkowego, osobowość i stan psychiczny; 3) szeroko pojętych czynników ekologicznych, np. sytuacja życiowa, wygląd uprzednio oglądanych twarzy, podobieństwo ocenianej twarzy do twarzy sędziego, znajomość ocenianego.Istnieje znaczna zgodność w ocenie atrakcyjności twarzy między sędziami z różnych populacji. Jej przyczynami są: (1) jednolity dla wszystkich populacji ludzkich związek cech twarzy z pożądanymi cechami, np. gładka skóra sygnalizuje młodość, symetria - dobre geny, a wydatne usta kobiet - wysoki poziom estrogenu, a zatem płodność; (2) nie-zachodnie populacje pod wpływem zachodnich mediów przejmują zachodni standard atrakcyjności. Niektóre międzypopulacyjne różnice w preferencjach dla twarzy mają biologiczne wyjaśnienie, np. w populacjach silnie zapasożyconych i ze słabą opieką medyczną przykłada się większą wagę do wyglądu partnera, a kobiety preferują silniej zmaskulinizowane twarze mężczyzn (oznaka dobrych genów) niż w populacjach o ogólnie lepszej kondycji zdrowotnej.Przynajmniej niektóre kryteria oceny atrakcyjności twarzy są wrodzone, gdyż już kilkudniowe noworodki dłużej patrzą na te zdjęcia twarzy, które przez dorosłych są uważane za atrakcyjne. Odziedziczalność atrakcyjności twarzy jest wysoka, nie badano natomiast odziedziczalności preferencji dla twarzy. Atrakcyjność twarzy jest rzetelnym sygnałem jakości osobnika, a zatem i jego wartości partnerskiej dla obserwatora. Niska atrakcyjność twarzy związana jest z występowaniem szkodliwych mutacji, niską heterozygotycznością (mniejszą stabilnością rozwoju i odpornością), niższą długością życia i sprawnością fizyczną, oraz z wyższym ryzykiem problemów związanych z reprodukcją). Widok atrakcyjnej twarzy jest dla mózgu bodźcem nagradzającym i powoduje aktywację układu nagrody. Wartość nagradzającą mają tylko atrakcyjne twarze płci przeciwnej. Prezentacja twarzy przez 100 ms wystarcza do rzetelnej oceny jej atrakcyjności, a odróżnienie twarzy atrakcyjnej od nieatrakcyjnej jest możliwe nawet przy prezentacji podprogowej (13ms).Osobom o atrakcyjnych twarzach mimowolnie przypisuje się wiele pożądanych społecznie cech i niewiele cech negatywnych (próżność). Osoby te są generalnie lepiej traktowane niż osoby o mniej atrakcyjnych twarzach w rozmaitych sytuacjach prywatnych i zawodowych, przez znajomych i obcych. Jednak bycie atrakcyjnym ma też niepożądane następstwa (np. częstsze molestowanie seksualne, mniej przyjaciół swojej płci). To zróżnicowanie ocen i traktowania ma złożoną etiologię, na którą składają się mechanizmy biologiczne (np. nadmierna generalizacja) i społeczne (np. samospełniające się proroctwo). Konsekwencją tych faworyzujących i dyskryminujących postaw są zmiany osobowości ocenianych osób (uleganie stereotypom lub przeciwnie - ich kompensacja) oraz, głównie u kobiet, nieinwazyjne i inwazyjne modyfikacje twarzy podnoszące jej atrakcyjność.Osoby o wysokiej atrakcyjności twarzy mają więcej partnerów seksualnych, w młodszym wieku biorą ślub i rzadziej pozostają samotne. Konsekwencją tych zależności jest wyższy sukces reprodukcyjny osób atrakcyjnych niż nieatrakcyjnych. Taka selekcja płciowa mogła odegrać pewną rolę w ewolucji ludzkiej twarzy. W przypadku niektórych kryteriów preferencji dla twarzy (np. stopień maskulinizacji) przekonująco wykazano ich adaptacyjny charakter, co oznacza, że kryteria te zostały ukształtowane w procesie ewolucji i są korzystne (z reprodukcyjnego punktu widzenia) dla osób stosujących je przy ocenie atrakcyjności twarzy. W odniesieniu do innych kryteriów postrzegania atrakcyjności twarzy (np. przeciętność proporcji) sprawą otwartą pozostaje czy mają one wartość przystosowawczą czy też są jedynie objawem tendencyjności percepcyjnej. Wydaje się, że czynniki kulturowe mają znacznie mniejszy wpływ na postrzeganie atrakcyjności twarzy niż się powszechnie uważa. Nawet to co wydaje się przypadkową modą często daje się wyjaśnić zmianą sytuacji ekologicznej danej populacji. Preferencje dla twarzy symetrycznych, o typowych proporcjach, widocznych cechach płciowych i zdrowo wyglądającej skórze rodzaj ludzki przypuszczalnie odziedziczył po swych małpich przodkach. Natomiast preferencja mężczyzn dla bardzo młodo wyglądających kobiet oraz rezerwa kobiet w stosunku do mężczyzn o silnie zmaskulinizowanych twarzach to najprawdopodobniej już ludzkie nabytki ewolucyjne.
EN
An introduction to an English translation of Bernad Bolzano´s On the Concept of the Beautiful. A neglected gem in the history of aesthetics, Bolzano’s essay on beauty is best understood when read alongside his other writings and philosophical sources. This introduction is designed to contribute to such a reading. In Part I, I identify and discuss three salient ways in which Bolzano’s account can be misunderstood. As a lack of familiarity with Bolzano’s background assumptions is one source of these misunderstandings, in Part II, I elucidate some of his ideas about the psychological processes involved in the contemplation and enjoyment of beauty. In Part III, I situate Bolzano’s discussion of beauty within the more general framework of his ideas about the nature of philosophy, the relation between philosophy and aesthetics, and the place of the concept of beauty within the latter. Part IV is devoted to Bolzano’s discussion of some of his philosophical antecedents, including Kant. In Part V, I raise some objections to Bolzano’s account and indicate how his advocates might respond to them.
EN
Among the issues discussed in the debate concerning the theoretical status of aesthetics is, for example, the ambiguity of the concepts fundamental to the discipline. This is especially true in the case of the essence of beauty, ontological status of art, the nature of aesthetic and artistic experience, social and individual impact of art, the rules for verification of aesthetic propositions, etc. A multitude of divergent, often mutually exclusive understanding of these concepts makes very difficult to determine the status of the discipline itself. Aesthetics has also been accused of the lack of terminological precision of its concepts, incoherence of its theoretical assumptions, and bad methodology. Another objection is that aesthetics it is rather a cluster of reflections coming from ontology, epistemology, semiotics, theory of culture, anthropology, sociology, psychology or linguistics, rather than an independent discipline on its own. The fact that art has now entered virtual worlds has further diminished the aestheticians' desire to form normative propositions concerning the art. With the above in view, I sketch a possible definition of subject of aesthetic reflection as an independent philosophical discipline.
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Krása v kontexte evolučných prístupov

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EN
Beauty is a meaningful quality of objects that we not only manage to perceive but which evoke positive emotions in us, catching our attention in an appealing way. We have a tendency to prefer beautiful objects. It is apparent that the perceptual and cognitive apparatus of a person is endowed with mechanisms that are able to perceive this quality. The question is, what is the significance of the presence of beauty in the objects themselves and why is it so important for those who perceive these objects. Why does the aesthetic exist at all? This study attempts to point out the evolutionary-biological conception of beauty and uses examples of the attractiveness of the human figure and the human face to shed light on the possible significance of the presence of this quality. It postulates the thesis that from an evolutionary point-of-view beauty is a specific means of presenting biologically important information and the perception of it by an individual is an unconscious mechanism ensuring the survival of one’s own genes.
SK
Krása je významnou kvalitou objektov, ktorú nielenže dokážeme percipovať, ale vyvoláva v nás aj pozitívne emócie, zasahuje pozornosť a pôsobí príťažlivo. Krásne objekty máme tendenciu preferovať. Je zrejmé, že percepčný a kognitívny aparát človeka disponuje mechanizmami, ktoré sú schopné túto kvalitu vnemov postihnúť. Otázkou je, aký význam má prítomnosť krásy u samotných objektov a prečo je tak dôležitá pre tých, ktorí tieto objekty vnímajú. Prečo vôbec estetická skúsenosť existuje a aký je jej účel? Štúdia sa pokúša poukázať na evolučne-biologické koncepcie krásy a na príkladoch atraktivity ľudskej postavy a ľudskej tváre objasniť možný význam prítomnosti tejto kvality. Postuluje tézu, že krása je z evolučného hľadiska špecifickým spôsobom prezentovania biologicky dôležitých informácií a jej vnímanie jedincom je neuvedomelým mechanizmom zabezpečenia prežitia vlastných génov.
DE
Schönheit ist eine bedeutende Qualität von Objekten, die wir nicht nur wahrnehmen können, sondern die in uns auch positive Emotionen hervorruft, unsere Aufmerksamkeit anregt und anziehend auf uns wirkt. Wir neigen dazu, schöne Objekte vorzuziehen. Der Wahrnehmungs- und Verständnisapparat des Menschen verfügt offensichtlich über Mechanismen, die in der Lage sind, diese Qualitäten von Eindrücken zu erfassen. Die Frage ist, welche Bedeutung die Anwesenheit von Schönheit für die Objekte selbst hat und warum sie so wichtig ist für diejenigen, die diese Objekte wahrnehmen. Warum gibt es überhaupt die ästhetische Erfahrung und welchen Zweck hat sie? In der Studie wird auf das evolutionsbiologische Konzept der Schönheit hingewiesen und anhand von Beispielen der Attraktivität der menschlichen Gestalt und des Gesichts die mögliche Bedeutung der Anwesenheit dieser Qualität erläutert. Dabei wird die These aufgestellt, dass die Schönheit in evolutionärer Hinsicht eine spezifische Art der Präsentation biologisch wichtiger Informationen darstellt, und dass ihre Wahrnehmung durch den Einzelnen ein unbewusster Mechanismus zur Sicherung des Überlebens der eigenen Gene ist.
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Beauty and Transcendence: From Plato to the Ideal

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EN
The Greek notion of beauty (to kalon) encompasses not only nature and artifice, but also the Good. This paper explains the connection by interpreting Plato in a way that allows his theory to be developed beyond the confines of his philosophy. It is argued that we could read his theory of beauty as based on fineness of appearance. This arises when a sensory particular transcends itself and suggests the presence of its sustaining Form, or when sophrosynē in human agency discloses the Good’s power to transform the sensible world. In both cases, there is a pleasure in how certain phenomena or agents manifest the influence of the Forms at the sensory level. Beauty centres on an Ideal relation. By critically revising Plato’s position and taking it beyond the context of exegetical debate, a generally viable explanation of the grounds of Ideal beauty is formulated. This clarifies how such beauty is based on both the fundamental conditions of knowledge, as such, and our existence as free beings. Ideal beauty is shown, also, to be an aesthetic concept with enduring importance.
PL
It is sometimes argued that beauty and science have nothing in common. This is not necessarily true. When speaking of beauty in science we are touching two branches of knowledge: aesthetics and physics. We show that they are connected, permeate each other and work together to give good scientific results. Scientific theories and aesthetics theories exhibit some similarities not only during the creation phase, but also during the application phase. We examine two aesthetic criteria, namely symmetry and simplicity, which are valuable tools in choosing the correct scientific theory.
EN
Review of the Festival: "Normandie Impressionniste”
EN
The subject of the article is the problem of necessity of being beautiful. The beauty of the person is presented as a human value that can be achieved by the person herself/ himself. Nevertheless, beautiful people are considered to be guilty of all sins. That is why beauty needs justification. The article provides a number of arguments to protect beauty. Creating beauty is—as it is shown—an anthropological task of the human being. Hence the main thesis of the paper is: We have to philosophize aesthetic virtues, and we are responsible for being beautiful.
Umění (Art)
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2017
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vol. 65
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issue 5-6
460-473
EN
The essay analyzes a certain misunderstanding that stimulated William Hogarth to invent his ‘line of beauty’ and eventually made this line, which was to become the ideal measure and visual performative of beauty, to unleash all its ferocites and self-destructive potential. Hogarth rather carelessly misapprehended Lomazzo’s Trattato dell’arte della pittura, scoltura et architettura (1584), especially the passages devoted to the so-called ‘figura serpentinata’ and the related representation of movement, life and elegance. Hogarth even saw himself as Lomazzo’s successor and intended to transform his remarks into the general theory of beauty as a key aspect of artistic representation. Hogarth, however, fatally underestimated the Neoplatonic context of Lomazzo’s remarks and stripped the serpentine line of it’s most essential quality of translating between the physical and metaphysical domain and mediating the hierarchical relationship between the sensual agitation and spiritual elevation. He missed the fact that figura serpentinata is motivated by the specific ‘furia della figura’, derived from Platonic μανία / Ficino’s ‘furor’ which not only (literally) animates, but also immanently controls its undulation. Hogarth thus deprived himself of these means. At the same time, however, he never gave up the ambition to define his line in terms of a similar ideal directive. Hence the number of contradictions, consisting in mutually excluding attempts to derive the line from experience, deligitimise any external rules and define it as an idealistic norm of movement. The essay first exposes and analyzes these contradictions in context of both Neoplatonic philosophy and Hogarth’s milieu, showing that the supposed ‘line of beauty’ constantly escaped Hogarth’s efforts to control it and became the wanton notation of incoercible impulses and passions instead. In short, Hogarth’s spontaneous line, which was supposed to become the backbone of restrained beauty, the instructive signature of the elegance of things and our bodies alike, rose up against Hogarth’s parenting and evolved into a notation of anarchy and decay, to which our beautiful bodies and things inevitably succumb.
CS
Esej se zaměřuje na nedorozumění, které Williama Hogartha dovedlo ke koncepci "linie krásy" v The Analysis of Beauty (1753), a zároveň této linii, jež měla být ideální proporcí a performativem krásy, dalo do vínku nezamýš- lenou nestabilitu, divokost a sebedestruktivní potenciál. Klíčem je Hogarthova ledabylá četba Lomazzova spisu Trattato dell’arte della pittura, scoltura et architettura (1584), zejména pak pasáží věnovaných "figura serpentinata" v souvislosti s reprezentací pohybu, života a elegance. Hogarth sebe samého dokonce chápe jako Lomazzova překonavatele a hodlá jeho poznámky dopracovat do obecné teorie reprezentace krásy coby klíčového aspektu umění. Hogarth se nicméně dopustil osudného analytického omylu, neboť cele pominul novoplatónský kontext Lomazzova postřehu a hadovitou spirálu tak zbavil její nejpodstatnější kvality, spočívající v translaci mezi fyzickou a metafyzickou doménou, respektive v hierarchickém vztahu mezi smyslně motivovaným pohybem a spirituálním povznesením. Hogarthovi tak cele unikl důsledek skutečnosti, že tato hadovitá spirála je motivikou specifického "záchvatu figury", odvozeného z platónské μανία, lépe řečeno Ficinova "furor", který tuto spirálu doslova animuje a zároveň její vlnění imanentně kontroluje. Hogarth tak v důsledku nevládne žádnými prostředky, kterými by svou linii usměrnil. Zároveň se však nevzdává nároku, aby jeho linie byla ideálně zakotvenou směrnicí. Dostává se tak do řady kontradikcí, spočívajících v neřešitelné snaze odečíst linii ze zkušenosti, nevázat ji na žádná externí pravidla a zároveň ji chápat jako idealistický rozvrh pohybu. Esej tyto kontradikce exponuje a analyzuje v kontextu jak novoplatónské filosofie, tak Hogarthova myšlenkového milieu, přitom ukazuje, že domnělá "linie krásy" se neustále vymyká Hogarthově snaze po její kontrole a vy- kazuje parametry svévolné čáry, lépe řečeno notace ničím nekontrolovatelných impulsů a vášní. Stručně řečeno, Hogarthova nespoutaná linie, která se měla stát návodnou páteří umírněné krásy, signaturou elegance věcí i našich těl, se navzdory Hogarthově teoretické snaze proměnila v zápis anarchie a úpadku, kterému naše krásná těla i věci podléhají.
Human Affairs
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2008
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vol. 18
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issue 2
151-160
EN
What has happened in the late and concluding stages of postmodern culture is that concrete ideas of a good life have been reduced to pseudo-concrete ideals. With the aid of simulacra, the experience of everyday life is turning into a show, into narcissistic emptiness and single bodily pleasures.
EN
This article is dedicated to the specific questions of the global change of cultural paradigms and cultural movements. “The Challenges of Contemporary Art, Aesthetics, and Society within Pandemic 2020” is an opportunity to reflect upon the importance of contemporary aesthetics, arts, and social problems related not only to the digitalization and globalization aspects but also to the change of the understanding of the reality in the context of Pandemic 2020 and the global brand — new experience of lockdown. The main challenges of contemporary aesthetics, culture, and society are relationships between the relation of reality and virtuality and between digitalization and the art world and aesthetics. These relationships raise a question upon popular mainstreams, their influence on contemporary arts, and the possibility to keep the classic notions of aesthetics. Additionally, this article helps to maintain the drastic change in the whole world’s social structure. It gives a theoretical explanation and systematization for a clearer understanding of current aesthetic terms “beauty” and “sublime” as trends and correlations. As well as introduces a specific change in cultural paradigm because of the Pandemic and sharply developing integration of virtuality into the modern culture.
EN
Physical research shows us that our world is more and more scattered. This experience of the physical dispersion or the disappearance of what seemed to be permanent is also transferred into the world of values. The hierarchy of values generally accepted in the past yields to dispersion. Sensible references to the act of creation as God’s work also disappear. Emphasis is placed on the temporal beginning of our Universe (Big Bang) and people do not think of the ontological (en arche) or theological primeval beginning. How should we to rebuild a uniting vision of the world? It seems useful to appeal to father Pavel Alexandrovich Florensky, a representative of Orthodox theology. He thought over and worked on the definition of God's Love all his life, because it is love and acceptance that people really need in a scattering world, especially the Love, which we experience in the act of creation. What was characteristic of father Pavel was his meditative view on the overall unity of what is and is cognizable in the scientific, aesthetic or moral mode. It is only in those three ways taken together that we can recognize God’s creation and His Love. He is very similar in his approach and conclusions to another theologian Hans Urs von Balthasar. They both say together that first principle in the act of creation is love and we can recognize it through the Beauty, Truth and Good in the World and people’s relations.
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Piękno i estetyka w matematyce

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EN
The article is devoted to the concept of beauty and aesthetics in mathematics. It first analyses the assumptions of rationality and objectivity of mathematics. In the second part, the article addresses the beauty and aesthetics in mathematical thinking and indicates profound skepticism in their validity. It likewise reconstructs the aesthetic dimension of Einstein’s theory. At the end, the author considers his own approach to aesthetics of theory in social sciences.
EN
Since antiquity, defining the concept of beauty has been a struggle for philosophers. Many raised questions related to the objectivity/subjectivity of beauty, which then became fundamental to the understanding of issues in philosophical aesthetics. In this context, our paper provides a logical analysis of the concept of beauty, which includes both universalistic and relativistic perspectives. Based on a methodology inspired by Józef Maria Bocheński’s logical analyses of the concepts of authority and free society, we intend to present some unexpected results derived from popular beliefs and to propose solutions concerning this issue.
EN
Art and the notion of beauty related thereto are both disciplines and states which are quite unobvious and thereby requiring us to ask the question: Why is it that human beings have in their minds an inherent need to witness the beauty along with - resultant - need to create and receive art? The author of the text - by devising some neurobiological tools - attempts to elicit relative laws of beauty reception, and simultaneously she utilises the instruments of neuroaesthetics, which is a field of science that investigates the impact of art on processes taking place in the human brain. She explores, among other things, mechanisms put to use, consciously or otherwise, by artists in order to make their works a peculiar stimulus. The author describes a series of “tricks” used by visual arts creators who model the particular ways the visual perception processes function.
EN
The book develops the current hermeneutic discourse concerning the notions of beauty and Being. It includes a discussion of melancholic beauty and its interconnection with the act of art’s creation. According to M. Hołda, the writings of both authors demonstrate a treatment of beauty based on ancient Greek thought, especially from the times of Plato and Aristotle. Gadamer reaffirms the intimate relationship between beauty and Being, which is also revealed in Woolf’s literary work.
EN
The article is devoted to the peasant stereotype of “beauty” recorded in the folk songs of the Sokółka region (the Podlaskie province). The reconstruction of the image of the “physical beauty of a human” has been narrowed down to the most frequent in the collected material names for parts of the face, like: eyes, eyebrows, mouth. The text analyzes in detail the ways of valorizing the physiognomies of men and women as well as lyrical functions performed by descriptions of the characters’ physical appearance. The study considers wide cultural connotations, necessary for correct understanding of the folk texts. The performed analysis proves that speaking of the beauty of the song characters one speaks in fact of the traits of their character and their morality.
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