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The Binding Force of International Legal Standards in the Face of the Recurrent Practice of Soft Law

100%
Boubacar Sidi D.
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
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2017
|
vol. 7
79-91
EN
Soft law facilitates cooperation between international actors. Already, the elaboration of international law is a matter of shared competence between States, traditionally recognized as the only subjects of international law, international organizations and the typical actors. International organizations have initiated a movement towards the adoption of flexible forms of regulation of international relations. They will profoundly change the way in which international law will be created and presented to the recipients of the rule of law. From the very beginning of their activities, organizations preferred a method other than hierarchical command to encourage international cooperation. They will develop a consistent legal technique, aimed at persuading and not compelling their Member States to adopt conduct consistent with the legally binding standard. This article proposes a reflection on soft law and the results of its increasing use in international practices.
2
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The Issues of Secession in the Process of the Rise and Fall of States in the Light of International Law

94%
Diallo B. S.
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
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2018
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vol. 8
EN
The aims of this contribution is to check the validity of the old theory, which goes back to Jellinek but is still dominant, which states that secession as well as the process of forming a new state, fall under the scope of a “simple fact” and thereby escape through definition to any law of way. According to this theory, secession is not a question of “Law” but a question of pure fact, failure or success: if a secessionist movement succeeds in establishing a new effectiveness, that is to say, puts in place the “Constituent elements” of a state, a new state is born. It is interesting to observe that with the phenomenon of the rise or the collapse of States, from the global perspective of international order and especially from the point of view of international law, the States concerned are, in practice, not simply left to their fate. On the contrary, the rise or the collapse of a State anywhere in the world is seen as a matter of concern for the international community, since the international system as a whole is felt to be affected. In such cases, international reactions have not been manifested primarily through the States as such, either indi-vidually or together. Basically, these reactions had to cope with the dilemma of choos-ing between two fundamental principles of legitimacy in international law: on the one hand, the sovereignty and equality of States and, on the other, the right of peoples to self-determination.
3
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Obiter dictum v praxi českých soudů: kdy ho psát a kdy se mu raději vyhnout

84%
Šimíček V.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2023
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vol. 162
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issue 8
697-712
EN
The article deals with the internal structure of the decisions of the Czech courts and, in particular, the differentiation of the parts referred to as ratio decidendi and obiter dictum. The author comments on the binding nature of obiter dictum and emphasizes that it is not the judge who writes it, but the following practice that decides which part will actually be considered obiter dictum in the future. In the next part of the text, the author gives concrete examples from practice, on which he demonstrates when obiter dictum should not be part of judicial decision-making, and on the contrary, cases where obiter dictum appears to be very beneficial. The final part of the article attempts to characterize individual types of judges’ personalities according to how they deal with obiter dicti.
CS
Článek se zabývá vnitřní strukturou rozhodnutí českých soudů a zejména odlišováním částí uváděných jako ratio decidendi a obiter dictum. Autor se vyjadřuje k závaznosti obiter dicti a zdůrazňuje, že o tom, která část bude v budoucnu skutečně považována za obiter dictum, nerozhoduje samotný soudce, který je píše, nýbrž následná praxe. V další části textu autor uvádí konkrétní příklady z praxe, na kterých demonstruje, kdy by obiter dictum nemělo být součástí soudního rozhodování, a naopak případy, kdy se obiter dictum jeví jako velmi přínosné. Závěrečná část článku se pokouší charakterizovat jednotlivé typy osobností soudců podle toho, jakým způsobem nakládají s obiter dicti.
4
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Judyta Zamrzycka, Introligatorzy toruńscy od XV do XVI/XVII wieku – typologia cech warsztatowych

43%
Kopiński K.
Folia Toruniensia
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2017
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vol. 17
253-259
PL
W tekście omówiono i zrecenzowano pracę autorstwa Judyty Zamrzyckiej pt. Introligatorzy toruńscy od XV do XVI/XVII wieku – typologia cech warsztatowych która ukazała się w 2014 r. Konstrukcja pracy jest dosyć ciekawa. Blisko 1/3 objętości książki stanowi baza dokumentacyjna będąca wynikiem przeprowadzonej kwerendy. Pozostałe 2/3 objętości publikacji zawiera część teoretyczną wraz z omówieniem wyników badań. Podstawę badań J. Zamrzyckiej stanowiły inkunabuły i druki ze zbiorów Wojewódzkiej Biblioteki Publicznej – Książnicy Kopernikańskiej w Toruniu (łącznie 148 woluminów) oraz rękopisy z Archiwum Państwowego w Toruniu (łącznie 8). W książce Judyty Zamrzyckiej należy pochwalić przede wszystkim wypracowaną przez nią porównawczą metodę badania opraw rękopisów i inkunabułów oraz warsztatów introligatorskich działających na ziemiach polskich.
EN
The text discusses and reviews the work by Judyta Zamrzycka titled Introligatorzy toruńscy od XV do XVI/XVII wieku – typologia cech warsztatowych, which was published in 2014. The construction of the work is quite interesting. One-third of the content of the book constitutes the documentation base, which is the result of the query. The remaining two-thirds of the publication include the theoretical part and the overview of the findings. Judyta Zamrzycka examined incunables and prints from the collections of the Copernicus Regional Public and Municipal Library in Toruń (altogether 148 volumes) and manuscripts from the State Archive in Toruń (in total 8 volumes). The book by Judyta Zamrzycka deserves to be praised owing to the comparative method of the analysis of the covers of manuscripts and incunables and the research on bookbinding workshops in the Polish territories.
DE
Im Text wird die 2014 erschienene Abhandlung von Judyta Zamrzycka Introligatorzy toruńscy od XV do XVI/XVII wieku – typologia cech warsztatowych [Die Thorner Buchbinder vom 15. bis zum 16./17. Jahrhundert – Die Typologie der Werkstattmerkmale] geschildert und rezensiert. Die Struktur der Arbeit ist ziemlich interessant. Fast einen Drittel des Buches bildet die Dokumentationsgrundlage, die nach einer Recherche gesammelt wurde. Die weiteren zwei Drittel beziehen sich auf die theoretischen Inhalte und werden mit der Besprechung der Forschungsergebnisse verbunden. Judyta Zamrzycka stützte sich in ihren Untersuchungen auf die Inkunabeln und Drucke aus den Beständen der Öffentlichen Wojewodschaftsbibliothek – Kopernikus-Bücherei in Thorn (insgesamt 148 Bände) sowie die Manuskripte aus dem Staatsarchiv in Thorn (insgesamt 8). Bewundernswert ist in ihrem Buch vor allem die von ihr ausgearbeitete Methode einer Vergleichsuntersuchung der Einbände von Manuskripten und Inkunabeln sowie der Werkstätte der Buchbinder auf den polnischen Gebieten.
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