Search results - CEJSH

1

Sentido e valor da Criónica: da ética à bioética

100%

Coelho Barbosa T. I., Borges de Meneses R. D.

Społeczeństwo i Edukacja. Międzynarodowe Studia Humanistyczne

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2017

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issue 2(25)

39-55

EN

We are looking forhard to doing a good exercice about the sense and value of crionic according to the ethi9cal and bioethical foundations. Meanwile, this is new philosophical formulation for the questions from science to ethical formulations.

2

Aristotle and Principlism in Bioethics

80%

Cimakasky J., Polansky R.

Diametros

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2015

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issue Diametros 45

59-70

EN

Principlism, a most prominent approach in bioethics, has been criticized for lacking an underlying moral theory. We propose that the four principles of principlism can be related to the four traditional cardinal virtues. These virtues appear prominently in Plato's Republic and in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. We show how this connection can be made. In this way principlism has its own compelling ethical basis.

3

Pojęcie jakości życia. Aspekt medyczny i bioetyczny

80%

Ślęczek-Czakon D.

Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia

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2018

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vol. 13

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issue 4

19-31

EN

The concept of the quality of life: The medical and the bioethical aspect The concept of the quality of life initially contained mainly objective indicators. It was only later that it was extended so as to include the subjective ones as well. Upon its transfer from its original medical context into the social sciences, the concept of the quality of life has inspired a new approach to sick persons. It is now acknowledged that it is not enough to merely prolong a life. It also has to meet the standards generally recognized by active, healthy people. In the assessment of the quality of life both objective (state of human health and socio-economic status) and subjective (satisfaction with life and perception of each other) indicators are used. It is used, among other things, to evaluate the effects of medical and non-medical health care and medical intervention. In bioethics, it is noted that the term diminishes the value of human life. The methods used to assess the value of human life based on economic analysis and the measuring of the quality of life can lead to undesirable consequences. Conclusion: on the one hand, the estimation of the quality of life is imminent for various reasons; on the other hand, however, it raises ethical objections.

4

Disaster Issues in Non-Utilitarian Consequentialism (Ethics of Social Consequences)

80%

Gluchman V.

Human Affairs

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2015

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vol. 26

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issue 1

52-62

EN

The ethics of social consequences is a means of satisficing non-utilitarian consequentialism that can be used to approach disaster issues. The primary values in the ethics of social consequences are humanity, human dignity and moral rights, and these are developed and realized to achieve positive social consequences. The secondary values found in the ethics of social consequences include justice, responsibility, moral duty and tolerance. Their role and purpose is given by their ability to help achieve and realize moral good. Fair treatment within moral issues stems from applying primary as well as secondary values. The nature of these values cannot be determined exclusively in ordinary circumstances. However, in extraordinary circumstances (disasters), not all the requirements relating to the value structure of the ethics of social consequences need be considered in its entirety. In extraordinary circumstances, values are prioritised and realized. Primary values are realized prior to secondary ones. When prioritizing primary values, the realization of positive social consequences, or at least minimizing the negative social consequences, takes priority over other primary values. In disaster bioethics especially, it is often necessary to find a way to minimize the negative social consequences; thus, actions where positive social consequences are prevalent are preferred.

5

Clonagem humana: entre a ciência, o direito e a bioética

80%

Furtado A., Borges de Meneses R. D.

Prosopon. Europejskie Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne

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2018

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issue 2(23)

77-85

EN

Right now we are looking for a new perspective to take the relationschip between Human cloning and Bioethics. There are a lot of questions to ask and to answer according to these ethycs`s thematic for the Human development.

6

ASSUMPTIONS OF MAXIMAL INDIVIDUALISM IN THE TIME OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: ETHICAL ASPECTS

80%

BAUM E., ŻOK A.

Society Register

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2020

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vol. 4

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issue 3

79-88

EN

Maximal individualism, which is currently a prevalent trend in the way many patients think, places high hopes in the achievements of biomedicine and assumes that everyone should always receive optimal medical care. Such an approach is in line with many normative and legal acts operating worldwide, including the Declaration of Human Rights. However, its feasibility and effectiveness in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic raises numerous ethical, social and economic dilemmas. The culture of prosperity and excess, characteristic of contemporary Western societies, makes it even more challenging to come to terms with this situation.

7

SOMEONE BETWEEN: ETHICAL AND MEDICAL PROBLEMS OF HUMAN AND (NON)HUMAN ANIMAL ENHANCEMENT

80%

ŻOK A., BAUM E.

Society Register

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2019

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vol. 3

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issue 3

179-191

EN

Human dreams of a long and healthy life are becoming increasingly real. The advancement of medical technology allows to modify the genome or personalised therapy in order to avoid troublesome side effects. This process also leads to the blurring of boundaries between humans and animals. Rats with induced human diseases are used for testing drugs for incurable illness; humanised pigs can donate organs that are compatible with the genome and immune system of the recipient. A brave new human is approaching, and new “human” animals are making this possible. The main objective of the article is to show the differences between the refinement of people and other animals and to analyse this phenomenon from an ethical point of view.

8

Afrykańska bioetyka. Przegląd wybranych stanowisk

80%

Strządała A.

Afryka

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2016

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issue 44

45-65

EN

Cultural bioethics is a response to the dominance of the Western approach in bioethics and medical ethics, whereby Western bioethics is identified mainly with principalism and less often with utilitarianism. Moreover, Western bioethics is perceived as a part of the postcolonial Western supremacy. As a result of this cultural turn, Confucian, Japanese, Latin and African bioethics emerged. The article is a comparative review of the main concepts, issues and branches of African bioethics. It focuses on Bantu and Igbo bioethics. Despite the differences between the authors, a common element shared by most representatives of African bioethics is criticism of individualism and of other Western cultural patterns that are incompatible with African medical challenges and cultural practices.

9

Bioetyczne uzasadnienie udoskonalania człowieka. Refleksje wokół książki Poprawianie ewolucji Johna Harrisa

80%

Urbaniak M.

ARGUMENT: Biannual Philosophical Journal

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2022

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vol. 12

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issue 1

215-224

EN

Bioethical justification for human improvement. Reflections on the book of John Harris Enhancing evolution: The author discusses the transhumanist perspective on evolution, and considers Harris’ views in a wider context of the ongoing anthropological and ethical debate. While doing so he addresses some of the crucial issues at the interface of modern technologies, medical progress and bioethical challenges.

10

Status komisji bioetycznych – aspekty administracyjnoprawne

80%

Świątkowski B.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2013

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issue 4(40)

51-73

EN

The author attempts to determine the legal status of bioethics committees. Based on the analysis of the norms of administrative law, he claims that bioethics committees are public administration authorities whose enactments – under the provisions of the Code of Administrative Procedure – should be considered as administrative decisions.. Moreover, the argument (shared by the doctrine and case law) that if the legislature does not specify the form of settlement of the matter by the authority, the form of an administrative decision should be presumed, speaks in favour of treating committee opinions as administrative decisions. The conditions – defined by the jurisprudence – requisite for recognition of a decision due to its individual and concrete character, are also presented.

11

Problemy instytucjonalizacji etyki w dziedzinie służby zdrowia

80%

Kubka J., Vasiljeviene N.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2008

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vol. 11

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issue 2

67-74

EN

Life in good health and health security prove the most significant values highlighted by moral philosophy in the time of the environmental crisis. The imperfect operation of healthcare poses a threat for humans. Administrative measures regulate insufficiently medicine and healthcare. They need to be backed up by ethics, which cannot be seen solely as ethics of an individual’s conscience. What is needed is professional, practice-oriented and institutionalized-within-healthcare-organizations ethics. Recently, there have appeared a great number of new international documents setting standards of medical procedures in compliance with the requirements of the new bioethical values. At the same time elements of the ethical infrastructure such as bioethics commissions or committees have been created. In the face of the specificity and the complexity of ethical issues and problems encountered within contemporary medical practice the requirement of high ethical competence of all healthcare workers often fails to be sufficient.

12

Etyczne wyzwania w przemyśle farmaceutycznym. Zarys problematyki

80%

Kaczmarek E., University of Warsaw, emilka.kaczmarek@gmail.com

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2015

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vol. 18

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issue 3

EN

The goal of the text is to show which actions of the modern pharmaceutical industry are morally controversial. There are several burning issues that we need to face on this field, such as: How to deal with the conflict of interests within the medicine? How to mark the vanishing boundaries between information and advertisement concerning the pharmaceutical education? How does the drug advertisement lead to the pharmaceuticalization of society? In the text all of these problems will be briefly analysed. The article has an introductory character, it may serve as an overview of the burning issues in the pharmaceutical industry ethics – all questions that are posed in the text need further examination.

13

Argumentacja antropologiczna w bioetyce

71%

Kieniewicz P.

Teologia i Moralność

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2011

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vol. 6

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issue 2(10)

25-40

EN

Bioethics is a young, dynamically developing science. Its main goal is - in the opinion of some - to establish ethical limits for medical interventions; others think that it should guide the development of medicine itself. Irrespectively, the practical character of presented findings depends mostly on the anthropological assumptions. This study presents some main trends in the anthropological discussion in bioethics, and their consequences for medicine.

PL

Bioetyka jest młodą, dynamicznie rozwijającą się nauką. Jej głównym celem jest - zdaniem niektórych - ustalenia granic etycznych dla interwencji medycznych; inni uważają, że powinnna ona prowadzić do rozwoju samej medycyny. Niezależnie, praktyczny charakter prezentowanych wyników zależy głównie od antropologicznych założeń. W opracowaniu przedstawiono niektóre główne trendy w antropologicznej dyskusji w bioetyce oraz ich konsekwencje dla medycyny.

14

Tomorrow’s Kin: Intergenerational Solidarity after The Genome

71%

Bugajska A.

Literatura Ludowa

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2018

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vol. 62

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issue 3

PL

One of the issues that emerges with regard to radical human enhancement is the destruction of the intergenerational connections. It is variously envisioned in science fiction, and we can speak of many possible plateaus on which the human continuity, which entails solidarity, can be contested. Contemporary young adult dystopias, such as Shusterman’s Unwind Dystology (2007-15) and The Arc of a Scythe (2016-) cycles, Beckett’s Genesis (2010), Patterson’s Maximum Ride (2005-15) or Wells’s Partials (2009-14), very often conjoin the intergenerational issues typical of juvenile fiction with bioethical concerns in the posthuman and transhuman world. I look at the speculative futures of intergenerational solidarity from the point of view of the biological continuity, the subjective continuity and postgenerationality in an immortal society. In the majority of cases it may be observed how the child-adultdichotomy, with the superimposed adult normativity prejudice, threatens the coexistence of trans- and posthumans with their “parents,” leading to the redefinition of altruism in the wake of the homicidal ALife apocalypse. The relatively broad spectrum of the cases and perspectives I have selected yields a fairly comprehensive picture of contemporary projections of intergenerational solidarity “after the genome” (Herrick 2013).

15

Kľúčová úloha metafyzických pojmov a koncepcií v bioetických argumentoch týkajúcich sa výskumu ľudských embryonálnych kmeňových buniek

70%

Sýkora P.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2014

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vol. 62

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issue 6

819-830

EN

The subject of the study is the analysis of two arguments that have appeared in the Czech-Slovak philosophical setting in the context of discussions about the moral evaluation of research into stem cells of human embryos. We have presented various reasons (varied understandings of potentiality and the vagueness of the expression “living human body”), on the basis of which we must reject the argument of P. Volek concerning the unconditional protection of each human zygote. With respect to the argument of A. Doležal, D. Černý a T. Doležal, we have shown that their critique of the conception of non-individuality of the early human embryo relies on the identification of the concept of the “individual” with the concept “particular” which, for ontological reasons, cannot be accepted. In both of the analysed bioethical arguments the key role of metaphysical concepts and conceptions is easily demonstrated.

16

Solidarity: A Local, Partial and Reflective Emotion

70%

Heyd D.

Diametros

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2015

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issue Diametros 43

55-64

EN

Solidarity is analysed in contradistinction from two adjacent concepts - justice and sympathy. It is argued that unlike the other two, it is essentially local (rather than universal), partial (rather than impartial) and reflective (an emotion mediated by belief and ideology, interest and common cause). Although not to be confused with justice, solidarity is presented as underlying any contract-based system of justice, since it defines the contours of the group within which the contract is taking place. Finally, due to the fact that health is a typically universal value and being a primary good it is something which should be distributed justly, solidarity seems not to have any central role in bioethics.

17

Koncept autonomie v medicíně : K teorii informovaného souhlasu a jeho aplikaci v českém zdravotnictví

70%

Kuře J.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2014

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vol. 62

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issue 6

895-908

XX

The paper begins with the question of the participation of human subjects in biomedical research, pointing a way from the first principle of the Belmont Report towards the concept of autonomy as expressed by informed consent. From the use of informed consent in experimental medicine, the paper then moves to the application of informed consent in clinical practice. Further, the paper outlines the cultural and philosophical context of the transformation of medicine into biomedicine from the perspective of human subject research, discussing the concept which has played the key role in the ethical framework of both experimental and clinical medicine in the Czech Republic. Finally the paper provides some critical notes on the concept of informed consent and its practice in Czech healthcare.

18

TRANSFORMATION OF VALUE PRIORITIES IN THE RUSSIAN MEDICAL ETHICS AND BIOETHICS

70%

Aseeva I., Volokhova N.

Czech Journal of Social Sciences, Business and Economics

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2015

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vol. volume 4

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issue issue 1

6-16

EN

The article reconstructs the history of the formation of the moral values of the Russian medical community, there are four stages of formation of value priorities in medical ethics in Russia: 1) since the beginning of the XIX century to October 1917; 2) from October 1917 to the mid-1940s; 3) since mid- 1940s until the end of the 1980s; 4) since the early 1990s until the present day. The authors identify the characteristics of each stage, considering the basic ideas that influenced the moral consciousness of Russian doctors. The article shows the dynamics of value priorities of doctors, special attention is given to the "Russian" tradition of medical ethics and bioethics. On the basis of our own results of a sociological survey of "experienced" and "beginners" doctors are showed modern moral problems of Russian medicine.

19

Europejska Konwencja Bioetyczna w ochronie (bio)bezpieczeństwa człowieka w obszarze biomedycyny: wymiar jednostkowy i społeczny

70%

Ciszek M.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

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2014

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vol. 12

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issue 1

39-57

EN

The article presents the essence of biosafety. It was noticed that biosafety was related to three basic dimensions of threats to human safety connected with biotechnological products. They are genetically modified organisms (GMO), the use of biological weapons, and the development of biomedical disciplines. Currently, the greatest threats to human safety are posed by issues related to rapidly developing biomedicine. Those particular threats were introduced on the basis of the analysis of the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, which constitutes the principal bioethical and legal standard protecting human safety and rights within this area, not only in an individual, but also wider, social, and even species dimensions. The issues discussed in the article concern both the selected, "traditional' problems of ethical and legal nature visible within the area of study, and the newest threats related to medicine's interference in the very foundations of the passing down and development of human life. Among others, this concerns eugenic practices, which could make use genetic engineering. These practices have aroused the most considerable reservations of a moral nature, which demand proper legal regulations protecting human well-being and anticipate possible problems in the near future. An example of these regulations is the above-mentioned Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine that provides safety measures to Europeans within the area of rapidly developing biomedicine.

20

Moralny obowiązek ochrony środowiska naturalnego według ks. prof. Tadeusza Ślipko

70%

Konstańczak S.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

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2014

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vol. 12

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issue 1

9-28

EN

In his paper, the author makes an attempt at reconstructing one of the first propositions in Poland to start a philosophical discourse on ecological problems. The author of this proposition is priest Tadeusz Ślipko. According to this author the problems of the moral aspects of natural environmental protection are also bioethical problems. Therefore, we can see that he does not consider ethics of the environment as an individual philosophical discipline. The article concentrates on presenting the sources and the range of moral duties of humankind towards the natural environment. Tadeusz Ślipko does not approve of the anthropocentric or biocentric standpoints in the issues of natural environmental protection. He offers his own idea of anthropopriorism, which takes the middle ground between these two extreme concepts. In conclusion, the author underlines that there is still a strong need for ethical reflection over the state of the natural environment along the lines of Ślipko’s stance.

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