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1

Alternative Medicine as Counter-Conduct: Therapeutic Spaces and Medical Rationality in Contemporary Romania

100%

Rusu C.

Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Sociologia

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2015

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vol. 6

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issue 2

5-20

EN

This study analyses the practice of medical pluralism in contemporary Romania, addressing the phenomenon of alternative medicine through the Foucauldian concept of counter-conduct. Employing in-depth interviews with general and alternative practitioners from two towns in Transylvania, and participant observations in spaces where they practice their knowledge, I describe how certain discursive acts reformulate the body and the subject-patient. Alternative therapists construct their practice in direct opposition to several parameters of biomedicine, such as the logic of diagnosis, treatment, and the praxis of patient’s visit to the general practitioner’s office, discussed in the paper. They define their approach as psychosomatic, and set-up the medical space as a confessional space, envisioning a holistic corporeality and the idea of the “inner doctor” in each patient. This conduct would supposedly make the subject “active” and “empowered”, as opposed to the “passive” patient succumbed to the diagnosis of conventional doctors.

2

Europejska Konwencja Bioetyczna w ochronie (bio)bezpieczeństwa człowieka w obszarze biomedycyny: wymiar jednostkowy i społeczny

88%

Ciszek M.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

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2014

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vol. 12

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issue 1

39-57

EN

The article presents the essence of biosafety. It was noticed that biosafety was related to three basic dimensions of threats to human safety connected with biotechnological products. They are genetically modified organisms (GMO), the use of biological weapons, and the development of biomedical disciplines. Currently, the greatest threats to human safety are posed by issues related to rapidly developing biomedicine. Those particular threats were introduced on the basis of the analysis of the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, which constitutes the principal bioethical and legal standard protecting human safety and rights within this area, not only in an individual, but also wider, social, and even species dimensions. The issues discussed in the article concern both the selected, "traditional' problems of ethical and legal nature visible within the area of study, and the newest threats related to medicine's interference in the very foundations of the passing down and development of human life. Among others, this concerns eugenic practices, which could make use genetic engineering. These practices have aroused the most considerable reservations of a moral nature, which demand proper legal regulations protecting human well-being and anticipate possible problems in the near future. An example of these regulations is the above-mentioned Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine that provides safety measures to Europeans within the area of rapidly developing biomedicine.

3

Przedłużanie ludzkiego życia. O możliwości biologicznej nieśmiertelności

75%

Ferdynus M.

Studia Paradyskie

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2013

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issue 23

59-72

PL

Przedłużanie ludzkiego życia jest jednym z najbardziej ekscytujących ale zarazem problematycznych obszarów rozwijającej się nauki. Osiągnięcia genetyki wraz z możliwościami inżynierii genetycznej pozwalają współcześnie tak dalece ingerować w naturę ludzką jak nigdy dotąd. W celu wyjaśnienia tego zagadnienia autor artykułu omawia następujące współczesne metody przedłużania życia: czynniki behawioralne, klonowanie i wykorzystanie komórek macierzystych, transplantacje, krionikę, nanomedycynę, inżynierię genetyczną i Aubreya de Grey'a strategie inżynieryjnego ograniczenia starzenia.

EN

Human life extension is one of the most exciting and problematic areas of developing science. The achievements of genetics, together with the potentialities of genetic engineering, nowadays allow a significant interference with the biological nature of the human species as never before. To elucidate this issue, the author discusses the following contemporary methods of life extension: behavioral factors, cloning and stem cells, transplantations, cryonics, nanomedicine, genetic engineering and Aubrey de Grey's strategies for engineered negligible senescence.

4

Opinia prawna na temat zgodności z Konstytucją RP Konwencji Rady Europy o ochronie praw człowieka i godności istoty ludzkiej w odniesieniu do zastosowań biologii i medycyny

75%

Lipski J.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2014

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issue 2(42)

141-155

EN

The author of the opinion claims that Polish legislation is not fully consistent with the provisions of the Convention. There is no guarantee for the implementation of the commitments adopted by Poland because of the lack of adjustment of Polish legislation prior to ratification. The Convention meets only the minimum requirements for the protection of human rights and the dignity of human being. Nevertheless, the Constitution establishes higher standard of protection of human rights and the dignity of human beings than that provided for in the convention. Ratification of the Convention cannot lead to decrease the constitutional standard. The use of classical instruments of international law enshrined in the Convention (reservations and declaration of interpretation) may help remove the inconsistency between domestic law and the Convention.

5

Kritika povinného očkování v ČR : charakteristiky rodičů a diskurzivní rámce, které využívají

63%

Hasmanová Marhánková J., Skálová J.

Naše společnost (Our Society)

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2016

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vol. 14

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issue 1

3-13

EN

a1_The Czech Republic and its predecessor, Czechoslovakia, have a long-term tradition of immunization programmes, with a current coverage rate of 98-99%. Vaccination is mandated by law to all individuals living in the territory of the Czech Republic. In legal terms, a person who refuses to have their child vaccinated commits an administrative offence against public health. While many experts consider immunization as one of the greatest achievements of modern medicine, some members of Czech society do not regard compulsory vaccination as a clearly positive phenomenon. This paper focuses on parents’ critical perspectives on immunization in the Czech Republic. Its goal is to present the sociodemographic characteristics of parents with critical attitudes to immunization as well as the argumentative discourses they mobilize. The text is based on a questionnaire survey of parents who are active critics of immunization practice. The questionnaire was published at the website of Rozalio, a leading NGO that mobilizes parents against the practice of compulsory vaccination in the Czech Republic. 372 respondents participated in the survey. Open-ended questions were used to invite the parents to share their attitudes on vaccination and their motivations to refuse or critique the practice. The paper starts by presenting a sociodemographic profile of the parents who participated in the questionnaire survey. The quantitative data presented are not representative and rather provide us with general hints to better understand who the parents against vaccination are. The results indicate that critical debates on the practice of compulsory vaccination are primarily attended by better-educated women living in different parts of the Czech Republic. Subsequently, the central part of the analysis deals with the respondents´ answers to open-ended questions about their motivations to refuse/postpone vaccination. Three distinct ways the parents framed their critical attitudes to vaccination were identified in the analysis. The most salient frame, „biomedical discourse of risk“, exploited the concepts and principles of biomedicine but deviated from the dominant interpretation of immunization as public good, instead emphasizing related individual risks. As opposed to the concept of collective immunity as one of the pillars of general immunization policies and epidemiologic discourses, the parents emphasized the need to take an individual approach and personalize the risk. The second frame, „discourse of holistic health“, was much less salient. Referring to the principles of holistic medicine, it emphasized the role of lifestyle at the expense of medical control of the body. Finally, „activist discourse“ was another less frequently mentioned frame. It argued against vaccination as part of a more general critique of the ways the health care system operates and government interferes with individual freedoms.

CS

Československo resp. Česká republika má dlouholetou tradici v oblastech očkování, přičemž míra proočkovanosti v současné době dosahuje 98-99 %. Zákon zároveň ukládá povinnost podrobení se očkování všem jedincům žijícím na území České republiky. Z hlediska zákona je člověk, který odmítá očkování svého dítěte, v pozici občana/ky dopouštějící/ho se přestupku a ohrožující/ho ochranu veřejného zdraví. Přestože je mnoha odborníky/cemi očkování považováno za jeden z největších úspěchů medicíny, ne všichni členové/ky české společnosti nahlížejí na povinné očkování jako na jednoznačné pozitivum. Tento text se zaměřuje na problematiku kritiky očkování v České republice perspektivou rodičů, kteří takovýto postoj zaujímají. Cílem tohoto textu je představit sociodemografické charakteristiky rodičů, kteří se kriticky staví k očkování, a zároveň diskurzy, které při své argumentaci mobilizují. Text vychází z dotazníkového šetření mezi rodiči, kteří kriticky vystupují vůči praxi očkování. Dotazník byl umístěn na webových stránkách občanského sdružení Rozalio, které představuje nejvýraznější a největší organizaci sdružující rodiče kritické k praxi povinného očkování v ČR. Šetření se zúčastnilo 372 respondentů/tek. Rodiče v dotazníku dostali rovněž prostor vlastními slovy vyjádřit své postoje k očkování a důvody, které je vedly k jeho odmítání či kritice.

6

Czy biomedyczne doskonalenie ludzkiej natury jest „zabawą w Boga”?

51%

Ferdynus M.

Studia Warmińskie

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2013

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issue 50

9-22

PL

Biomedyczne doskonalenie człowieka jest jednym z najbardziej ekscytujących ale zarazem problematycznych obszarów rozwijającej się nauki. Autor artykułu przywołuje różne koncepcje i konteksty rozumienia terminu enhancement, wskazując jednoczenie na trudności interpretacyjne, które w następstwie mają istotny wpływ na rozróżnienie między ingerencjami terapeutycznymi i nieterapeutycznymi. Ostateczne analizy pokazują, że termin enhancement można zdefiniować jako doskonalenie natury ludzkiej, które wykracza poza cele medycyny. Taka perspektywa odwołuje czytelnika do jednego z wielu argumentów wysuwanych współcześnie przeciw propozycjom użycia technologii w celu transformacji ludzkiej natury. Chodzi tu o argument zarzucający człowiekowi przejmowanie roli Boga (playing God). Przejaw przesadnego mniemania o posiadanej wiedzy (brak kompetencji), a także ludzka pycha, stają się przyczyną "zabawy w Boga". Taka postawa prowadzi do dehumanizacji. Chcąc jej uniknąć, należy przyjąć, że człowiek (podmiot), powinien być traktowany zawsze jako cel, a nie tylko jako środek, wszelkich biomedycznych interwencji.

EN

Biomedical enhancement of humans is one of the most exciting and problematic areas of developing science. The author of the article evokes various concepts and contexts of understanding of the term enhancement, simultaneously indicating interpreting problems which have hence a significant impact on the distinction between therapeutic and non-therapeutic interferences. The final analysis shows that the term enhancement may be defined as improvement of human nature that goes beyond purposes of medicine. This perspective refers the reader to one among many arguments being raised nowadays against proposals to use technology with the aim of transformation of human nature. This is the argument accusing one in adopting the role of God (playing God). Manifestation of undue conviction of acquired knowledge (lack of competence) as well as human pride become the reasons for “playing God”. The attitude leads to dehumanization. Instead of it one should assume that a person (subject) should be always treated as an end and not merely as means of any biomedical intervention.

DE

Der Autor erinnert an verschiedene Konzepte und Kontexte, die deutlich machen, wie der Begriff enhancement zu verstehen ist, und zeigt die Schwierigkeiten bei dessen Interpretation auf. Die letzte Analyse zeigt, dass man den Begriff enhancement als die Verbesserung der menschlichen Natur definieren kann, die über die Ziele der Medizin hinausgeht. Der Autor erinnert auch an das Argument „des Spielens der Rolle von Gott“. Als Ursache nennt er dabei eine übertriebene Vorstellung des Wissens sowie menschlichen Stolz. Diese Haltung führt zu einer Entmenschlichung.

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