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1
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ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF THE FUNCTIONING OF PRIMRY SCHOOLS IN INOWROCŁAW BOROUGH AND IN NEIGHBOURING BOROUGHS SINCE 2010

100%
Miązek J.
Roczniki Ekonomiczne Kujawsko-Pomorskiej Szkoły Wyższej w Bydgoszczy
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2018
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issue (11)
403-412
EN
The purpose of this article is to present economic determinants of the functioning of primary schools in Inowrocław borough as well as its neighbouring boroughs since 2010. The aspect of functioning of schools as budgetary units based on financial plans as well as principles, which must be guided by the organizational unit of the public sector are presented. Various statistical analyzes were carried out to approximate the interdependencies between the given inputs and the achievements in primary schools to highlight the result of the so-called economic calculation. Then, all the data concerning individual primary schools from the analyzed period were collected to attempt to indicate the most similar boroughs in terms of expenditures and results achieved in primary schools as well as to indicate the most prosperous boroughs in this respect based on cluster analysis. The Central Statistical Office turned out to be indispensable, from which a lot of information about local data was obtained and thanks to which boroughs could be compared in many aspects. The source documents received from units serving individual boroughs, such as financial annual reports or information on the state of implementation of educational tasks, were the most helpful in conducting a study on the functioning of primary schools in individual boroughs. The article uses the data for the years 2010-2017.
2
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System prawno-administracyjny, modele i sposoby prowadzenia gospodarki odpadami w gminach (ogólne wiadomości)

100%
Skowroński A.
Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae
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2009
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vol. 7
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issue 1
143-155
EN
The article touches actual principles and ways of waste economy leading in community. Community (Gmina) is a basic territorial unit of a local government which is obliged for environmental protection including assurance of cleanliness at its territory. The task can be fulfilled in different ways allowing actual rules of community, national and local rights. Pertaining to the rights, the article shows the analysis of legal and administrative aspects and in a synthetic way gathers and displays stages and methods of waste economy leading in community.
3
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Współpraca międzynarodowa gminy miejsko-wiejskiej. Przypadek Olecka

84%
Faliński S.
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne
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2016
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vol. 49
164-180
EN
The article is a case study which depicts the international cooperation of Olecko, which is the capital of Mazury Garbate and one of over six hundred urban-rural boroughs in Poland. It shows the beginnings of this activity, dating back to the communist times in Poland, expressed through cooperation with the French municipality of Marly. The main part of the text, however, discusses the evolution and evaluation of contemporary international cooperation of Olecko, which consists in developing relations with Belarusian (Szczuczyn), Lithuanian (Wilkowyszki, Kozlov Ore), Ukrainian (Drohobych), Russian (Gusev), Austrian (Guessing), and Estonian (Johvi) partners. A characteristic feature of Olecko’s international activity is closely linked with its geographical position and the origin of its inhabitants. These factors largely determine with whom and on what terms the city cooperates with, using a significant amount of EU funding. This international activity of the capital of Mazury Garbate has been internationally recognized. In 2014, Olecko was awarded the prestigious prize and the European City of Sport title.
PL
Artykuł jest studium przypadku, przedstawiającym współpracę międzynarodową Olecka, które jest stolicą Mazur Garbatych, jako jednej z ponad sześciuset istniejących w Polsce gmin miejsko- -wiejskich. Ukazano w nim sięgające czasów komunistycznej Polski początki tej współpracy, wyrażającej się kooperacją z francuską gminą Marly. Główna część tekstu stanowi omówienie ewolucji i ocenę współczesnej współpracy międzynarodowej Olecka, na którą składają się relacje z partnerami białoruskimi (Szczuczyn), litewskimi (Wilkowyszki, Kozłowa Ruda), ukraińskimi (Drohobycz), rosyjskimi (Gusiew), austriackimi (Guessing) i estońskimi (Johvi). Cechą charakterystyczną aktywności międzynarodowej Olecka jest ścisłe powiązanie z jego położeniem geograficznym i pochodzeniem olecczan. To one determinują w przeważającym stopniu, z kim i na jakich zasadach miasto współpracuje, w bardzo znaczącym stopniu wykorzystując fundusze Unii Europejskiej. Ta aktywność stolicy Mazur Garbatych została dostrzeżona na arenie międzynarodowej. W roku 2014 Olecko zostało uhonorowane prestiżową nagrodą i tytułem Europejskiego Miasta Sportu.
4
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Nowe dane do badań nad kujawskimi grodziskami z Mietlicy i Borkowa

84%
Danielewicz M.
Studia Lednickie
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2014
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vol. 13
153-159
EN
The paper New Data for Research on the Cuiavian Strongholds from Mietlica and Borkowo concerns issues of archaeology and the protection of monuments. It briefly discusses the state of hitherto research and knowledge on the strongholds in Mietlica and Borkowo. Then there follows a thorough analysis of aerial photographs (made by Łukasz Oliwkowski) of both these defensive premises. e discussion is separately completed with data acquired in consequence of subsequent surveys of the strongholds in Mietlica and Borkowo, carried out in the years 2007–2014. In the case of the castrum in Mietlica, the aerial photos and field surveys allowed for the recording of traces of the area in front of the rampart, the moat and the gate. Furthermore, a putative course of the eastern rampart (now levelled) of this premise was identified. In the case of the stronghold in Borkowo, it was possible not only to record its shape (the premise is two thirds destroyed) but also to propose a daring supposition concerning the vicinity of this Early Medieval stronghold. Based on aerial photographs, it was possible to state that the stronghold was accompanied with a suburbium to the south-east. All these pieces of information seem to be relevant from the point of view of possible excavations at both sites in future. At the same time, this data should also be of significance from the point of view of the heritage protection service and the protection of the discussed strongholds.
5
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Nadzór nad opłatami za gospodarowanie odpadami komunalnymi

84%
Suska M.
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe
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2016
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vol. 3
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issue 4
33-46
EN
From Constitutional Tribunal point of view, lawmaker is obliged to create law in possibly clear way. It was not taken into consideration in case of amendment to act from September 13th 1996 regarding keeping cleanliness and order in boroughs. Boroughs had to organize pick up system for municipal waste from property owners, who would have to cover the costs of the whole process as municipal waste management fees. However, the act does not define the character of this fee. As a result there is the uncertainty, which organ of supervising the local self-government units activities is correct to research on resolutions taken basing on keeping cleanliness and order in boroughs act. There are few statements issued by administrative courts, though they are incompatible, despite the fact that were based on same deeds. The article shows the polemic of public bodies.
PL
W ocenie TK od ustawodawcy wymaga się, aby prawo było tworzone w sposób klarowny. Nie zostało to wzięte pod uwagę w przypadku nowelizacji Ustawy z 13 września 1996 r. o utrzymaniu czystości i porządku w gminach. Narzucono gminom obowiązek zorganizowania systemu odbierania odpadów komunalnych od właścicieli nieruchomości, którzy mieliby ponosić tego koszty w drodze opłaty za gospodarowanie odpadami komunalnymi. W ustawie jednak nie sprecyzowano charakteru tej opłaty. W konsekwencji powstała niejasność, który z organów nadzoru nad działalnością jednostek samorządu terytorialnego jest właściwy do zbadania uchwał podejmowanych na podstawie ustawy o utrzymaniu czystości i porządku w gminach. W tej kwestii wypowiedziały się sądy administracyjne, jednak wyrażone stanowiska były rozbieżne, mimo iż oparte były na tych samych aktach prawnych. W artykule ukazano polemikę organów publicznych.
6
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Współpraca międzynarodowa miasta na prawach powiatu. Przykład Płocka

83%
Faliński S.
Studia z Polityki Publicznej
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2019
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vol. 6
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issue 3(23)
109-125
EN
This article is a case study that presents the international cooperation of one of the 66 Polish cities with the district status – Płock, a city of average size in this category of Polish local self-governments, which, however, is not average in terms of its historical traditions. For several decades it was the capital of Poland and the historical capital of one of its regions, Mazovia. Today, it is a medium-sized city, which is very active in theinternational arena. For its international cooperation it has been awarded many Council of Europe awards: the European Diploma, the Flag of Honour and the Plaque of Honour. This article presents the activities undertaken by the Płock authorities which led to the awarding of these distinctions.
PL
Artykuł ten stanowi studium przypadku i przedstawia współpracę międzynarodową jednego z 66 polskich miast na prawach powiatu – Płocka, miasta przeciętnej wielkości w tej kategorii polskich samorządów terytorialnych, które jednak nie jest przeciętne pod względem tradycji historycznych. Było ono przez kilkadziesiąt lat stolicą Polski i historyczną stolicą jednej z jej dzielnic – Mazowsza. Dzisiaj jest miastem średniej wielkości, które bardzo aktywnie działa na arenie międzynarodowej. Za współpracę międzynarodową zostało wyróżnione wieloma nagrodami Rady Europy: Dyplomem Europejskim, Flagą Honorową i Tablicą Honorową. Artykuł przedstawia działalność Płocka, która doprowadziła do otrzymania tych wyróżnień.
7
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Podziały administracyjne Polski w latach 1944–1998. Z badań nad ustrojem ziem polskich w XIX i XX w.

67%
Dziki T.
Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość
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2013
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vol. 10
433-450
EN
In the 20th century many territorial reforms were introduced. The reforms in 1918 were problematic due to the re-creation of Polish independent state after more than a century of partitions by Austria-Hungary, the German, and the Russian Empires. After 1945 the estab-lishment of new administrative units was still a difficult issue since again the government had to take new Polish borders into consideration before making a decision. The adminis-trative changes between 1945 and 1946 were soon followed by another set of reforms. The major ones were introduced in 1950, early 1970s and 1998. There were also many reforms between the mentioned periods, however, those changes dealt with single cities, villages and other small administrative units. Quite frequently, especially between 1952 and 1989 (The Polish People's Republic) the reforms served political rather than social needs. The present administrative division has been valid since 1999.
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Šosovní, nebo poddanské vesnice? K interpretaci pozemkového příslušenství zeměpanských měst ve středověku

67%
Lhoták J.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
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2013
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vol. 111
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issue 3
517-562
EN
This contribution attempts to clarify the concept and legal position of the so-called borough (= šos) villages attached to free Royal boroughs in the pre-Hussite period. He deals with the notion of town property tax (šos in Czech), its earlier interpretations in Czech historiography and defines its meaning by analysing the system of fiscal duties in free Royal towns (feu duty, property taxes). He then pays attention to the legal relationship between borough villages and the sovereign and to the rights the latter exercised on their territories (patronage rights, consent for land transactions). The author provides a survey of possible options in which municipal law penetrated into the countryside (weichbild, the nobility granting the option that municipal law might be used, etc.). In its conclusion he argues against the usage of the concept of borough landed estates for the period prior to 1420.
9
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Miasto gruzińskie – semantyka wybranych pojęć

59%
Pirveli M.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica
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2017
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issue 27
111-125
EN
Towns located on the area of modern Georgia has mostly ancient or early medieval origins. From the same period are coming much of the terms describing the urban, the town and its inhabitants. Aim of this article is to introduce urbanity in the context of the semantics of a few basic concepts. Since semantics and knowledge of the genesis of the term reveals the cultural capacity of the places to define which these terms are used. In the final part of the text discussed terms are seen as carriers of historical and cultural memory.
PL
Miejscowości zlokalizowane na terenie (obecnej) Gruzji mają przeważnie starożytną i wczesnośredniowieczną genezę. Z tychże okresów pochodzi znaczna część gruzińskojęzycznych terminów opisujących miasto, miejskość i jego mieszkańców. Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie fenomenu miejskości w kontekście semantyki kilku podstawowych pojęć. Znajomość genezy terminu pozwala, zdaniem autorki, dostrzec kulturową pojemność miejsca, do określania których są one używane. W końcowej części tekstu, rozpatrywane wcześniej pojęcia, postrzegane są jako nośniki pamięci historycznej i kulturowej.
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Kopalnie siarki w Swoszowicach – status prawny i formy zarządu w czasach staropolskich i w okresie zaborów

51%
Galas D.
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa
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2013
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vol. 6
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issue 4
387–404
EN
the beginning of sulphur ore mining in Swoszowice, having lasted for almost 500 years, goes back to the 15th century when the need for sulphur increased along with the firearm production development. In the Middle Ages alchemists called sulphur the ‘element of flammability’. After the invention of fi rearm sulphur gained big importance. It became an ingredient gunpowder. The real impulse for sulphur mining development in Swoszowice, a village near Krakow, was the publication of two documents: Village Land Act in Swoszowice and Diploma, that permitted mining in Swoszowice and gave a privilege to miners guild (co-partnership extracting sulphur ore) that enabled them to carry out extraction of sulphur in the whole country. It was given in 1415 by the Polish king,Władysław II Jagiełło. In the beginning, the miners guild consisted of well-known Cracow burghers: Michał Fayger, Piotr Słodownik, Mikołaj Sołtys from Stradom and a mineworker Krystian. Then it became a part of goods of Corpus Christi Monastery in Kazimierz and after the partitions of Poland it was a state-owned entity until 1887. Sulphur mining in Swoszowice made Jagiellonian dynasty powerful and influential. It lasted almost continually till 1886. At that time the pit in Swoszowice was the biggest in Europe. In the 18th century 250 workers worked there and 2,5 tones of sulphur were mined each year. In the late 19th century (1871–1876) the mine in Swoszowice covered 80–90 % of sulphur demand in Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. There were many reasons for the fall of the sulphur mine in Swoszowice such as: predatory economy, decrease in sulphur ore and increase of production costs, caused for example by the rise of wood prices (wood was needed to make protection systems of the shafts), groundwater floods in the shafts. Miners were also exposed to harmful impact of hydrogen sulfi de. Additionally, the mine business in Swoszowice was negatively infl uenced by ongoing competition, the renewal of sulphur production in Sicilia, cheaper sulphur production from pirytes in Hungary, markdown of tariffs on sulphur carriage as a consequence of the Trade Act between Austria and Italy lowering the duty on imported sulphur from Sicilia. The last attempts to restart the mine in Swoszowice were made during the World War I, in 1917. For that reason the Polish Sulphur Factory consortium was created. It conducted mining works in the area of bathing facilities. Two shafts were deepened: Elżbieta and Piotr. Sulphur ore, with 22–25% sulphur content, was discovered on a depth of 18 meters in the first one. The mining works were stopped though.
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