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1

Bolesław Hryniewiecki (1875–1963) – botanik jako badacz literatury

100%

Wysokińska B.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2016

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vol. 61

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issue 3

65–80

EN

This article presents interests in the humanities, and particularly in literature, of an outstanding Polish botanist of the previous century – Bolesław Hryniewiecki (1875–1963). The scientist was not only a botanist but also an activist in wildlife conservation: creator and first president of the League for the Preservation of Nature. He took initiative in wildlife preservation for Polish national parks created thereafter. The other important field of his scholarly activity were the arts. Analysis of Hryniewiecki’s extensive scientific achievements shows a considerable share of works in the humanities, including comprehensive accounts of nature descriptions in Polish belles-lettres. Quantitative (approximate) presentation of the share of works in the humanities in his whole output as a scientist, including publications for the general public (excluding reviews and copies), clearly demonstrates that out of 468 publications, as many as 168, i.e. 36%, are works that can be categorised as the ones in the humanities. From the 30s of the 20th century, the number of Hryniewiecki’s works in the arts started to rise, with a break during the 2nd World War. After the War, his publications in the humanities outnumbered the works on nature. The most important ones were his accounts of the descriptions of nature in the works of Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855) and Eliza Orzeszkowa (1841-1910). An interesting work titled Przyroda w twórczości Elizy Orzeszkowej (Nature in the literary works of Eliza Orzeszkowa) was never published and is preserved only in typescript kept in the Orzeszkowa Archive at the Institute of Literary Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Apart from the main subject expressed in the title, the manuscript also includes Hryniewiecki’s deliberations devoted to the importance of literary works for natural history. It can be assumed that Hryniewiecki’s research in the writings of Orzeszkowa and Mickiewicz was an important part of his inquiry into natural science, particularly in the later period of his life, when he ceased doing typical botanical research. When analysing the works of belles-lettres, Hryniewiecki intended to interpret them from the point of view of a botanist, to verify information which they contained, to comment and facilitate the reception of the themes of nature introduced by the writers, and popularize nature and its protection among the readers.

2

Botany as a new field of knowledge in the thirteenth century: on the genesis of the specialized sciences

72%

Yavuz M., Oliva P. H.

Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)

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2020

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vol. 42

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issue 1

51-75

EN

Th e reception of the translations of Aristotelian and pseudo-Aristotelian works at the University of Paris in the thirteenth century promoted a new understanding of the sciences as specialized fi elds of knowledge. Th e huge amount of translations required a new organization of knowledge, which included novel subjects and categories. Among these there is a very special case, namely the pseudo- Aristotelian De plantis, translated from Arabic into Latin and then back into Greek to be re-translated into Latin again. De plantis was included in the new curriculum in Ripoll 109 (1230–1240 BCE), and constituted the main source for botanical studies until the sixteenth century. Th roughout this paper we will explore the reception and impact of De plantis in both the Arabic and the Latin traditions. We aim to show its foundational role in the development of botany as a theoretical discipline within the natural sciences.

CS

Recepce překladů aristotelských (včetně pseudo-aristotelských) textů na Pařížské univerzitě 13. století šířila nové porozumění vědám jakožto specializovaným oblastem poznání. Velké množství překladů vyžadovalo novou reorganizaci vědění, která musela zahrnout nové předměty a kategorie. Mezi těmito překlady můžeme najít velmi specifi cký případ – pseudo- -aristotelský spis De plantis, přeložený z arabštiny do latiny, poté zpět do řečtiny a nakonec znovu přeložený do latiny. De plantis byl zahrnut do nového kurikula v Ripollu 109 (1230–1240 n.l.) a tvořil hlavní pramen pro botanické studie až do 16. století. V tomto článku zkoumáme přijetí a dopad De plantis jak na arabskou, tak na latinskou tradici. Našim cílem je ukázat jeho fundamentální roli ve vývoji botaniky jako nové disciplíny v rámci přírodních věd.

3

Ke zpracování názvů rostlin v Akademickém slovníku současné češtiny

58%

Nová J., Pernicová H.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2016

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vol. 99

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issue 4

207-212

EN

The names of plants are presented as an example of the way in which terminological items are treated in the Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech (ASSČ). The general principles applied are accuracy and comprehensibility of explanation, while specific rules include the proper choice of the genus proximum and theparaphrasing of botanical terms necessary for the description of the plant. The treatment of the genus and the treatment of the species differ in the position of the botanical name in the entry. We also discuss the treatment of polysemic lexemes of this semantic group, as well as the treatment of plant families. The principles are illustrated using examples of completed entries.

4

Średniowieczne dziedzictwo sztuki ogrodowej klasztorów europejskich

58%

Milecka M.

Hereditas Monasteriorium

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2012

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vol. 1

31-56

EN

The tradition of the hermit orders emerged within the first two hundred years of Christianity, but it was st. Benedict who initiated the idea of the convent life based on the self-sufficiency and common living, improved during the 6th century. St. Benedict referred in a particular way to the words of Christ: „I was a stranger and you invited me in [...], I was sick and you looked after me” (Matthew 25:35–36). By putting the emphasis on warm hospitality for all of the travelers from different states and respect for the ill people, his philosophy shaped few types of monastic gardens. Among the other gardens there were: herbal (medical), kailyard and the orchard/graveyard. The input of the convents in the development of the horticulture is huge if consider the progress and dissemination of plant production, but also land cultivation, its fertilization, restoration and irrigation. The orders were leaders in techniques of management and usage of waters, forests, keeping the vineyards, orchards, and utilitarian and recreational gardens. The widespread of botanical and medical knowledge by collecting, copying and illustrating manuscripts is also owed to the convents. Many abbots had solid knowledge of gardening, but also of medicine according to st. Benedict. In particular, the Benedictines and Cistersians influenced the development of farming and gardening by expanding the boundaries of inhabited areas. A lot of convents were taking care of ill people, giving the beginning of hospital institutions. The monks’ records contain many useful information concerning the botanical knowledge and medical use of plants. This knowledge, however, has no Christian roots as it was transferred to the European grounds along with the inflow of the ancient Latin treaties to the Christian culture. What have left as a legacy of antiquity, and what was an important starting point for further development of the horticulure as a science, are four complete works on agriculture and one encyclopedic work containing botanical books on agriculture, gardening, and materia medica. A significant progress of the horticulture as an applied science have brought the times of Charles The Great, and several prominent brothers. It is worth to mention here the names of: Alcuin – the abbot of st. Martin monastery, the famous Benedict of Aniane – the abbot of Languedoc (considered as the author of the Capitulare de villis plant list), Gozbert of St. Gall, abbot Haito of Reichenau, but also the only women among the above mentioned – Hildegard of Bingen. Through their letters, plans, and even poems (Hortulus – the poem of Walafrid Strabo), it is now known a lot more about medieval monastic gardens, their composition, spatial structure, the species of cultivated plants, and their importance for contemporary people. The useful plants were highly valued at that time, not only as the healthy groceries, but also for their importance for medieval spirituality as the spiritual and symbolic value, sometimes even magical. It was believed that each plant was created with a purpose, having added specific values, to serve man. Many plants intented for human consumption were also considered to be sanative. In particular, it concerned fruits and vegetables considered as higly therapeutic, so they were used in specially composed diets, i.a. in presented in detail in the article diet, based on the so-called theory of liquids. The author of this article, sharing the information about the importance of garden and the developing practical science of horticulture in medieval orders, is trying to give answer, which plants were grown in the medieval monastic gardens, which forms of cultivation and gardening practices were used, and reflects her thoughts on the problem of protecting the legacy of monastic garden art in the contemporary world.

5

Aristotelian Biology. A Synopsis

58%

Meyer M. F.

Peitho. Examina Antiqua

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2020

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vol. 11

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issue 1

83-120

EN

In no field of knowledge did Aristotle leave more writings than in biology. He conducted research for longer and more intensively in zoology than in any other field. In these writings he mentions a good 550 animal and 60 plant species. While this includes the internal anatomy of around 110 animals, he dissected 60 species himself. The present contribution deals with the epistemic motifs and the meaning of Aristotelian biology in the context of his scientific curriculum. It is thus demonstrated that in De anima Aristotle’s actual explanations are preceded by an investigation of the principles, which aims to differentiate living objects from inanimate ones, and to develop a method of explanation based on the species-specific vital functions of living beings. This article provides an overview of the four main disciplines of Aristotelian biology: comparative anatomy, physiology, genetics and behavioral research. The text offers tabular overviews of the animals and plants dealt with by Aristotle.

6

Mgr Nadzieja Rojecka (1898-1986), botanik i fitopatolog

58%

Gąsiorowski S.

Almanach Karaimski

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2021

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vol. 10

45-60

EN

The article presents the history of the life and scientific work of Karaim Nadzieja Rojecka (1898-1986), who obtained her master's degree in botany after university studies in Vilnius and Toruń, and then worked as an assistant at the University of Vilnius and Toruń and at the Plant Protection Station in Vilnius and Toruń, and finally the Institute of Plant Protection in Puławy. She was one of the eminent specialists in her research field in Poland.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono dzieje życia i pracy naukowej Karaimki Nadziei Rojeckiej (1898-1986), która uzyskała magisterium z botaniki po studiach uniwersyteckich w Wilnie i Toruniu, a następnie pracowała w charakterze asystentki w Uniwersytecie Wileńskim i Toruńskim oraz w Stacji Ochrony Roślin w Wilnie i Toruniu, w końcu Instytucie Ochrony Roślin w Puławach. Należała w Polsce do wybitnych specjalistek w swojej dziedzinie badawczej.

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