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EN
The problem of width of landscape boundary remains widely discussed from more then one century. The author attempts to describe a width of some landscape boundaries of a higher rank by describing the mosaic of a lower rank landscape units. The research was realised within upland landscape of Nida Basin and lowland landscape of Wigry National Park.
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O pojęciu GRANICY - raz jeszcze

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EN
The concept of the BOUNDARY, relevant in the philosophy for designating objects, has the same function also in the language. The word granica, from grań, i.e. a conventional sign set for separating one territory from another, in the process of time started to design not only the names of territories but also abstract names of objects without inherent boundaries. The author proposes to distinguish two lexical units with the sequence granica: granice czegoś 'boundaries of something', and granica między czymś a czymś 'boundary between ... and ...', both of which separate an object from surroundings. Using the first one, the speaker localizes the objects in space, whereas using the second one he separates it from other objects.
EN
This study analyses the chromotope of the suburb of Stínadla (“The Shades”), which plays a key role in the narrative organization of the cult “Stínadla” trilogy by Jaroslav Foglar, comprising his novels Záhada hlavolamu (Mystery of the Conundrum, 1941), Stínadla se bouří (The Shades in Revolt, 1947) and Tajemství velkého Vonta (Secret of the High Vont, 1986). The spacial structure of the trilogy’s text is divided into two spheres — the suburbs separated by a boundary, with their distinctive structure. By crossing this boundary the boys in the Rychlé šípy (“Rapid Arrows”) gang enter Stínadla, a labyrinthine chronotope with radically different rules, a dangerous unknown space where they lose their bearings and continually find themselves in danger. The labyrinthine topology of Stínadla impedes the gang and causes them to get lost. As they are escaping, Rychlé šípy come across transverse passageways between individual locations. The atmosphere is another stylistic and motif-based emanation of the Stínadla chronotope. The chronotope textually constructed in this manner helps to generate the mysterious adventure story: as by crossing the boundary and infiltrating the Vont community the protagonists find themselves encountering a space where they generate the events of an adventure story. Another emanation of this chronotope is the special caste of boys who inhabit this space — the Vonts, whose character is determined by the topography and architecture of this labyrinthine suburb. The Vonts’ organization is structured on the model of a secret society with sacralized rituals. The “hedgehog in a cage” conundrum as a talisman is a sacral object symbolizing power and safeguarding unity within Stínadla. It is a mysterious object, a quest object, which sets the story in motion, as well as an object with a market value (an invention). In the trilogy the Stínadla chronotope generates three analogous plots, each of which is a mystery story built on the structure of an investigation, a quest for a mysterious object and the revelation of a dark tale from the past, in each of which the motif of the tragic demise of a boy plays a role, together with the mystery of his death and the notes he wrote before his death. The demonic Stínadla even has a destructive effect upon the Rychlé šípy boys themselves, sowing discord amongst them and an atmosphere of suspicion. For example, this chronotope even generates a dark doppelgänger of the exemplary Mirek Dušín.
EN
The aim of this paper is to show how politics, culture and ethnicity interweave in the context of the Rushdie Affair in both the real‑life dimension of the historical events taking place in the late 1980s, as well as the literary dimension of the novel by Hanif Kureishi entitled The Black Album. The paper briefly outlines the Rushdie Affair as it unfolded in the British public sphere with particular emphasis placed on the process of consolidation of the Muslim identity among the representatives of different ethnic groups in Great Britain in the political and cultural context of the event which is deemed to be defining from the point of view of British Muslims. The author of the paper presents the profile of Hanif Kureishi, to indicate why he is ideally positioned to look critically at both sides of the conflict. The paper analyses the novel itself insofar as it examines the implications of the Rushdie Affair depicted in The Black Album, the reactions of the second‑generation immigrants of Pakistani descent in the face of the controversy, the influence this event exerted on the process of their searching for identity as well as their integration into British society. Two opposing identity options taken up by the protagonists of The Black Album are analysed by the author of the paper.
EN
The launch of the Soviet Sputnik in 1957 resulted in the emergence of two legal concepts concerning spacefl ight. The first of them concerned harmless passage through airspace subjected to the sovereignty of states, the second - recognition that at the height of the trajectory of a passage, space is no longer subject to the sovereignty of states (res omnium communis). In both cases, we are dealing with limiting the sovereignty of states. These issues have not been resolved to this day. The practice of spacefl ight has confirmed the freedom of spaceflight, although it has not resolved the issue of the upper limit of airspace. It is worth emphasising, however, that the decisive factor for the development of space law was the customary law that arose in 1957, because states did not protest and tacitly accepted the principle of a harmless flight.
XX
For few hundred years Lublin developed as a multiethnic city, where Jews – among other minorities – played an important role, participating in process of creating the city's political and economic institutions and public life. Jews had inhabited a separated district, Podzamcze, since the 16th century and, after 1862, the Old Town and other districts as well. While Jews eventually could be found throughout Lublin by the interwar period, the former boundaries between the "Jewish" and "Christian" parts of the city remained strongly imprinted in social and cultural memory. They were an important element in local heritage and affected the everyday life of the city inhabitants. This article analyses the imaginative boundaries that delineated the "Jewish" district of Lublin in the pre-World War II period. Drawing on oral testimonies of residents who have personal recollections from the 1920s and 1930s, it documents the processes by which individuals invoke urban border markers to situate communities spatially, and in so doing invest those markers with cultural difference. Describing the Jewish district as "different" and thus culturally separated is an important element of an of Lublin's historical discourse, and is central to understanding the complex issues connected with the former ethnic and religious diversity of Lublin. The article also contributes to theoretical issues involving borders, borderlands and multicultural spaces or places.
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EN
In this essay I analyze the phenomenon of boundary and the mode(s) of human experiencing of it. I claim that it is essential, or even foundational, to culture. Humans encounter boundaries positively or negatively virtually everywhere, in all forms of experience of reality and of themselves. To experience a boundary is, obviously, not identical with a simple acceptance of our limitations, but is equally constituted by a pursuit to transgress it. There is no boundary without at least possible transgression, and there is no transgression without a boundary. In this sense one cannot be understood without the other. This paradoxical relation is constitutive – as we know from the great narratives of our culture – for culture and humankind in their essential entanglement. But this picture is to be supplemented by a moment of resistance – even if we were able to transgress all boundaries, does that mean we should? It is this question which draws our attention to creative and normative aspects of our experience of boundaries. It is this question which constitutes a challenge to our thinking and acting whenever we encounter a boundary. In my analyses I pay some special attention to boundaries in contemporary art.
EN
The author analyzes the specific character of the use of the term “boundary” in the scientific research and emphasizes the necessity to combine intellectual and emotionally-shaped cogni¬tive strategies in a study of the phenomena related to “boundary”. In this case, however, the author focuses his attention on the logical component of “mental image” of the boundary. In the text, general contours of the semantic field of the term “boundary” are indicated and general features of the «boundarity» as a special condition of the person and society are allocated. At the same time, Y. G. Shemiakin notes that the social cultural quality of «boun- darity» may differ according to a degree of maturity and historical stability. According to these criteria, the concepts of «boundary situation» and «boundary civilization» are differen¬tiated, and the specific character of the «boundary» civilization systems in comparison with the great classical civilizations of the Orient and the Occident is investigated.
EN
The paper describes features of landscape boundaries in the lowland landscape of Poland and verifies their cross-scale properties. The diversity of lithology, morphometry and land use was taken into account by delimitation of the boundaries. A scale of 1:50 000 was set as the basis. Three structural features (length, contrast and sinuosity) and two functional features (permeability and stability) were examined. The boundaries within the research area are typically of average length, low sinuosity, high permeability and low stability. A high correspondence between the diversity of abiotic components and land use is observed, resulting in a large number of high-contrast boundaries. However, this feature does not necessarily mean that these patterns are cross scale and can be applied at a higher level of landscape hierarchy. A geochemical/typological and regional order has been explored to describe properties of landscape boundaries for different spatial scales. Only the first of the listed orders corresponds to diversification of boundary features.
EN
Within the philosophical anthropology of Helmuth Plessner the concept of the boundary plays a prominent role. As a basic idea to understand the existence of living organisms the key concept of the boundary allows to conceive the specifics of human extistence in the term of the eccentric positionality as a fundamental constitution of man. The article tries to reconstruct the genesis and the systematic content of the concept of the boundary and to outline the consequences for Plessner’s social philosophy.
EN
The purpose of this article is to provide a communicative-linguistic perspective on the vocabulary selected from the Wiesław Myśliwski’s novel Widnokrąg. As a result of the changing ways of communication – caused by the dynamic social, economic, and cultural processes – part of the lexis goes out of use and only remains in the memory of those for whom it constitutes a significant element of identity. This phenomenon is of a universal nature. We assume that literature is a basic medium of memory of a cultural community, and the lexis contained in it transfers selected images of life, helping to memorize them or adding new elements to he reader’s competences. The vocabulary that creates the image of the world in Widnokrąg reconstructs and reinterprets the past both in the author/narrator and in the reader. The vocabulary selected from the analysed novel, retained in the memory of an individual, shows reality form the perspective of a “small homeland”, enabling the reader to know the realities of the life lived there, and thereby to extend his or her own memory.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie z perspektywy komunikacyjno-językowej wybranego słownictwa z powieści Wiesława Myśliwskiego Widnokrąg. Zmieniający się – wskutek dynamicznych procesów społecznych, gospodarczych i kulturowych – sposób porozumiewania się powoduje, że część leksyki wychodzi z użycia i pozostaje w pamięci tylko tych osób, dla których jest ważnym składnikiem tożsamości. Zjawisko to ma charakter uniwersalny. Przyjmujemy, że literatura jest podstawowym medium pamięci wspólnoty kulturowej, a leksyka w niej zawarta przekazuje wybrane obrazy życia, pomagając w ich zapamiętaniu lub poszerzając kompetencje odbiorcy o nowe elementy. Słownictwo kreujące obraz świata w powieści Widnokrąg rekonstruuje i reinterpretuje przeszłość zarówno u autora/narratora jak i u czytelnika. Wybrane z analizowanej powieści słownictwo zatrzymane w pamięci jednostki pokazuje rzeczywistość z perspektywy „małej ojczyzny”, umożliwiając czytelnikowi poznanie realiów toczącego się w niej życia, a co za tym idzie poszerzenie własnej pamięci.
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Granice polityczne a turystyka

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PL
Granice polityczne są przedmiotem badań geografii politycznej. Pomimo globalizacji i innych procesów nie tracą one na znaczeniu. Mają wpływ na wiele dziedzin życia, w tym i turystykę. Celem tego opracowania jest próba uporządkowania wiedzy na temat wzajemnych relacji pomiędzy turystyką a granicami politycznymi. Problematyka ta była podejmowana przez wielu autorów na świecie, jednak w Polsce nie spotkała się dotychczas z większym zainteresowaniem. Omawiane relacje można umownie uprościć do wpływu granic politycznych na turystykę i turystyki na granice polityczne. W każdym przypadku wpływ ten może mieć charakter pozytywny bądź negatywny. Wpływ granic politycznych na turystykę widoczny jest w tym, że stanowią one barierę w podróży, służą kontroli ruchu turystycznego, wpływają na koszty i zróżnicowanie środowiska geograficznego oraz przyczyniają się do likwidacji pewnych zjawisk. Granice budzą zainteresowanie turystów ze względu na to, że istnieją oraz z powodu formy swojego istnienia. Samo pokonywanie granicy jest intrygujące, tak samo jak materialne i niematerialne elementy związane z granicą, zarówno obecne, jak i historyczne. Ponadto granica przyczynia się do powstania innych zjawisk, które budzą zainteresowanie turystów. Turystyka również ma wpływ na granice polityczne, jednak wydaje się, że ma to mniejsze znaczenie. Turystyka może wpływać na uproszczenie procedur granicznych i zmiany w infrastrukturze na granicy. Przyczynia się do zmian w krajobrazie, najczęściej z pozytywnymi efektami, oraz rozwoju różnorodnych zjawisk na pograniczu, co może prowadzić do powstania swoistej atmosfery pogranicza.
EN
Political boundaries are the subject of research in political geography till the beginning. They are still of vital importance, in spite of globalization and similar phenomena. A boundary affects various areas of life, including tourism. The aim of this paper/study is to considerate and highlight interactions between political boundaries and tourism. It attracts much of the attention of researchers in many countries, but in Poland there are very few scholars engaged in that field. Relationships between political boundaries and tourism one can simplify to the impact of boundaries on tourism and, on the contrary, tourism on political boundaries. In each case, the impact may be positive or negative in nature. Political boundaries are not only barriers to tourist movement, but they are also used to control travelling people, affect costs, and contribute to the diversity of geographical environment. Furthermore, borders can also block some investments or even cause social or physical phenomena (because of military and strategic reasons). They attract tourists on their own due to their forms, shapes and special features. Border crossing is intriguing in itself as well as because of material and immaterial, contemporary and historical items connected with a borderline. Moreover, a political boundary may lead to the emergence of a variety of other things, which can be tourist attractions. As it was stated above, political boundaries affect tourism, but tourism also has some impact on political boundaries, although its importance is probably minor. Tourism can influence the simplification of border procedures and the improvement of border infrastructure. Besides, tourism can contribute to the transformation of landscape in the borderland and the development of various phenomena, which may result in the creation of the peculiar borderland atmosphere.
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Penser la fraternité

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PL
How can we think of a polysemous reality like that of brotherhood? We propose the theological paradigm of the frontier as a method. This paradigm will allow us: first, to read the forms of fraternity (in an articulation of the singular, the particular and the universal); second, to question fraternity anthropologically (which articulates the questions of origin, becoming and end); finally, to consider fraternity ethically (by questioning it from the face of the other, from the socio-cultural values, norms and principles that condition it).
Studia Slavica
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2014
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vol. 18
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issue 2
27-38
EN
The article discusses the problem of obsolete modernist educational project, requiring the student to conform to the system and programmed way of reading literature. As a counterbalance to the non-functional today methods of interpretation the author proposes to draw attention to the benefits of restitution in the school reading of the so-called compensative model. He presents the idea of sampling literature and the thesis of the need for free crossing of theoretical models to run the game with the world of literature. This process allows students to perceive textuality of the world in the course of everyday language and mental social interaction.
PL
Na terytorium okupowanej Polski w okresie drugiej wojny światowej naziści założyli dwa szczególne rodzaje obozów: koncentracyjne (Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau, KL Lublin, KL Plaszow) i zagłady (SS-Sonderkommando Kulmhof, Sonderkommando Belzec der Waffen-SS, SS-Sonderkommando Treblinka, SS-Sonderkommando Sobibor). Każdy z nich stanowił pewien zamknięty obszar, którego granice wyznaczane były w postaci konkretnych obiektów liniowych i punktowych. Morfologicznie można wyróżnić granice wewnętrzne (oddzielające strefy wewnątrzobozowe) bezpośrednie (granica właściwa) oraz zewnętrzne. Bezpośrednie granice obozów były zróżnicowane: od pojedynczego płotu aż do wielokrotnych linii drutów kolczastych z wieżami strażniczymi. Najsłabiej rozwiniętą granicę miał Kulmhof, natomiast najsilniej rozwiniętą strefę graniczną z systemem izolacji wykształcił Auschwitz-Birkenau. Głównym celem artykułu jest analiza i typologia części składowych granic nazistowskich obozów koncentracyjnych i zagłady na terenie okupowanej Polski.
EN
On occupied Polish territory during the Second World War, the Nazis established two special types of camps: concentration (Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau, KL Lublin, KL Plaszow), and extermination camps (SS-Sonderkommando Kulmhof, the Sonderkommando Belzec der Waffen-SS, SS-Sonderkommando Treblinka, SS-Sonderkommando Sobibor). Each of them covered a closed area, whose boundaries were determined in the form of a specific line or point objects. Internal borders (the zones separating inner camp), direct (right border) and external one can be distinguished morphologically. Direct boundaries of the camps were varied: from a single fence to multiple lines of barbed wire and watchtowers. The least developed border had Kulmhof, while the most developed border zone isolation system developed in Auschwitz-Birkenau.
PL
W artykule omówiono w zarysie proces kształtowania granic wsi w Polsce w średniowieczu i epoce nowożytnej. Analizy następstwa stosowanych procedur delimitacji oraz demarkacji granic w krajobrazie kulturowym wsi dokonano w świetle odpowiednio wyselekcjonowanego materiału źródłowego w konfrontacji z wynikami dotychczasowych badań geograficzno-historycznych w tym zakresie. W pracy podjęto także problem powiązania kwestii formowania granic z zagadnieniem pochodzenia form osadniczych w ujęciu morfogenetycznym. Pozwoliło to na wykrycie wielu prawidłowości i dało podstawę do ustalenia współzależności w sferze osadnictwa wiejskiego w okresie staropolskim.
EN
The article discusses the process of shaping the boundaries of the rural settlements in Poland until the end of the eighteenth century. Analysis of the procedures of delimitation and demarcation of limits in the cultural landscape of the village was carried out on the basis of the collected historical sources in the form of documents, descriptive materials and judicial maps in the confrontation with the results of geographical and historical research. In this work the problem of forming the boundaries was also connected with the issue of the morphogenesis of villages. The process of so called ujazd was the most important form of shaping the spatial extent of the villages in the Middle Ages. During the feudalization of social relations one can indicate the process of linearization of zonal boundaries. The course of demarcation gradually changed in the context of codification of border law. On the basis of comparative analysis of internal limits of the medieval villages one can identify the regular and irregular forms of layout. External limits and geometric form of village depended mainly on the temporal sequence of settlements formation. In the Modern Period the institutionalization of shaping the boundaries occurred in association with the development of the land jurisdiction. In this context, complex procedures of demarcation were commonly used, taking into account the ways of limitation and border marks used in the field. New measurement techniques and maps of border disputes were also an important innovation of demarcation. Rural settlements from that period were varied from the point of view of internal and external limits. Villages formed in the process of so called pomiara włóczna, Frederician colonization and some Olęder villages showed a high degree of regularity of internal division, and their external limits were clearly dominated by linear segments. A significant part of the manorial villages, pre-industrial settlements and a part of the Olęder villages were much less regular, both in terms of internal divisions and external limits.
EN
Szukając samego siebie. Granica między etycznym a religijnym stadium. Niniejszy przyczynek jest poświęcony analizie Kierkegaardowskich kategorii skoku i momentu, które w pewien sposób wyrażają ludzką egzystencji. Ludzkie istnienie, wyjątkowe i niepowtarzalne, jest samo w sobie nieuchwytne i trudne do wyrażenia w języku. Egzystencjalistyczna filozofia Kierkegaarda oferuje metodę komunikacji niebezpośredniej. Kierkegaard sugeruje, że o ile chcemy uchwycić fenomen ludzkiej egzystencji, musimy zadowolić się jedynie pośrednim i partykularnym rozumieniem. Żadna konkretna jednostka nie jest w stanie kiedykolwiek uchwycić własnej egzystencji całościowo. Istnieje jednakże miejsce, otwierające możliwość samorozumienia i samoposiadania człowieka. Tym miejscem jest granica, czy też krawędź etycznego i religijnego stadium egzystencji. Stąd celem artykułu jest poszukiwanie odpowiedzi na pytanie: „Co dzieje się na granicy pomiędzy tym, co etyczne, a tym, co religijne?”
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Ramy miejsc

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EN
A wall, an inner wall, a fence: elements that are between the inside and the outside, often seen on plans as linear elements with a protective force, are nevertheless zones that crown and frame the work, i.e. the designed space. Properly designed, with a tangible thickness, they can stratify and become on their own spaces of recesses, niches, hollows and even corridors or passages. Solid, thick and heavy or, on the contrary, light, openwork and filled with air, they frame the interiors of buildings and the urban space. They operate bi-directionally, although they belong to a single object. They speak of the interiority and exteriority of an architectural object at the same time. On a plan and in a large scale they are perceived as boundaries, barriers, but in closer perspective and deeper understanding they can become soft edges enclosing the delicate matter of a building or a part of a city. The article deals with the theme of edges and verges in the context of the architecture of buildings and the city, the issues of the framework of parts of urban space. In relation to both buildings and city districts, they appear to be important spatial elements, yet which are often treated with insufficient attention. The article considers several examples of urban frameworks to illustrate their role in creating places.
PL
Mur, ściana, ogrodzenie – elementy będące pomiędzy wnętrzem i zewnętrzem, często postrzegane na planach jako liniowe elementy o sile ochrony, są jednak strefami zwieńczającymi i obramowującymi dzieło, jakim jest zaprojektowana przestrzeń. Odpowiednio zaprojektowane, o namacalnej miąższości, mogą rozwarstwiać się i stawać same w sobie przestrzenią wnęk, nisz, zagłębień, a nawet korytarzy i przejść. Solidne, grube i ciężkie lub też wręcz przeciwnie – lekkie, ażurowe, wypełnione powietrzem ujmują w ramy wnętrza budynków i miejską przestrzeń. Działają dwukierunkowo, choć przynależą do jednego obiektu. Mówią jednocześnie o wewnętrzności i zewnętrzności obiektu architektonicznego. Na planie i w wielkiej skali odbierane jako granice, bariery, po bliższym przyjrzeniu się i zrozumieniu – mogą stać się miękkimi obrzeżami stanowiącymi obszycie delikatnej materii budynku lub fragmentu miasta. Artykuł podejmuje temat krawędzi i skrajów w kontekście architektury budynków i miasta, zagadnień ram fragmentów miejskiej przestrzeni. Zarówno w odniesieniu do budynków, jak i rejonów miasta wydają się istotnymi elementami przestrzennymi, a często traktowane są niedostatecznie uważnie. W artykule rozpatrzono kilka przykładów miejskich ram, by zilustrować ich rolę w kreowaniu miejsc.
EN
The article describes the undertaken semiotic analysis of space in elegy II 26a of Properius both at the level of textual events (narrative) and at the level of poem composition. Referring to the Propertian inspiration by visual arts (M. Hubbard), the author uses the concept of an ekphrastic technique of space composition to show the function of the “border” motif in a liminal and transgressive space model as well as interpersonal relations. In result the author concludes that the above-mentioned levels of poetic images and the composition of the text are connected by a transgressive figure of the subject, able to cross the boundary created between the “story of a dream” and the narrator–reader (or listener) relationship. This leads to the argument that elegy II 26a is a form of monodrama with the central figure of the subject–actor, who, like a angellos in the drama, simultaneously operates in the “stage” space of the narrator–recipient relation and the space of textual fiction.
PL
W artykule została podjęta semiotyczna analiza przestrzeni w elegii II 26a Propercjusza na poziomie wydarzeń tekstowych (narracyjność) oraz na poziomie kompozycji utworu. Odwołując się do malarskich inspiracji poety (M. Hubbard), autor posługuje się koncepcją ekfrastycznej techniki kompozycji przestrzeni do ukazania funkcji motywu „granicy” tak w liminalnym i transgresyjnym modelu przestrzeni, jak i relacjach interpersonalnych. Ostatecznie autor konkluduje, że powyższe poziomy obrazów poetyckich i kompozycji tekstu łączy transgresyjna postać podmiotu, zdolnego do przekraczania wykreowanej w strukturze tekstu granicy między „opowieścią o śnie” a relacją narrator–odbiorca. Prowadzi to do postawienia tezy, że elegia II 26a jest formą monodramu z centralną postacią podmiotu–aktora, który niczym postać angellosa w dramacie, funkcjonuje jednocześnie w „scenicznej” przestrzeni relacji narrator–odbiorca i fabularnej przestrzeni opowieści.
EN
This article examines the issue of crossing cultural and linguistic boundaries in the novels of the two Austrian writers who come from the borderland. On the example of fate of a woman, the autobiographical novel Engel des Vergessens by Maja Haderlap presents historical and social conditions determining the memory of the Slovenian minority in Austria, confronted with the official cultural memory of German-speaking Austrians. On the other hand, the case of Emma in Sabine Gruber’s Stillbach oder die Sehnsucht is a close-up of the complex south-ern Tyrolean situation after the annexation of this region by Fascist Italy. The problem of transgression involves both the heroines of the novels and the authors to the same extent.
DE
Das Anliegen dieses Beitrags besteht darin, die Problematik der Überquerung kultureller und sprachlicher Grenzen in den Romanen zweier österreichischer Autorinnen, die aus Grenzgebieten stammen, zu untersuchen. Am Beispiel des Schicksals der weiblichen Figur in Maja Haderlaps autobiographischem Roman Engel des Vergessens werden die das Gedächtnis der slowenischen Minderheit in Österreich determinierenden historisch-gesellschaftli- chen Verhältnisse gezeigt, die dem offiziellen kulturellen Gedächtnis der deutschsprachigen Österreicher gegenübergestellt werden. Im Fall von Emma aus dem Roman Stillbach oder die Sehnsucht von Sabine Gruber wird hingegen die komplizierte Lage der Südtiroler nach der Annexion der Region durch das faschistische Italien näher betrachtet. Hieraus ist ersichtlich, dass das Problem der Transgression die Figuren wie auch die Autorinnen selbst in gleichem Maße betrifft.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zbadanie problematyki przekraczania granic kulturo-wych i językowych w powieściach dwóch pisarek austriackich pochodzących w terenów pogranicza. Na przykładzie losów postaci kobiecej w autobiograficznej powieści Engel des Vergessens Mai Haderlap przedstawione zostały uwarunkowania historyczno-społeczne determinujące pamięć mniejszości słoweńskiej w Austrii, skonfrontowaną z oficjalną pamięcią kulturową niemieckojęzycznych Austriaków. W powieści Sabine Gruber Stillbach oder die Sehnsucht przypadek Emmy prezentuje złożoność sytuacji południowych Tyrolczyków po aneksji regionu przez faszystowskie Włochy. Tekst udowadnia, że problem transgresji dotyczy w takim samym stopniu bohaterek utworów, jak i autorek tekstów.
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