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1

Działalność prowadzona w dobie kryzysu gospodarczego przez przedsiębiorców zagranicznych w formie oddziału zlokalizowanego w Polsce a alternatywa w postaci zakładu podatkowego

100%
Chmielarczyk E.
Ekonomia. Wrocław Economic Review
|
2013
|
vol. 19
|
issue 3
29 - 39
EN
This article brings up the issue of manner of conducting economic activities by a foreign company on the Polish territory, while two solutions shall be legally considered, i.e. conducting economic activities as a branch of a foreign company and through permanent establishment located in Poland. This issue seems to be very current in times of the economic crisis, because conducting economic activities in the form of a branch is related to many obligations, the realization of which generates specific costs both in the phase of founding a branch, as well as its functioning and liquidation. On the other hand, one matter shall be also considered, namely whether a foreign company intendingto conduct economic activities on the Polish territory is allowed to use tax construction only, i.e. permanent establishment, and abandon the idea of organizing this activity in one of the forms stipulated by the law.
2

Status prawny osoby reprezentującej przedsiębiorcę zagranicznego w oddziale

100%
Wydziałkiewicz P.
Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego
|
2014
|
vol. 23
|
issue 2
323-335
EN
The author of the article seeks an answer to the question what is the legal status of a person who represents a foreign entrepreneur in the branch. He points out that economic activity of entrepreneurs crosses national borders because of the globalization. There are three ways to run a business in a foreign country. It is possible to move a business from one country to another, organize a branch of the company or do business in a foreign country without any structure. The issues related to running a business on Polish territory by Polish and foreign entrepreneurs are governed by the act of freedom of economic activity. The foreign entrepreneurs to pursue their activities on the Polish territory may, on the basis of reciprocity, if ratified international agreements provide otherwise, create a branch established on the Polish territory. The branch of a foreign entrepreneur has no legal personality. It is not an entrepreneur itself. The branch of a foreign entrepreneur has an independent organizational structure, but it has no autonomy. Activities pursued under the branch are dependent on the extent of the foreign entrepreneur. It is an obligation to establish a person who will represent the foreign entrepreneur in the branch, but Polish legislator did not specify who can be such a representative and what is its legal status. In the literature of the subject, there are three points of view on this matter. The most common is that the person representing the branch is a proxy within the meaning of the Polish Civil Code. Another tells that the person who represents the foreign entrepreneur is a special proxy. According to the third view, the person referred in article 87 of act of freedom of economic activity is not the proxy. He is obliged only to inform and liquidate the branch. The author accepts the view, that person who represents the foreign entrepreneur in the branch is a proxy, but does not agree that he is a representative specified in the Polish Civil Code or that the Polish legislator established in the act of freedom of economic activity a new type of the proxy, previously unknown in the Polish legal system. Author points out that accordingly to the article 23 of the Polish act of international private law, priority is given to the law chosen by the principal. Because of that person who represents foreign entrepreneur in branch can be a representative specified in the Polish Civil Code, but only when a conflict rule will show the Polish law as a proper law. It is impossible to agree with the fact that the article 87 of the act of freedom of economic activity establishes new type of a proxy, because this rule only forces the use of a specific civil construction. It does not create a new institution. The author considers that the permanent representative of the foreign entrepreneur is a special kind of a proxy, but acting on the basis of the existing legislation, which is shown by the conflict rule, used properly with modifications made by the regulation of the act of freedom of economic activity and the act of national judicial register.
3
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Minimum Wage and Its Impact on the Job Market in Germany

100%
Nyklewicz K.
Olsztyn Economic Journal
|
2016
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vol. 11
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issue 2
151-163
EN
The introduction of the national minimum wage in Germany in 2015 is an important yet controversial instrument of labour market policy. This paper represents an attempt to define the scope of influence it has on companies and employees in respective branches of economy (accommodation and food services business, retail trade, manufacture of food products, transportation and warehouse management). In order to accomplish it the method of analysis and criticism of literature has been applied. It allowed to conduct an evaluation of the discussed dependence.The preliminary findings indicate that interference is especially high in the low wages sector. To show the consequences the national minimum wage has on the job market, positive changes in employment and unemployment levels in the given period (the increase in the first and the drop in the second one) were presented. This meant that the fears concerning a few thousand job losses, as a result of introducing the minimum wage, were unjustified. In this paper articles and analyses published by German research institutes were used. The statistical data comes from the databases of these institutes and of the Federal Employment Agency. The research period considers the years 2014–2015, specifically one year before and half a year after the introduction of the minimum wage in Germany with the aim of highlighting the changes in the employment size caused by the minimum wage.
4
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TWORZENIE FIRMY ODDZIAŁU OSOBY PRAWNEJ W KONTEKŚCIE ZASADY JEDNOŚCI FIRMY – WNIOSKI DE LEGE LATA I DE LEGE FERENDA

63%
JAKUBASZEK M.
Acta Scientifica Academiae Ostroviensis. Sectio A, Nauki Humanistyczne, Społeczne i Techniczne
|
2016
|
issue 8(2)/2016
407-417
PL
Praca porusza zagadnienia dotyczące instytucji firmy oddziału osoby prawnej w świetle art. 436 ustawy z dnia 24 kwietnia 1964 r. Kodeks cywilny [Ustawa z dnia 23 kwietnia 1964 r. Kodeks cywilny (t.jedn. Dz. U. z 2016 r., poz. 380 ze zm.)]. Omawia instytucję firmy oddziału osoby prawnej oraz występujące w doktrynie kontrowersje związane z tą instytucją, rozpatrując ją na gruncie zasady jedności firmy jako jednej z zasad prawa firmowego. Obok omówienia sposobu tworzenia firmy oddziału osoby prawnej praca – w podsumowaniu – zawiera wynikające z przeprowadzonej analizy wnioski de lege lata w zakresie proponowanej wykładni obowiązujących przepisów dotyczących firmy oddziału osoby prawnej oraz postulaty de lege ferenda w powyższym zakresie.
EN
This article disusses the instutition of business name of branch of legal person under the article 436of Polish Civil Code. Firstly, this article discusses the institution of the business name of branch of legal person itself and the legal doctrine controversies as to the wording „business name of branch of legal person”adopted by the lawmaker. The issue is being discussed on the grounds of the principle of unity of business name as the fundamental principle of business name law. Further, this article discusses manner of formation of business name of branch of legal person, including main body issues of the name, mandatory additions and possibilities to include optional additions. The summary thereof includes de lege latapostulates as to the proposed interpretation of the provisions of business name law being in force and prrealting to business name of branch of legal person. The summary also includes the de lege ferenda postulates in the aforementioned scop
5
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Brand position in the eyes of customers: assessment of selected airlines by the passengers' online reviews

63%
Hoffmann N.
Catallaxy
|
2022
|
vol. 7
|
issue 1
7-21
EN
Motivation: The motivation to write an article on airlines was the desire to rank them based on customer reviews and see how these reviews reflect the actual brand image. The opinions that companies collect about themselves have a very strong power when it comes to building its reputation. Aim: The aim of the study was to use digital transformation and transform raw data into specific information that expressed customer emotions to create a profile of selected airlines. A secondary goal of the article was also to check how the analyzed airlines perform in similar areas. Materials and methods: The data used for the analysis was collected from the eSky.com website and covers the 2019-2020 period. The airlines concerned by the customer reviews were LOT, Ryanair, Wizzair, Czarter, EasyJet, Lufthansa and Laudamotion. Their selection was dictated by the number of opinions necessary to conduct the analysis. The research based on the use of data mining techniques, but it should be noted that most of it uses text mining tools. Topic modelling was used to prepare the data properly and assign each word to groups with similar themes. In order to obtain information whether a given opinion has a positive, negative or neutral tenor, sentiment analysis was used. The final part of the analysis was based on the net sentiment score indicator. The entire analysis was carried out in the R-Studio. Results: The most common subjects of opinions written by customers were "delay", "service", "boarding" and "airline". It was confirmed that the opinions of each airline concern different topics, although some common topics were noticeable. Two topics were repeated among the 7 analyzed airlines: "service" and "delay". Based on the sentiment analysis, for the Ryanair airline the percentage of negative opinions was highest and equal to 35%, almost 40%, of neutral opinions fell on the WizzAir airline and the largest percentage of positive feedback, as much as 46%, was attributed to EasyJet. EasyJet line looks the best in the eyes of customers. The line that evoked uniformly positive, negative and neutral emotions in the opinions was Ryanair.
6
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Foreign Activity of a National Bank

63%
Gil J.
Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego
|
2019
|
vol. 14
|
issue 16 (1)
63-77
EN
The article introduces the reader to the legal foundation of the national regulation and examines the rules of conducting international operations of domestic banks. According to the Banking Law in Poland, international banking operation can be carried out via branch offices or as cross-border activity. In either case, the domestic bank is to fulfill specific formal requirements associated with the launching of such operation and its continuation. Operation violating the host country’s law entails the possibility of being supervised by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority.
PL
Artykuł wprowadza w genezę regulacji krajowej, a następnie analizuje zasady prowadzenia działalności zagranicznej przez banki krajowe. Polskie prawo bankowe przewiduje dwie zasadnicze formy prowadzenia takiej działalności: oddziałową oraz transgraniczną. W przypadku każdej z nich bank krajowy powinien spełnić konkretne wymagania formalne związane z podjęciem takiej działalności oraz jej dalszej realizacji. W przypadku zaś prowadzenia działalności z naruszeniem prawa państwa gościnnego, jest to związane z ryzykiem nadzorczym ze strony polskiego organu nadzoru.
7

Działalność transgraniczna pośredników ubezpieczeniowych w UE. Aspekty publicznoprawne

51%
Szaraniec M.
Prawo Asekuracyjne
|
2018
|
vol. 1(94)
3-20
PL
Działalność transgraniczna pośredników ubezpieczeniowych na wewnętrznym rynku finansowym Unii Europejskiej ma swój praktyczny wymiar. W artykule zostały przedstawione formy, na podstawie których pośrednik ubezpieczeniowy może prowadzić działalność zgodnie z zasadą przedsiębiorczości (filia, oddział, przedstawicielstwo) oraz zgodnie z zasadą swobody świadczenia usług (poza placówką). Omówione zostało postępowanie notyfikacyjne w przypadku zakładania oddziału lub wykonywania działalności poza stałą placówką oraz kompetencje właściwych organów nadzorczych (krajowych i unijnych) w ustawie o dystrybucji ubezpieczeń w zakresie w zakresie prowadzenia działalności transgranicznej przez pośredników ubezpieczeniowych na terenie Unii Europejskiej.
EN
Cross-border activities of insurance intermediaries in the internal market of the European Union has its practical dimension. In the article were presented forms, on the basis of which insurance intermediary activities can be carried out in accordance with the principle of establishment (subsidiary company, branch, representative office), and in accordance with the principle of freedom to provide services (except base). Notification procedure has been discussed for the establishment of a branch or perform activities outside fixed base and competence of the competent supervisory authorities (EU and national) in the Act on insurance distribution in terms of the scope of the cross-border activities of insurance intermediaries in the European Union.
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