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EN
This article aims to analyze the Brazilian phenomenon of ‘brand clans’ or ‘brand communities’, which means a group of young people who spend all their money buying branded clothes. The research is based on an ethnography carried out about the youngsters, mostly male, from Morro da Cruz – the largest lower class community in Porto Alegre, Brazil. On the one hand, we discuss the tension between poverty and brand consumption and on the other hand, we aim to make an inventory of subjectivities, emotions, logic and meaning of these young people coming from lower class who make great sacrifices in order to become ‘fashionable’ and thus feel socially included. The article is divided into five sections. In the first three, we discuss more theoretical topics, such as consumption, class, youth, totems and rituals. In the last two, we enter more thoroughly in the empirical universe, showing the results obtained through an ethnographic study. We argue that brands play a vital role in the life of the informants. Brands are not only a source of prestige, but also of vitality, power, and citizenship.
EN
One of the fundamental pillars of properly set up marketing communication is customer orientation, defining their needs and preferences and then creating their profiles. Following this fact, the aim of the study is to create subsegments of Generation Y (Millennials) in the Czech market based on identified factors in terms of lifestyle as the non-traditional segmentation descriptive variable. In order to achieve the aim of the study, AIO parameters within psychographic segmentation were used to process primary data collected by marketing research carried out in the form of a questionnaire. Overall, 999 respondents who are residents of the Czech Republic participated in this marketing research. The characteristics of Generation Y (Millennials) and the determination of the main points for external and internal marketing strategies create the basis for the comparison of subsegments based on the criteria determining the possible success of the company in this process.
EN
This article deals with the concept of ‘mainstream youth’ in the context of late modernity. The sociology of youth has traditionally operated from two distinct perspectives concerned with either ‚youth transitions‘ or ‚youth (sub)cultures’. This polarisation has led to the neglect of the experience of mainstream youth, who cannot be easily pigeon-holed into the above categories. Drawing on a series of focus groups and small-group semi-structured interviews with 61 young people, the authors analysed young people’s experience of consumption in the Czech Republic. Using the experience of young consumers, the research attempted to understand what it means to belong to the mainstream. The results indicate that belonging to the mainstream does not imply straightforward compliance with dominant power structures, but rather reflects a degree of reflexivity in which young people challenge stereotypes of passive conformism in complex and often paradoxical ways that are not yet well accounted for in the literature. The article suggests that the notion of ‘mainstream youth’ offers some potential as a conceptual way of understanding young people‘s relationship to social change in what appears to be an increasingly individualised society. At the same time, this notion provides an alternative approach that challenges many of the assumptions underpinning the sociology of youth’s conception of consumption.
PL
Współczesne marki są efektem kilkusetletniej ewolucji. Marki spożywcze, odmiennie niż marki towarów i przedmiotów trwałych, kształtowały swoją nazwę w oparciu o miejsce wytwarzania lub pochodzenia określonego produktu. Problemy z przechowywaniem i transportowaniem żywności powodowały, że produkty spożywcze wytwarzano w przeszłości przede wszystkim na potrzeby rynków lokalnych. Towary żywnościowe o wyjątkowych walorach smakowych sprowadzano z odległych regionów czy krajów. Ich odbiorcami w minionych wiekach byli przedstawiciele wyższych warstw społecznych. W drugiej części artykułu zwrócono uwagę na czynniki determinujące/określające kształtowanie się marek spożywczych na ziemiach polskich, tj. zmiany w technologii produkcji rolniczej, a także wzrost zapotrzebowania na przetworzoną żywność. Znaczący rozwój przemysłu spożywczego w Polsce przypadł na drugą połowę XX w. W praktyce do końca tego stulecia cechą charakterystyczną marek spożywczych była niska rozpoznawalność produktów i dominacja marek lokalnych. Słowa kluczowe: marki, historia marek, regionalne pochodzenie produktu, marki spożywcze, ewolucja marek spożywczych – marki spożywcze w gospodarce socjalistycznej.
EN
Modern brands are the result of centuries of evolution. Branded products were produced in the past epochs primarily for the needs of the richest social classes. The system of trademarks played an important role in shaping them. The article highlights the specificity of brands in the food industry. This industry is dominated by products manufactured for a local market, and consequently also brands with little market recognition. Due to problems with storage and distribution over long distances, brands of food products shaped their name primarily based on the place of production or the regional origin of the product. In the second part of the article, attention is drawn to those elements determining the formation of food brands in Poland, such as changes in agricultural production technology, as well as an increase in the demand for packaged and processed food. The significant development of the food industry in Poland took place in the second half of the 20th century.
PL
Celem badań eksploracyjnych była odpowiedź na pytanie, które kategorie potrzeb dominują w reklamach telewizyjnych produktów materialnych w Polsce, jakie wiązki tworzą aktywizowane potrzeby w świetle praktyki marketingowej, oferta jakich korzyści najczęściej towarzyszy wzbudzaniu różnych kategorii potrzeb, jakie cechy typowych użytkowników marek są jednocześnie przywoływane oraz jakie są najważniejsze korelaty aktywizowanych potrzeb z punktu widzenia cech konstrukcyjnych i scenariuszy reklam. Analiza jakościowa treści próby 418 reklam została wykonana przez 10 sędziów, których zgodność opinii została psychometrycznie zweryfikowana przed i po wykonaniu analiz. Jako podstawę taksonomii przyjęto uszczegółowioną koncepcję potrzeb Maslowa oraz wyniki wcześniejszych badań taksonomicznych korzyści i cech typowych użytkowników marek. Uśrednione oceny sędziów stały się podstawą analiz ilościowych, które wykazały dominującą rolę potrzeb niższego rzędu w reklamach telewizyjnych, współwystępowanie potrzeb wyższego rzędu, ich ścisły związek z korzyściami symbolicznymi (społecznymi, emocjonalnymi i ekspresyjnymi) kojarzonymi z markami reklamowanych produktów oraz z cechami wizerunku typowych użytkowników marek.
EN
The aim of the exploratory study was to answer the question of which categories of needs dominate in television commercials of material products in Poland, which of the activated needs make up clusters in the light of marketing practice, which of the benefits offered the most frequently accompany the arousal of different categories of needs, and what are the most important correlates of activated needs from the perspective of design features and scenarios of advertising. A content analysis of a sample of 418 spots was carried out by 10 judges, whose reliability was psychometrically verified before and after the analysis. We adopted Maslow’s elaboration of his own theory of needs as the basis of taxonomy. Averaged assessment of judges became the basis of quantitative analysis, which showed the dominant role of lower-order needs in television commercials, the co-occurrence of higher-order needs, and their close link with the symbolic benefits (social, emotional and expressive) associated with advertised product brands and with the user image.
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