Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 15

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  burghers
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
PL
This paper is devoted to a discussion of the anthroponymy of burghers in the former Chelmia territory. It presents naming patterns used among Polish and Ukrainian people. The most important issues discussed in this paper are as follows: − a presentation and characteristics of naming styles using ele ments after the fi rst name which refer to men, with an indication of the frequency of the suffi xes; − the similarities and dissimilarities between Ukrainian and Polish anthroponymy in olden day, the scope of mutual interference between the Polish and Ukrainian lan guages and diff erent anthroponymic systems. Materials for this paper are composed of archival and prints sources.
Zapiski Historyczne
|
2011
|
vol. 76
|
issue 2
7-27
XX
The interest in burghers’ last wills as a source of research on religiousness results from their considerable informative value. Generally, all the documents had a uniform structure and consisted of two parts. The first part included legacies for religious purposes (ad pias causas), the other contained instructions concerning inheritors. The basis for the analyses conducted in the article is the collection of almost 150 Elbing testaments mostly from the 15th century, now kept in the State Archive in Gdańsk. The records concern predominantly the highest class of burghers. The analysis of their content may serve to reconstruct the manner in which burghers’ religious needs were fulfilled and to show their preferred forms of piety. An essential issue is the attempt to examine the way of realizing religiousness, the manifestation of which were testaments. The detailed examination of a number of records and their global sums for religious institutions in Elbing shows the primacy of the parish church of St. Nicolas. The second position is held by the church and monastery of the Dominicans. The remaining ones are: the church of St. James and the Bridgettine order. As far as churches in the New Town are concerned, the biggest support was received by the Church of St. George, although the parish church of the Three Kings got legacies more frequently. The information with the amount of money to be given to the poor constituted an important part of the testament. Money was given mainly to town hospitals. Moreover, the most affluent town inhabitants devised legacies for institutions situated outside the town (churches and monasteries). Legacies concerning pilgrimages were another form of manifesting personal piety and the way to ensure prayers necessary for the salvation. They referred to the custom of financing pilgrimages carried out by a substitute pilgrim. In total, all the legacies for piety purposes and for the poor in the testaments of Elbing inhabitants amounted to 5300 mark. The total sum of cash legacies included in the discussed documents may be estimated at at least 25 700 mark. As can be seen, more than 20% of money from legacies went to religious purposes. The biggest sums were received by the parish church of St. Nicolas (33%), the poor (17%), pilgrimages (13%), the order and the church of the Dominicans (9%) and hospitals (8%). All the legacies devised for religious institutions or for the poor reveal a complicated network of relations of burghers with the church and their attempts to ensure salvation. The last will became the ultimate contract concluded in earthly life – a specific trade agreement for eternal life.
PL
This article addresses some aspects of the functioning of the concept of ‘citizen’ in the political discourse of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the latter half of the eighteenth century. In the dominant nobility’s discourse, the concept gained a strictly defined meaning: a citizen was, namely, a person entitled to wield or exercise political power in the state. In the estate society realities, it actually boiled down to mutual identification of two concepts: ‘citizen’ and ‘nobleman’. The bourgeois conception of citizenship took shape in confrontation with such understanding of the idea, formulated and propagated by Protestant townsmen – mainly by Wawrzyniec Mitzler de Kolof and Michał Gröll, book traders, printers and publishers from Saxony. They derived the meaning of ‘citizen’ from ‘resident’. In such a concept, the term extended to all the inhabitants of Poland-Lithuania – apart from the nobility, it included, also the townspeople and the peasantry. In this context, of relevance are the changes in the meaning of the German term Bürger (burgher, citizen of the state), which influenced Polish political discourse. This leads to the conclusion that the latter half of the eighteenth century saw the idea of citizenship in its modern meaning.
EN
The article deals with the issue of the perception of small Polish towns by authors of literary works from the Renaissance and Baroque periods. Due to the fact that this type of settlements prevailed in the urban landscape of our country, it is interesting whether the authors gave them any attention and, if so, what problems of the towns were raised. The analysis shows that this topic was marginally discussed. Towns in general, even the largest ones, did not enjoy any particular interest of artists. Small towns, however, most often appear as a collective entity. What drew artists’ attention were wooden buildings, which often constitute the towns’ weakness. The authors devote a little more attention to urban craftsmen, having the worst opinion about them. However, these are essentially the views of the nobility, thus show its negative attitude towards towns and townspeople.
Zapiski Historyczne
|
2019
|
vol. 84
|
issue 3
153-167
EN
The article deals with the issue of the perception of small Polish towns by authors of literary works from the Renaissance and Baroque periods. Due to the fact that this type of settlements prevailed in the urban landscape of our country, it is interesting whether the authors gave them any attention and, if so, what problems of the towns were raised. The analysis shows that this topic was marginally discussed. Towns in general, even the largest ones, did not enjoy any particular interest of artists. Small towns, however, most often appear as a collective entity. What drew artists’ attention were wooden buildings, which often constitute the towns’ weakness. The authors devote a little more attention to urban craftsmen, having the worst opinion about them. However, these are essentially the views of the nobility, thus show its negative attitude towards towns and townspeople.
EN
The study deals with the issue of the legal capacity of towns and their burghers to acquire tables estates in the Bohemian kingdom in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. This legal capacity was, in principle, tied to royal permission on a case-by-case basis. Already in the Middle Ages, however, some towns received a privilege that exempted them from the obligation to apply for royal approval across the board. The main focus of the study is on the period of the 16th century, when the towns of Prague were temporarily deprived of this privilege, but on the contrary, they received the same right during the reign of Rudolf II as well as two other cities – Pilsen and Žatec. The aim is not only to interpret the content of the mentioned privileges, but also to place them in a wider legal framework and, last but not least, to warn about the unsuccessful initiative of Lesser Town to obtain the same privilege from the monarch.
EN
The paper presents the question of the urban narration in contemporary Poland interpreted as an anachronistic form of the naturalization and normalization of social and symbolic inequalities created after the transformations of 1989. That subject being one of the very import elements of the self-image of local, subordinated elites, while strongly present in journalism, remains also very problematic. Uncertainty over the role and shape of this class in Poland in a historical context was (and still is) fiercely contested. Where important elements of such controversies are its forms, from „lord-ship”, derived from gentry imaginations, through the politics and heritage of emanci-pation in the Polish Peoples’ Republic, and modern serious existential uncertainty associated with the decomposition of the traditional formulas „bourgeois” and „third state”. This paper offers a proposition for the reinterpretation of the contemporary „bourgeois tale” in the context of the „post-communist narration”, which, often seen as seemingly antagonistic, are, as the paper's argument stands, closely connected ele-ments of a modernization strategy reconstructing anachronistic peripheral inequality in new, globalized conditions.
EN
In posthumous inventories, which constitute a kind of material summary of life, one can find various kinds of movables, arranged according to specific categories. Among them there were also devotional items, which, however, constitute a part of the legacy that escapes easy classification. Some of them may have been used as elements of interior decoration (paintings, sculptures, crucifixes). On the other hand, religious symbols in the form of crosses, Agnus Deis or rosaries, indicated certain spiritual needs of their wearers and at the same time testified to their wealth. Despite the fact that the number of posthumous inventories containing devotional items was not particularly impressive, even in such a modest juxtaposition we can see which artefacts enjoyed greater popularity during the analysed centuries. Most frequently mentioned were crosses and rosaries, and in the 17th century, additionally, Agnus Deis.
PL
W inwentarzach pośmiertnych, stanowiących pewnego rodzaju materialne podsumowanie życia, odnaleźć można różnego rodzaju ruchomości, uporządkowane według określonych kategorii. Wśród nich znajdowały się również dewocjonalia, stanowiące jednak część spuścizny umykającą łatwym klasyfikacjom. Niektóre z nich mogły stanowić element wyposażenia wnętrz (obrazy, rzeźby, krucyfiksy). Natomiast symbole religijne w postaci krzyżyków, agnusków czy różańców, wskazywały na pewne potrzeby natury duchowej noszących je osób, a jednocześnie świadczyły o ich zamożności. Mimo, że liczba inwentarzy pośmiertnych, w których notowano dewocjonalia nie była szczególnie imponująca, to nawet w tak skromnym zestawieniu widać, jakie artefakty na przestrzeni analizowanych stuleci, cieszyły się większą popularnością. Najczęściej wymieniano bowiem krzyżyki i różańce, a w XVII wieku dodatkowo agnuski.
PL
Tekst ukazuje formy współdziałania szlachty i mieszczan Kowna oraz kowieńskiego wydziału miast w dobie Sejmu Czteroletniego podczas wprowadzania w życie Ustawy o miastach. The article focuses on the forms of cooperation between the nobility and the burghers of the Kowno (Kaunas) urban district during the implementation of the Law on Towns adopted by the Four-Year Sejm.
PL
W okresie panowania Stanisława Augusta magistrat miasta Kowna wysyłał swoich delegatów na sejmy aż osiem razy: od sejmu elekcyjnego 1764 r. do ostatniego grodzieńskiego w 1793 r. Najprawdopodobniej do czasu reform Sejmu Czteroletniego zainteresowanie kownian było ograniczone do spraw lokalnych ich miasta. W 1789 r. pod wpływem Wiadomości o pierwiastkowej miast zasadzie w Polszcze Michała Swinarskiego w kowieńskiej instrukcji znalazły się pierwsze żądania o treści politycznej, dotyczące całej Rzeczypospolitej – aby delegaci miast mieli prawo głosu na każdym sejmie. Z drugiej strony Kowno zawsze orientowało się na największe miasta Wielkiego Księstwa – Wilno i Grodno. W prośbach do sejmu kownianie skupiali uwagę na handlu, rzemiośle, komunikacji miasta, ale dążąc do swoich celów, starali się wykorzystać zmiany zachodzące w całym państwie. Na podstawie kowieńskiego przykładu można zaryzykować tezę, że aktywność polityczna mieszczan litewskich była większa niż dotychczas sądzono w historiografii. During the reign of King Stanislaus Augustus, the burghers of Kowno (Kaunas) sent their delegates to the Sejm of the Commonwealth as many as eight times, starting from the Election Sejm of 1764 to the last, Grodno (Hrodna) Sejm, in 1793. But, most probably, until the reforms of the Four-Year Sejm (1788–1792), their interests focused on local problems and matters concerning their city. In 1789, under the influence of Michał Swinarski’s text Wiadomości o pierwiastkowej miast zasadzie w Polsce (Knowledge of the Primary Principle of Cities in Poland), the instruction of the Kowno sejmik included the first political demands applying to the whole Commonwealth – that representatives of townsmen should participate, with voting rights, in every sejm. On the other hand, Kaunas had always been oriented toward the largest cities of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Wilno (Vilnius) and Grodno. In their requests to the Sejm, the burghers focused mainly on local affairs: commerce, crafts, city’s transport, but – in pursuing their objectives – they tried to build on changes within the whole Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The example of Kowno allows us to presume that Lithuanian townsmen were more active politically than previously thought in the literature on the subject.
EN
The article presents comments and additions to the book written by Rafał Kubicki on the last wills written in Elbląg in the Middle Ages. Although the monograph as a whole should be considered successful, additions and corrections of the biographical data on the clergymen appearing therein turned out to be necessary. Not all information was accurate, correct and up to date. The article also draws attention to several omitted sources found in the Archives of the Archdiocese of Warmia in Olsztyn, especially the documentation devoted to the last will of Urszula Emyke, widely described in the monograph. Minor corrections are also essential in the index of persons attached to the reviewed work
PL
Artykuł prezentuje uwagi i uzupełnienia do książki Rafała Kubickiego o testamentach elbląskich w średniowieczu. Choć całościowo monografię należy zaliczyć do udanych, niezbędne okazały się chociażby uzupełnienia i sprostowania do danych biograficznych na temat pojawiających się w pracy duchownych. Nie wszystkie podawane informacje były bowiem ścisłe, poprawne i zgodne z aktualnym stanem wiedzy. W artykule zwrócono także uwagę na kilka pominiętych źródeł z zasobu Archiwum Archidiecezji Warmińskiej w Olsztynie, zwłaszcza na dokumentację poświęconą, szeroko opisywanej w monografii sprawie testamentu mieszczanki Urszuli Emyke. Drobne korekty zgłoszono także do dołączonego do recenzowanej pracy indeksu osób.
EN
The last quarter of the eighteenth century was a time of substantial reforms of the political system in Galicia. The most important of these concerned, among other matters, the legal position of the peasantry, nobility and clergy, the organisation of the administrative and fiscal apparatus, and, above all, the tax collection system. These reforms initiated a process of more profound changes that covered many areas of social, political, and economic life. They also impacted towns which, after several decades, reduced the number of settlements officially recognised as cities or towns.
PL
Ostatnie ćwierćwiecze XVIII w. to w dziejach Galicji czas intensywnych reform ustrojowych. Najważniejsze z nich dotyczyły m.in. prawnego położenia ludności chłopskiej, szlachty i duchowieństwa, organizacji aparatu administracyjnego i skarbowego, a przede wszystkim systemu poboru podatków. Reformy te zapoczątkowały proces głębszych zmian, które objęły wiele dziedzin życia społecznego, politycznego i gospodarczego. Wpłynęły one także na miasta, co po kilkudziesięciu latach doprowadziło do ograniczenia liczby miejscowości oficjalnie uznawanych za miasta lub miasteczka.
EN
Positioning of the Tribunal Crown in Lublin for the nobility from Lesser Poland province had a number of consequences for the city and its inhabitants. One of the most important aspects related to this role was the need to provide accommodation for judges settling disputes in a noble supreme court. The term of office of the Tribunal Crown, lasting for several months each year, required the creation of conditions enabling a comfortable stay in the city. The Stanislaw August’s period brought a number of changes in this matter, mainly due to the introduction of payment for renting accommodation to deputies, which made this deal an opportunity to obtain financial benefits for people who own real estate in Lublin. In this text, I analyze legal provisions regulating issues related to the renting of rooms for deputies, shares in the market of representatives of burghers, nobility and clergy. I pay attention to their location in the city space, equipment, condition of the infrastructure and other factors determining the attractiveness of the offered apartments.
PL
Wybór Lublina na miejsce posiedzeń Trybunału Koronnego prowincji małopolskiej niósł za sobą szereg konsekwencji dla miasta i jego mieszkańców. Jednym z najważniejszych aspektów związanych z tą rolą była konieczność zapewnienia zakwaterowania sędziom rozstrzygającym spory w szlacheckim sądzie najwyższym. Kadencje Trybunału Koronnego, trwające każdego roku przez kilka miesięcy, wymagały stworzenia warunków pozwalających na komfortowe przebywanie w mieście. Czasy stanisławowskie w tej kwestii przyniosły szereg zmian, przede wszystkim za sprawą wprowadzenia odpłatności za wynajem stancji deputatom, co sprawiło, że proceder ten stał się okazją do uzyskania korzyści finansowych przez osoby posiadające nieruchomości w Lublinie. W niniejszym tekście dokonuję analizy przepisów prawnych regulujących kwestie związane z wynajmowaniem pomieszczeń dla deputatów, udziałów w badanym rynku przedstawicieli mieszczan, szlachty i duchowieństwa. Zwracam uwagę na ich usytuowanie w przestrzeni miasta, wyposażenie, stan infrastruktury oraz pozostałe czynniki decydujące o atrakcyjności oferowanych mieszkań.
EN
The name Stanislaus (or its diminutive form) appears in Cracow burghers’ families in which names that sounded German, Polish or Ruthenian were recorded. We come across the name Stanislaus in the families of mayors of villages, aldermen, scribes, merchants, butchers, blacksmiths, maltsters and shoemakers. It can be inferred that the appearance of this name was widespread and encompassed all groups of burghers, which may be regarded as indirect proof of the popularity of the worship of St. Stanislaus.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia fakty na temat występowania imienia Stanisław wśród mieszczan krakowskich do 1333 roku. Przytoczone życiorysy mieszczan umożliwiają szkicowe nakreślenie środowisk, z których pochodzili ludzie noszący imię Stanisław. Zestawienie to wskazuje, że imię Stanisław (lub w formie zdrobniałej) występowało w rodzinach, w których poświadczone są imiona niemiecko brzmiące Albert i Hencze, polsko brzmiące Jaszko, czy rusko brzmiące Wasyl. Imię Stanisław napotyka się w rodzinach wójtów, ławników, pisarzy miejskich, kupców, rzeźników, kowali, słodowników i szewców. Jest to wniosek ważny, gdyż zestawienie to wskazuje niezbicie, że imię to miało wówczas zasięg szeroki, nie ograniczający się do jednej grupy mieszczan.
Kwartalnik Historyczny
|
2021
|
vol. 128
|
issue 2
511-547
EN
The article analyses the family ties of the Cracow burghers with the secular clergy of the city in the fourteenth century, documented in sources. It has been demonstrated that the clergy who came from the Cracow burghers (cathedral canons, vicars, collegiate canons, parsons and priests, altarists and clerics) were a group consisted of 58 people. On their way to Church positions, they encountered various difficulties determined by the personal policy of the bishops of Cracow, the right of patronage, and the policy of noble and mighty families. There are also data on the education of the clergy of Cracow origin and their informal connections with the Church presented.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy udokumentowanych źródłowo powiązań rodzinnych krakowskiego mieszczaństwa z duchowieństwem świeckim Krakowa w XIV w. Wykazano, że duchowni wywodzący się z mieszczan krakowskich (kanonicy katedralni, wikariusze, kanonicy kolegiat, proboszczowie, kapłani, altaryści i klerycy) stanowili grupę 58 osób. Napotykali w drodze do stanowisk kościelnych na utrudnienia uwarunkowane polityką personalną biskupów krakowskich, prawem patronatu i polityką rodów możnowładczych. Przedstawiono także dane o wykształceniu duchownych krakowskiego pochodzenia i ich nieformalnych związkach z Kościołem.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.