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EN
In his paper, the author undertook to discuss the subject of inquiries and trials in connection with crimes committed in the labour camps which were organized in Silesia after the Second World War, that is those located in the following places: Jaworzno, Łambinowice, Mysłowice and Świętochłowice. All the inquiries and trials were rich in many details and were also accompanied by elements of the political character. At first, the author analyzes the Labour Camp based in Łambinowice, which makes an unprecedented case as regards the number of inquiries and trials, as there were – in total – seven inquiries and three court trials carried out in Poland and in the Federal Republic of Germany. The first inquiry was conducted as early as in the years 1945–1947, and the last trial of the former commander of the camp – in the years 2001–2006. In the case of the other three camps, inquiries were instigated in Poland after the transformations of the socio-political system of 1989. They lasted, with shorter or longer intervals, until 2011, that is for over 20 years. All of them have been discontinued, in contrast to those run in the FRG, where two of the inquiries and trials ended in two prison sentences for former the so-called German camp functionaries. The discontinuation of the trials in Poland resulted, in many cases, in lodging complaints by the wronged, which started a complicated appellate procedure and – in turn – considerably prolonged the prosecutor’s procedure. In the end, the author forms precise conclusions that follow from the inquiries and trials presented in the paper, poses certain questions and postulates the need of further studies into this problem area.
EN
Interpretation problems related to the notion of ‘malenkaya rabota,’ POW, internee, GULAG and GUPVI. Ways of classification of the victims of ‘malenkaya rabota' in the Carpathian Basin, various groups and types. Determination of the effective number of the groups, and of the total number of those deported as civilians from the 14.7 million inhabitants of the Hungary of the time, based on different data, and the difficulties of definitions. The interpretation and implementation of the central Soviet commands. The connections between the deportations. Similarities and differences between the deportations as internee and as POW. Manageability of the data, interpretation of Soviet and Hungarian archive data and the reasons why they are different. The real value of Soviet archival sources. The determination of the losses attributed to ‘malenkaya rabota’.
PL
New research of the Mesolithic camps in Bolków on Świdwie lake provided rich archaeological evidence, including that related to the oldest settlement of the Maglemose culture. The assemblages appeared in Świdwie lake area around 8800/8700 BP and they suggest connection with western Jutland.
EN
The publication describes the activity of Polish theater during the Second World War. It is an attempt to look at theater from the perspective of the tasks and values it presented in this particularly difficult period. The article describes the functioning of open and underground theaters and theaters operating in concentration camps. The above-mentioned activities cannot be reduced to one formula or a specific species. In these conditions, the artistic level and innovation of many performances amaze. Paradoxically, this most dramatic theater achieved its greatest autonomy during the occupation. It has become a useful tool for restoring human dignity and art.
EN
The history of the Republic of Namibia began in 1990 when the declaration of independence was proclaimed, after 25 years of liberation struggle with South Africa regime. However the national identity had been shaping many years before. One of the most important component of creating „one Namibia, one People, one Nation” (which was a SWAPO slogan from party’s project of 1973) were camps: civil for refugees and military for freedom fighters organized by People’s Liberation Army of Namibia, located in Angola, Zambia and Tanzania. The purpose of the article is introducing the most crucial moments of Nambian camps history, selected elements of their daily life and the role of the camps in contemporary Namibia.
PL
Republika Namibii ogłosiła niepodległość w 1990 r., po ponad 25 latach wojny o wyzwolenie spod południowoafrykańskiej dominacji. Tożsamość młodego narodu wykuwała się jednak znacznie wcześniej, a jeden z najważniejszych elementów budowania wspólnoty, która zawierała się w haśle SWAPO „jedna Namibia, jeden człowiek, jeden naród”, stanowiły obozy dla cywilnych uchodźców i oddziałów partyzanckich Ludowej Wyzwoleńczej Armii Namibii (PLAN), znajdujące się w Angoli, Zambii i Tanzanii. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wskazanie kluczowych momentów w historii namibijskich obozów w Angoli, wybranych elementów ich funkcjonowania oraz roli, jaką odegrały w dziejach młodego państwa i jego mieszkańców.
PL
Na podstawie utworów autorek drugiego pokolenia SUSANNE FRITZ i MONIKI SZNAJDERMAN przedstawiono, w jaki sposób można wyjaśniać historię, relacje familijne i częściowo traumatyczne spuścizny rodzinne. W obu postpamięciowych tekstach chodzi o wypełnienie luk, o to, co pozostało niedopowiedziane. Szczególnie uwidacznia się przy tym fenomen silnie refleksyjnych poszukiwań, które są jednocześnie autorefleksyjne i sięgają do wielu różnych dokumentów oraz literackich „świadectw”.
EN
The post-remembering modes of narration are motivated by a need to fill gaps and to explain that which has remained untold. The works by SUSANNE FRITZ and MONIKA SZNAJDERMAN pursue the approach of the individual pursuit of history – uncovering history, family relations and partially traumatic legacies for oneself. The phenomenon of the highly reflective search visible in the form of the narrative – often self-reflexive and containing references to other literary “witnesses” – stands out in these two examples of second-generation literature.
DE
Bei den hier untersuchten nacherinnernden Schreibweisen geht es jeweils darum, Lücken, unerzählt Gebliebenes zu füllen. Anhand genannter Werke von SUSANNE FRITZ und MONIKA SZNAJDERMAN wird dem Ansatz nachgegangen, für sich selbst Geschichte, Familienrelationen sowie zum Teil traumatische Hinterlassenschaften zu klären. Das Phänomen der hochreflektierten Suche – selbstreflexiv und unter Rückgriff auf vielerlei Quellen und andere literarische ‚Zeugnisse‘ – sticht bei diesen beiden Beispielen der Literatur der zweiten Generation insbesondere hervor.
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