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EN
The issue of Polish-German reconciliation after 1945 and the actions of both parties to reach an agreement are undoubtedly related to the activities of the Catholic Church in Poland and of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, who led it. Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops is a symbol of forgiveness and the will to rebuild relations between the Polish and German nations. The step taken by the leaders of the Church in Poland towards the German side contributed to the normalization and, with time, of establishing mutual Polish-German relations. The aim of the work is to show the essence of the Polish bishops letter and showing the reaction of both sides to the actions taken by the church hierarchs. At work, Polish-German relations are quite fast before the publication of the Polish Orbis to German bishops, as well as the situation after the publication of the letter. The article presents the process of preparing the letter in chronological order, as well as the ideas that guided the authors of the breakthrough work. The article presents what problems after the publication of Lub, the Catholic Church in Poland and its leadership had to face. There were also shown responses to propaganda and anti-church trust in people towards the Church and Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński. The work shows how important a moment in the history of Polish-German relations is the publication of the letter of the Polish bishops, which is to become the basis for the improvement and, over time, the establishment of relations between neighbors. The work describes a topic repeatedly raised by other authors, but contains new information, developed over the years, about the essence of this important work.
PL
Kwestia pojednania polsko-niemieckiego po 1945 roku oraz działania podejmowane przez obie strony, w celu osiągnięcia nici porozumienia, niewątpliwie powiązane są z działaniami Kościoła Katolickiego w Polsce i kierującego nim kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego. Orędzie biskupów polskich do biskupów niemieckich, jest symbolem przebaczenia i chęcią odbudowy relacji pomiędzy narodem polskim i niemieckim. Krok jaki wykonali zwierzchnicy Kościoła w Polsce wobec strony niemieckiej przyczynił się do unormowania, a z czasem do podjęcia wzajemnych stosunków polsko-niemieckich. Celem pracy jest ukazanie istoty Orędzia biskupów polskich oraz ukazanie reakcji obydwu stron na działania podjęte przez hierarchów kościelnych. W pracy dość szczegółowo przedstawione są relacje polsko- niemieckie przed publikacją Orędzia biskupów polskich do biskupów niemieckich, a także sytuacja po publikacji listu. Artykuł przedstawia chronologicznie proces przygotowania listu, oraz idee jakie przyświecały autorom przełomowego dzieła. Artykuł przedstawia z jakimi problemami po publikacji Orędzia musiał się zmierzyć Kościół Katolicki w Polsce i jego kierownictwo. Ukazane zostały również działania propagandowe i antykościelne, mające zniszczyć zaufanie ludzi do Kościoła i kard. Stefana Wyszyńskiego. Praca pokazuje jak ważnym momentem w dziejach relacji polsko-niemieckich jest publikacja Orędzia biskupów polskich, która to stała się podwaliną pod poprawę a z czasem także i nawiązaniem stosunków międzysąsiedzkich. Praca opisuje temat wielokrotnie poruszany przez innych autorów, lecz zawiera nowe, powstałe z biegiem lat informacje dotyczące istoty tego ważnego dzieła.
EN
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński played very important role in the modern history of Poland, specially during the time of communist totalitarian regime. He was considered by many people as spiritual leader of Polish nation. It was thanks to him that catholic Church in Poland resisted against the atheistic pressure of the communist governments. The article examines the role of his Marian devotion in these difficult attempts. His relation with Virgin Mary reached the culmination point during his imprisonment, when he made the act of total consecration to Mary, according to the writings of saint Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort, to save the Church in Poland and spirit of the nation. His pastoral programs which arised as its consequence had the decisive role to maintain the faith in Polish nation and had the influence on the universal Church.
PL
Kard. Stefan Wyszyński odegrał bardzo ważną rolę we współczesnej historii Polski, a szczególnie w czasie trwania komunizmu. Uważany był przez wielu za duchowego przywódcę narodu. Dzięki niemu Kościół katolicki w Polsce oparł się naciskom ze strony komunistycznego aparatu państwa. Artykuł ten analizuje rolę jego pobożności maryjnej w tych trudnych zmaganiach. Kulminacyjnym momentem na maryjnej drodze kard. Wyszyńskiego było złożenie aktu całkowitego ofiarowania się Maryi w duchu św. Ludwika Marii Grignion de Montfort, co uczynił podczas swojego uwięzienia w intencji ocalenia Kościoła w Polsce i ducha narodu. Programy duszpasterskie, które powstały jako owoc tego aktu, odegrały decydującą rolę w podtrzymaniu wiary w narodzie polskim oraz wpłynęły na Kościół powszechny.
EN
In the period of 1945–1989, in Communist Poland, after the subjection of the Labour Party by the Communists in 1945, and their assimilation in 1950 by the Democratic Party, there was no independent Christian Democratic party; despite this, Poland was a country of the Soviet Block, in which the Catholic Church had relatively large freedom, while Christian democratic parties officially existed in GDR and the Czechoslovakian Republic. This issue is strictly related with several other matters: with Christian Democratic and non-Christian democratic efforts of the Catholics aimed at the establishment of the Catholic Party inside the PRL political system (among others, on the basis of Bolesław Piasecki’s PAX Association); with the activities of the groups relating to the Christian democracy outside the party structures (here it necessary to mention Janusz Zabłocki, the ODiSS group and Polish Catholic Social Association); with activities of all other groups of “lawful” Catholics functioning within Communism; finally with the issue of intellectual research aimed at the rationalisation of the existence of Christian democracy outside the democratic system, in the necessary cooperation with an atheistic totalitarian regime (here a special role was played by inspiration with Christian socialism of Emmanuel Mounier). To provide the final statement concerning the scale of the Christian democratic inspiration in both social and political life it is necessary to deepen the present research concerning almost every political groups of Catholics in PRL – both legal and illegal – maybe aside from the well-known group of “Znak”. It is necessary to verify the findings of the present historiography, which mainly belonged to the identity stream, that is the stream giving priority for the justification of the political attitudes of Catholics during PRL over comprehensive and reliable information analysis. The matters crucial for understanding the existence context of the Christian democratic inspirations in the period of PRL include the issues of various forms of political Catholic realisms in PRL (including specific differentiation of the realism of resistance, collaboration and capitulation – using terms applied by Rafał Matyja), as well as an explanation as to why Catholic groups in PRL – in contrast to the Christian Democrats during the inter-war period – tried to build their identity on the critique of the largest Catholic political formation in Poland – namely the national movement, and often even broader – on the critique of the entire relation between Catholicism and Polish national identity.
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