Search results

1

The tourism function of the castles of the Knights of the Teutonic Order in Poland

100%

Musiaka Ł.

Turyzm

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2013

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vol. 23

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issue 2

49-57

EN

The author’s main objective is to define the level of development of the tourism function of the Teutonic Order castles found in the area of contemporary Poland. The author has taken into account both well-preserved and renovated castles, as well as those in a state of ruin. In order to achieve his goal, he analysed forms of castle development and numbers of tourists, which is the main measure of the tourism function. The final stage of the research was to define the tourism rank of the castles studied.

2

Castle Versus Ethnography. Creation of Museum Expositions in Lubovna Museum - the Castle

100%

Mikulik D.

Zbiór Wiadomości do Antropologii Muzealnej

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2020

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issue 7

EN

The Lubovna Castle and its annexed Museum of Folk Architecture present a unique site in Central Europe. In the past permanent exhibitions in the castle contained collections of mostly ethnographic character. A significant change in the contents of the expositions occurred after the reconstruction and opening of the main castle tower, followed by the reconstruction of the Renaissance and Baroque palaces. Museum employees are currently taking up a challenge of creating a temporary or permanent exposition in the Lubomirsky Baroque Palace. The article presents the development of the castle exhibitions from 1966 up till now. It is a testimony based on the history of the place and experiences of generations of Stara Lubovna museologists.

3

Zameczek w Wojsławicach

100%

Augustyniak J.

Biuletyn Szadkowski

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2010

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issue 10

117-129

EN

Wojsławice is a small village situated about 5 km south-west of Szadek, by an old (13th century) road to Sieradz. Archeological works conducted in the early 1970s resulted in a discovery of an object that had hitherto been unknown. In the second half of the 16th century the family of Wężyk built on an island surrounded by a pond a small castle (21m x 23 m) with a semicircular tower in the north-east corner. The south side of the premises was formed by a two-storey dwelling-house 23 m x 8.9 m large. The courtyard was surrounded by a defensive wall 2 m–2.2 m thick. The castle was built of bricks on stone foundations. It was created at a time when Szadek was in the brightest period of its history.

4

Form and Function in Baroque Architecture

76%

Botica D.

Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne

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2017

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issue 13

PL

The paper presents relations between form and function in the architecture on few selected examples of theoretical texts. Interrelation of form and function is analyzed on examples of the most important types of baroque architecture – the castle and the church. Baroque castle has a key role in the creation and validation of the power of rulers, enfilade rooms and ceremonial staircase have function of stage on which the ruler displays himself and his power, but also at the same time, reflects strictly hierarchical social system of baroque. In religious architecture, relations between form and function are more regulated. In Instructiones… (1577) of the Council of Trent, the emphasis in the design has been placed on the fulfillment of the functions of post-Tridentine liturgy, from the layout of plan to the new meaning of the triumphal arch. However, the regulations are most clearly expressed at the end of the 18th century, in demand for functionality as the primary goal of a sacred space. Following the adoption of Enlightenment ideas in Central Europe, churches are build according to claim that their design should be “useful and purposeful”, according to the request of Joseph II.

5

Museums in former residences: castles, palaces and manor houses

75%

Krakowiak B., Latosińska J.

Tourism

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2009

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vol. 19

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issue 1-2

43-50

EN

The article concerns former residences in Poland and their contemporary use as museums. The authors present the history of Polish residences, the development of museums in castles, palaces and manor houses, their spatial distribution and the relations between the type of building and that of the museum collection.

6

Przyczynek do studiów nad funkcją zamków w średniowiecznych miastach górniczych Europy Środkowej

75%

Cembrzyński P.

Architectus

|

2019

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issue 1(57)

53-66

PL

Ze średniowiecznymi miastami górniczymi w Europie Środkowej związane były zamki położone zarówno w ich obrębie, jak i poza murami. Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie, jakie były związki tych zamków z górnictwem i czym różniły się od zamków w miastach niezwiązanych z górnictwem. W artykule omówiono położenie, formę i funkcje wybranych zamków z ośrodków górniczych o różnej wielkości. Zamki położone w obrębie murów, jak w Kutnej Horze, Wieliczce czy Bochni, odgrywały rolę siedziby administracji, magazynów i zakładów rzemieślniczych. Podobnie funkcjonował zamek w Kremnicy oraz położony poza centrum zamek w Bańskiej Szczawnicy. Były to obiekty o zróżnicowanej strukturze przestrzennej dostosowanej także do działalności w ramach przedsiębiorstwa górniczego. Związki z górnictwem są trudniejsze do udowodnienia w przypadku zamków położonych w oddaleniu od miasta, przede wszystkim sugeruje je przestrzenna relacja ze złożami. Wydaje się, że takie zamki jak Edelštein w Zlatych Horach, zamki w pobliżu Bańskiej Szczawnicy, Rokitnica koło Złotoryi czy zamek Rabsztyn pod Olkuszem miały na celu ochronę i kontrolę obszarów górniczych. Wszystkie te obiekty pełniły ponadto liczne funkcje niezwiązane bezpośrednio z górnictwem.

EN

Medieval mining towns in Central Europe were related with castles, both inside and outside of them. The aim of this article is to explain the relation between those castles and mining and how they differed from castles in towns not associated with mining. The article discusses the location, form and functions of selected castles from mining centres of different sizes. Castles located within the walls of towns, such as in Kutná Hora, Wieliczka or Bochnia served as the seat of administration, warehouses and craftsmen’s workshops. The castle in Kremnica and the castle in Banská Štiavnica, located outside the centre, functioned in a similar way. They spatial function was diversified and adapted also to the activities of the mining company. The link with mining is more difficult to prove in the case of castles located at some distance from the town. First of all, it is suggested by the spatial relationship with deposits. It seems that castles such as Edelštein in Zlaté Hory, castles near Banská Štiavnica, Rokitno near Złotoryja or Rabsztyn Castle near Olkusz were intended to protect and control mining areas. Moreover, they probably had numerous functions not directly related to mining.

7

Museums in former residences: castles, palaces and manor houses

75%

Krakowiak B., Latosińska J.

Turyzm

|

2009

|

vol. 19

|

issue 1-2

43-50

EN

The article concerns former residences in Poland and their contemporary use as museums. The authors present the history of Polish residences, the development of museums in castles, palaces and manor houses, their spatial distribution and the relations between the type of building and that of the museum collection.

8

Studia nad stratygrafią I poziomami architektoniczno-użytkowymi zamku kruszwickiego

75%

Pawlak P.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

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2021

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issue 62

375-397

EN

The castle in Kruszwica was built after 1343, at the request of Casimir III the Great. The oldest written sources, Kronika by Jan of Czarnków, dates the construction of the castle back to 1350-1355. The castle hosted the seat of the starost, judiciary authorities and a prison. In 1973-1982, the excavations were located in the central and south-western parts of the Castle Hill. In 2007-2008, the archaeological excavations were moved to the crests of the Hill; in 2010-2011 they were located chiefly near the structures of the castle building, still uncovered in 1973-1982. As a result, relics of the castle house were excavated together with several cellar rooms and fragments of the peripheral wall with remains of a gate. Following the results of stratigraphic and architectural analyses, the results of the research into the movable historic material, coupled with the results of 14C radiocarbon dating, four chronological periods have been identified in the history of the castle in Kruszwica: period I – since the mid-14th c. to 1519; period II – after 1519 to 1591; period III – after 1591 to 1657; period IV – after 1657.

9

Castles of Northwestern Bohemia in the Middle Ages

75%

Sýkora M.

Architectus

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2021

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issue 4 (68)

107-119

PL

Trzynasty wiek był nie tylko świetlanym okresem panowania ostatnich królów charyzmatycznej dynastii Przemyślidów, ale także okresem stopniowej i długotrwałej transformacji ziem Królestwa Czeskiego, która zasadniczo zmieniła jego wygląd i sposób życia jego mieszkańców. Oprócz ukonstytuowania się szlachty jako grupy społecznej reprezentowanej przez różnorodne symbole wizualne, jednym z przejawów tej przemiany było zastąpienie wczesnośredniowiecznych grodów nowymi kamiennymi zamkami. Wysokie średniowieczne zamki, w przeciwieństwie do swoich poprzedników, miały bardziej zróżnicowane spektrum funkcji, które dodatkowo różniły się w zależności od poszczególnych przypadków. Zamki wczesnego średniowiecza w rozmaity sposób łączyły swoją główną funkcję mieszkalną z funkcjami wojskowymi, centrotwórczymi, administracyjnymi, gospodarczymi, prawnymi i symbolicznymi. Celem artykułu jest nie tylko przedstawienie skomplikowanych początków zamków w północnozachodnich Czechach (dzisiejszy region Ústí), ale także próba opisu tendencji rozwojowych architektury zamkowej aż do późnego średniowiecza. W swojej pracy autor skupił się na opisie i interpretacji kilku kluczowych obiektów oraz na zarysie ogólnych trendów.

EN

The oldest royal and nobility castles appear in Northwestern Bohemia in the 2nd third of the 13th century. Builders mainly use castles with a Bergfried and a palace or with a donjon, regular castle dispositions remain limited to the environment of royal cities. However, the growth in construction of nobility castles did not occur until the reign of John the Blind, when many of them were built as fief castles. During the 14th century we can observe different tendencies in the construction of castles. There are more sophisticated mansions, where a large palace stands as the main building. In the last quarter of the 14th century we can already observe decline in the use of defensive components. The direction of the castle architecture towards comfortable settlements was disrupted by the Hussite wars and the massive development of firearms. During the war years in Bohemia, an ingenious architecture was being created using both passive and active defence means, which spread throughout Europe and formed one of the sources of inspiration for modern bastion fortresses. After the Hussite wars, we see tendencies aimed at improving the quality of residential and representational components. The purpose of this article is not only to present the complicated beginnings of castles in northwestern Bohemia (today’s Ústí region), but also to attempt to describe the development trends of castle architecture until the late Middle Ages. In his work, the author focused on the description and interpretation of several key objects and on the outline of general trends.

10

Zamek jako metafora. Podróże po literaturze

63%

Malinowski W. M.

Filologia Polska. Roczniki Naukowe Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego

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2023

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vol. 9

191-210

EN

The article addresses the notion of three categories of metaphors generated by the image of a castle in the selected works of the 19th-century literature of France, Belgium and Poland. The paper discusses the castle of soul (Nerval, Maeterlinck, Miciński), the castle of tyranny (Hugo, Custine) and the castle of glory (Mickiewicz, Goszczyński).

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest trzem kategoriom metafor, jakie generuje literacki obraz zamku w wybranych utworach z dziewiętnastowiecznej literatury Francji, Belgii i Polski. Mowa o zamku duszy (Nerval, Maeterlinck, Miciński), zamku tyranii (Hugo, Custine) oraz zamku chwały (Mickiewicz, Goszczyński).

11

Zamek w Chudowie do końca XVI w. – rozwój i przekształcenia prywatnej siedziby górnośląskiej w świetle dotychczasowych badań

63%

Nocuń P.

Architectus

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2019

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issue 1(57)

67-78

PL

W artykule przedstawione zostały najważniejsze wyniki badań siedziby pańskiej w Chudowie koło Gliwic (Górny Śląsk), prowadzonych na tym obiekcie od 2001 r. (przede wszystkim w związku z realizowaną w tym czasie częściową rekonstrukcją wczesnonowożytnego zamku i adaptacją jego wieży na cele muzealne). Wykonywane równolegle kwerendy archiwalne, obserwacje architektoniczne, a zwłaszcza prace archeologiczne pozwoliły na rozpoznanie m.in. pozostałości poprzedzającej zamek murowany, a nieznanej wcześniej, XV-wiecznej siedziby rodziny Chudowskich (formalnie wpisującej się w horyzont późnośredniowiecznych założeń typu motte). W tekście przedstawiono ustalenia na temat planu, konstrukcji oraz podstaw datowania tego obiektu, jego funkcjonowania i destrukcji. Omówiono również wyniki badań w kwestii czasu budowy kamienno-ceglanego zamku wiązanego z działalnością Jana Gierałtowskiego. Przedstawiono wcześniejsze koncepcje na temat kształtu i datowania tego założenia, które zweryfikowano w oparciu o rezultaty ostatnich prac archeologicznych. Szczegółowej analizie poddano także zamkową wieżę, której stan zachowania umożliwił określenie jej pierwotnej formy (z czasu jej realizacji około połowy XVI w.) i funkcji. Przedstawione w tekście informacje pozwoliły na ukazanie rozwoju siedziby obronnej w Chudowie w okresie od jej powstania w połowie XV stulecia – kiedy to funkcjonowała w postaci drewnianej wieży otoczonej palisadą – do końca wieku XVI – kiedy zrealizowane zostało renesansowe założenie (otoczone fosą), w którego skład wchodziła kamienno-ceglana wieża i trzy budynki wzniesione wokół niewielkiego centralnego dziedzińca.

EN

The article presents the main results of research of the noble’s seat in Chudów near Gliwice (Upper Silesia), that was conducted since 2001 (mainly in connection with the partial reconstruction of the early-modern castle and the adaptation of its tower for museum purposes). Archival queries, architectural observations, and – in particular – archaeological works, carried out in parallel, have resulted with the discovery of remains of – preceding the stone and brick castle – previously unknown 15th-century seat of the Chudowski family (formally placed in the horizon of late mediaeval residences of motte type). The text presents conclusions about its plan, structure and bases for chronology of construction, functioning and destruction of this object. The article also discusses the results of research in the topic of the origins of the stone and brick castle, associated with the activities of Jan Gierałtowski. It presents earlier concepts of the plan and chronology of it and verifies them basing on the results of recent archaeological works. A detailed analysis was also made of the castle tower, whose state of preservation made it possible to determine its original form (from the time when it was built around the middle of the 16th century) and its function. The data presented in the text allowed showing the development of the private residence in Chudów from its origins in the mid-15th century – when it functioned as a wooden tower surrounded by a palisade – until the end of the 16th century – when the early-modern castle (surrounded by a moat) was completed composed of a stone and brick tower and three buildings constructed around a small central courtyard.

12

Zamek w Sztumie w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych z 2019 roku

63%

Wasik B.

Pomorania Antiqua

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2020

|

vol. Tom XXIX

s. 195-222

EN

In the second half of the 19th and early 20th century first scientific studies of the castle were created by German scientists. Architectural research was carried out in the 1980s, but the castle was never subject to extensive archaeological and architectural research. Over the past decades, researchers usually have tended to repeat older views. New information was brought by historians' research a few years ago. Extensive archaeological and architectural research of the castle began in 2019. They also included the analysis of test trenches made in 2018 under the supervision of Zbigniew Sawicki and Ewa Fudzińska. There functioned a view that the castle was likely built in place of an Old Prussian stronghold. Current research, however, forces us to reject it. As for the chronology of the masonry castle construction, it was associated with the first mentions of officials related Sztum (1330s). The information about the foundation of the fortalicium by Albrecht III Habsburg in 1377 instead, was associated with the addition of one of the three castle towers. However, current research has negated this interpretation. All towers were erected at the beginning of the castle construction. The dating of the archaeological material confirms that the construction of the castle began as late as in the second half of the 14th century, i.e. in connection with the foundation of 1377. The research also brought new knowledge about the spatial arrangement and construction techniques of the castle. In trenches 1 and 4–4a, the foundations of half-pillars of the defensive wall’s arcades were documented. In addition, the walls of the eastern tower and the adjacent second castle gate were unearthed (trenches 2–2a and 5a), which were built together with the perimeter wall of the complex. The layout of the slopes and moat layers was recognised (trenches Nos. 7, 11, 13 and drillings). The layouts of construction embankments were also recognised inside the castle (trenches 1–1a, 2–2a–2b, 4–4a–4b and 12). As for the internal buildings, relics of the house of grand masters have been identified in the southeastern part of the castle (trenches 1–1a, 6, 8). It was found that in the Middle Ages, the space between the southeastern outbuilding and the eastern tower was built up (trenches 2–2a). In the north presence of the medieval and early post-medieval phase of economic buildings (trench 12) was found, while in the west the existence of the building in the Middle Ages was not confirmed (trench 4–4a–4b). The relics of the west wing discovered there come from the post-medieval period.

13

Zamek prokuratorski w Unisławiu. Układ przestrzenny i technika budowy w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych

63%

Wasik B.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

2018

|

issue 1

49-64

PL

Zamek w Unisławiu na ziemi chełmińskiej był do niedawna jedną z najsłabiej rozpoznanych warowni krzyżackich. Nie była znana jego forma, a źródła historyczne dostarczały jedynie przesłanek do jego chronologii. Przeprowadzone w 2017 r. badania archeologiczno-architektoniczne skupione były na terenie zamku wysokiego, ale towarzyszące im obserwacje pozwoliły także na określenie układu budowli: na trójczłonową warownię składały się zamek wysoki i dwa przedzamcza. Badania wykazały, że zamek murowany wzniesiono na miejscu komturskiej warowni drewniano-ziemnej, a inwestycję tę łączyć należy z rezydującymi od 2. ćw. XIV w. w Unisławiu prokuratorami. Głównym elementem zamku wysokiego był masywny dom wieżowy, osłonięty od strony przedzamcza murem obronnym. Na przełomie XIV i XV w. zamek został rozbudowany – dodano nowe budynki, w tym bramny. Badania dostarczyły także podstaw do rekonstrukcji szczegółów techniki budowy zamku. Kres funkcjonowania warowni przyniosła wojna trzynastoletnia (1454-1466).

EN

The castle in Unisław on Chełmno Land has until recently been one of the least-known Teutonic strongholds. Its form was unascertained, and historical sources provided only some premises for its chronology. The archaeological and architectural research carried out in 2017 focused on the area of the high castle, but the accompanying observations also enabled to determine the layout of the structure: the three-part stronghold consisted of a high castle and two wards. The research has shown that the brick castle was erected on the site of the wooden and earthen commandery stronghold, and this investment should be connected with the prosecutors residing in Unisław from the 2nd quarter of the 14th century. The main part of the high castle was a massive tower house, shielded from the side of the ward with a defensive wall. At the turn of the 15th century, the castle was extended – new buildings were added, including gates. The research also provided the basis for the reconstruction of the details of castle construction techniques. The stronghold was captured and destroyed during the Thirteen Years’ War (1454-1466).

14

Zamek w Kazimierzu Dolnym w świetle badań architektonicznych

63%

Brykowska M., Wółkowski W.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

2018

|

issue 1

7-47

PL

W artykule przedstawione zostały wnioski z badań architektonicznych wykonanych przez autorów w latach 2010-2013, w powiązaniu z badaniami historycznymi i z wynikami badań archeologicznych. Badania wykonano w Pracowni Rewaloryzacji Architektury „Nowy Zamek” w Warszawie w celu sformułowania wniosków konserwatorskich do projektu stałego zabezpieczenia ruin i zagospodarowania otoczenia. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na przedstawienie w układzie chronologicznym faz budowy i użytkowania zamku od połowy XIV w. do czasów współczesnych. W takim ujęciu opracowane badania in situ oparte na źródłach archiwalnych nie były dotąd publikowane.

EN

The article presents conclusions from architectural research carried out by authors in the years 2010-2013 in conjunction with historical studies and results of archaeological research. The studies were conducted at the “Nowy Zamek” Architecture Revalorisation Studio in Warsaw in order to formulate conservation conclusions for the project of permanent protection of ruins and development of the surroundings. The obtained research results enabled to present phases of construction and functions of the castle from the mid-14th century to contemporary times, in a chronological order. Such in situ research based on archival sources and assuming the discussed perspective has not been published so far.

15

Jakość zagospodarowania turystycznego w wybranych obiektach zabytkowych w województwie małopolskim

63%

Cybulski P.

Zeszyty Studenckie Wydziału Ekonomicznego „Nasze Studia”

|

2022

|

issue 12

141-153

EN

Among a lot of studies on tourism, determining the quality of historic buildings in the eyes of visitors is an extremely important factor showing their interest in these places. A study was carried out, the main purpose of which was to determine which of the proposed monuments of defense architecture of the Malopolska county were most often visited in the pandemic era, and what they think about the tourist infrastructure of the facility. Among many historic buildings in Malopolska county the visitors chose places located in the following places: Wawel in Cracow, Pieskowa Skałą, Korzkiew, Oświęcim, Zator, Wysoka, Sucha Beskidzka, Szymbark, Niedzica, Wytrzyszczka, Nowy Wiśnicz, Wieruszyce, Jeżów, Dębno, Niepołomice, Bydlin, Rabsztyn, Ojców, Tenczyn w Rudnie, Babice, Lanckorona, Nowy Sącz, Muszyna, Rytro, Czorsztyn, Czchów, Dobrzyce, Melsztyn i Wieliczka. Out of 76% of the respondents, during the year, visited at least one of the above-mentioned- sites. Tourists were most interested in such places as The Royal Castle in Wawel, the castle in Ojców, the castle in Pieskowa Skała and the one in Nidzica. The best opinions, however, had places situated in Cracow (Wawel), Ojców, Rabsztyn and Sucha Beskidzka. The visitors paid special attention to the facilities for the disabled, parking places, toilets and small infrastructure including benches and information boards. To get to those places, tourists mainly used their own means of transport but they got there by trains as well. Therefore, it can be said that despite the pandemic, places with historical meaning (of military architecture) in the Malopolska county were willingly a chosen destination for the interviewees.

PL

Wśród wielu badań, dotyczących ruchu turystycznego, ustalenie jakości obiektów zabytkowych w oczach odwiedzających jest niezmiernie ważnym czynnikiem, ukazującym ich zainteresowanie wizytacją w tychże miejscach. Przeprowadzono badanie, którego celem głównym było ustalenie, które z zaproponowanych obiektów zabytkowych architektury obronnej województwa małopolskiego były najchętniej odwiedzane przez ankietowanych w dobie pandemii, a także co sądzą o infrastrukturze turystycznej obiektu. Wśród wielu obiektów zabytkowych w województwie małopolskim wybrano obiekty architektury militarnej zlokalizowane w następujących miejscowościach: Wawel w Krakowie, Pieskowa Skała, Korzkiew, Oświęcim, Zator, Wysoka, Sucha Beskidzka, Szymbark, Niedzica, Wytrzyszczka, Nowy Wiśnicz, Wieruszyce, Jeżów, Dębno, Niepołomice, Bydlin, Rabsztyn, Ojców, Tenczyn w Rudnie, Babice, Lanckorona, Nowy Sącz, Muszyna, Rytro, Czorsztyn, Czchów, Dobczyce, Melsztyn i Wieliczka. Spośród ankietowanych 76% odwiedziło w ciągu ostatniego roku przynajmniej jeden obiekt z podanych. Największym zainteresowaniem cieszyły się takie obiekty jak: Zamek Królewski na Wawelu w Krakowie, Zamek w Ojcowie, Zamek w Pieskowej Skale oraz w Niedzicy. Jednakże najlepsze opinie miały obiektu usytuowane Krakowie (Wawel), Ojcowie, Rabsztynie i Suchej Beskidzkiej. Odwiedzający zwracali przy tym szczególną uwagę na ułatwienia dla niepełnosprawnych, dostęp do parkingu i toalet oraz małą infrastrukturę, na którą składają się m.in. ławki i tablice informacyjne. Aby dostać się do wybranych miejsc, ankietowani używali głównie własnych samochodów osobowych, przy czym wybierano, także podróż pociągiem. Zatem można przyjąć, że pomimo czasu pandemii, miejsca z zabytkami historycznymi (architektury militarnej) w województwie małopolskim były chętnie wybieranym celem podróży ankietowanych.

16

Wirtualna rekonstrukcja średniowiecznego zamku w Prudniku

63%

Chodkowska A., Chorowska M.

Architectus

|

2019

|

issue 1(57)

39-52

PL

Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie podstaw źródłowych oraz badawczych, na bazie których opracowano wirtualną rekonstrukcję zamku w Prudniku z przełomu czasów średniowiecza i wczesnej nowożytności. Powstały model jest wzorcem do stworzenia makiety. Ma ona dać wyobrażenie o całości zabudowań zamkowych, z których do dziś przetrwała tylko wieża. W rozważaniach prowadzących do odtworzenia przestrzennej formy architektonicznej autorki korzystają przede wszystkim z najstarszego znanego źródła ikonograficznego – rysunku Friedricha Bernharda Wernera ukazującego zamek od strony północnego wschodu. Istotne w odtworzeniu wizerunku obiektu były także wyniki badań wykopaliskowych przeprowadzonych na terenie nieistniejących zabudowań. Zachowana wieża zamkowa pozwoliła przybliżyć pionowy wymiar założenia. W artykule omówiono także historię i lokalizację obiektu.

EN

The purpose of the article was to show the source and research basics, upon which the virtual reconstruction of Prudnik’s castle, from the turn of Middle Ages and early modern age, was based. The design can be used as a base for a model, which presents the full scope of the castle’s buildings, from which only the tower still exists. To restore the architectural, spatial form, the authors used primarily the oldest, known iconographic source – Friedrich Bernhard Wernher’s drawing, showing the castle from the north-eastern side. Restoration of the image was also possible due to excavation research, which took place on the site of the no longer existing buildings. In addition, the preserved tower helped to estimate the vertical dimension of the object. The history and location of the castle in Prudnik was also covered in the article.

17

Zamek w Sztumie w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych z 2021 roku

63%

Wasik B.

Pomorania Antiqua

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2022

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vol. Tom XXXI

125–146

EN

The excavations of the castle in Sztum carried out in 2021 were a continuation of the works from 2019. First, however, in 2020, GPR survey was carried out, the results of which made it possible to clarify the location of the planned trenches and raised new research questions. In the course of the excavations, the knowledge about the spatial arrangement of the buildings studied so far was supplemented, and objects not covered by the works to date were identified. In test trench No. 17 was positively verified the anomaly, interpreted as an alleged partition wall of the great masters’ house, which allowed for a more complete reconstruction of the interior layout of this building. In trench No. 14, the northern range of the eastern gate building was captured, which, as it turned out, was similar in size to the western gate. The interior of the building was lowered in relation to the surrounding area, and there was a drawbridge trapdoor under the gate opening. Therefore, communication in the interior took place on a wooden bridge. Remains of economic buildings were unearthed in trenches Nos. 15 and 16. In the Middle Ages, there were stables and the mayor’s coach house here. The post-medieval stables were much larger than the previous ones. Their walls were made in timber-framed construction and based on a foundation of stones without mortar. In trench No. 20, a rich stratigraphy was identified at the northern wall, separating several sequences of layers of construction embankments. In trenches Nos. 18 and 19, the dimensions of the post-medieval western house were captured and the technique of its foundation was recognized. At the western gate, a previously unknown castle house was identified, which can be interpreted as gemach of the great commander. In trenches Nos. 21 and 22 marked out in the southern part of the courtyard, and with the help of the axis of the boreholes, the location and layout of the office from the 16th century was identified. It was a timber-framed building, built on solid and deeply set point foundations. In trench No. 21, a layer with Bronze Age pottery was also found under the humus from before the construction of the castle. In trench No. 23, located at the western wall of the moat, the chronological relation of this structure to the town wall was recognized. It turned out that the western wall of the moat was slightly shifted to the east in relation to the present structure. The negatives and a small destruct have survived, but based on the stratigraphy analysis, it can be concluded that the town wall was added to the perimeter of the moat at a later stage of construction. The conducted research made it possible to supplement the knowledge about the spatial arrangement and transformations of the castle. It was an object that stood out among the castle architecture of Prussia - on a daily basis the seat of the mayor, but evidently built with a residential function for great masters in mind.

18

Zamek w Radzyniu Chełmińskim. Technika i etapy budowy siedziby krzyżackich komturów i konwentu

63%

Wasik B.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

2015

|

issue 1

167-181

EN

Radzyń Chełmiński is situated in the northern part of the Chełmno Land. In the Middle Ages, an important route from Pomesania led through that area. In that strategic place, most probably on the basis of an early medieval settlement, the Teutonic Knights led by Herman Balk erected the first fortress in 1234. In 1243, it was one of a few which was not conquered by Prussian rebels. In mid-13th century, it became a komtur’s seat. As the archaeological research has shown, the masonry castle was erected in a new place. On the basis of the research, as well as the architectural analysis of the preserved walls and size of bricks, it is possible to reconstruct the building process of the fortress. In the first phase, in the following stages, which had basically been pre-planned, the convent building was erected. In the first stage, a curtain wall of the convent building was built in narrow-space foundation trenches and, at the same time, window openings, vault prop and toothing for future partition walls of the flanks were prepared. After erecting a curtain wall, the level of the area around the convent house was raised by about 2.5 meters, creating an artificial hill. In the following stage, the main (southern) flank was erected. On the level of the cellars, short rudiments of walls of the neighbouring flanks were built, leading out from its northern wall. Other flanks of the castle were built later. On the basis of the consistency of architecture and the measurement analysis of the bricks, it should be stated that the application in various parts of the building of the Wendish (cellars) and Gothic (ground parts, some partition walls in the cellars) brickwork does not mean that the phases of construction of those elements were distant in time. The sizes of the bricks used in the entire building are consistent irrespective of the brickwork. The use of the Wendish brickwork in the cellars can be explained by the fact that it was used for facing the stone wall, unlike the Gothic brickwork, which was in full brick walls. The buildings erected in the second stage of construction of the castle were made of brick of a visibly larger size. At that time, the bergfried was probably erected, as well as the outer ward with a dansker and an outer bailey. The use of various types of brickwork in the curtain wall of the latter should be explained by work of various teams of bricklayers. In connection with the construction of the elements of the castle listed above, further earth works were performed, that is, the level of the outer ward was elevated and made even, the plateau of the outer bailey was widened from the south and an embankment was constructed in front of its western curtain. The last medieval building works comprised the erection of buildings on the outer ward of the convent house. The chronology of construction of the castle was examined by researches in different ways. On the basis of forms of gables of the main flank, it can be determined that the construction of the convent house was completed in the 40s of the 14th century. Thus, it was probably undertaken before the congress of the dignitaries of the order, which was held in Radzyń in 1329. Perhaps, during the congress, the works on the rooms in the main flank of the castle (the chapel and the refectory) were about to be finished. On the other hand, it should be estimated that the outer ward and the bailey were erected in mid- and second half of the 14th century.

19

ZAMEK W JAGIELNICY – OD TWIERDZY OBRONNEJ DO ZAKŁADU PRZEMYSŁOWEGO

63%

Synowiec A.

Roczniki Administracji i Prawa

|

2019

|

vol. 2

|

issue XIX

277-291

PL

Artykuł przedstawia dzieje i znaczenie zamku w Jagielnicy (a właściwie we wsi Nagórzanka k. Jagielnicy), przede wszystkim w okresie, kiedy służył polskiemu przemysłowi tytoniowemu. Początki twierdzy obronnej zbudowanej na wzgórzu sięgają XVI w. W ciągu wieków zamek przechodził różne koleje losu. Po odrestaurowaniu w XVIII w. był główną rezydencją Lanckorońskich. W 1817 r. zamek przeszedł w ręce rządu austriackiego. Urządzono tam fabrykę oraz magazyn tytoniu i wyrobów tytoniowych. W czasie I wojny światowej kompleks zamkowy został zniszczony. Po wojnie został on przejęty przez Polski Monopol Tytoniowy. Po odbudowie dawnych budynków i wzniesieniu nowych stał się siedzibą Zakładu Uprawy Tytoniu PMT w Jagielnicy. Po II wojnie zakład tytoniowy działał nadal, już na terenie USRR. Na początku XXI w. został sprywatyzowany. Obecnie trwają prace nad stworzeniem z zamku centrum turystyczno-wypoczynkowego przy uwzględnieniu kwestii ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego.

EN

This paper presents the history and significance of Jagielnica Castle (more specifically, it is located in the village of Nagórzanka, near Jagielnica) mainly during the period when it served the Polish tobacco industry. The early days of the stronghold, which was built on a hill, date back to the 16th century. Throughout the centuries the fortunes of the castle changed. After restoration in the 18th century, it became the main residence of the Lanckoroński family. In 1817 the castle became a property of the Austrian government. A factory and a warehouse for tobacco and tobacco products were established there. During World War I the castle complex was destroyed. After war it was taken over by the Polish Tobacco Monopoly. After the old buildings were rebuilt and new ones were constructed, it became the seat of the Tobacco Cultivation Plant PTM in Jagielnica. After World War II the tobacco plant still operated, but it was in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. In the early 21st century it was privatized. Today there are efforts to establish a tourist and leisure centre in the castle, taking into account the protection of cultural heritage.

20

Venkovská sídla Poděbradů

63%

Musil F.

Mediaevalia Historica Bohemica

|

2014

|

vol. 17

|

issue 2

113-128

EN

Rural residences of the Poděbrady family: The study does not note the court of the family from Kunštát and Poděbrady as a certain circle of persons active in the surroundings of the members of the family and sharing in its activities, but it notes mainly its Bohemian places (castles) with which the gradual rise of the family was connected. They include Poděbrady, which was the first Bohemian property and residence of a member of this family, further Litice nad Orlicí – a centre of the extensive progressively acquired properties of the family of Kunštát and Poděbrady in East Bohemia and where also the family archive was located and the castle no longer existent today in Kłodzko (it was part of Bohemia) connected with the penetration of the family into Silesia. It marginally deals with the issue of the share of George already as king in the fortification of the family Moravian castle of Kunštát.

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