This paper concerns the linguistic means used in order to describe auditory sensations or, more specifically, linguistic expressions that musicians apply to describe the sounds of different instruments of the drum set. The analysis concerns one of the types of such expressions – names of sounds produced by the living creature, that is, linguistic items that refer to articulate and inarticulate sounds produced by the human being and sounds that are typically associated with animals. From the Cognitive Grammar perspective, these names are analyzed as semantic extensions, which enables us to indicate schematic structures emerging from them – patterns of semantic extension.
Creating false memories with words is a research procedure mainly used in psychology. It is based on a high correlation between the probability of remembering-knowing a critical word (the memories of the fact of learning it) and the likelihood of providing this word as an association with a list of words. An unrepresented critical word appears as a memory because it is associated with thewords presented to the participants of the study. The falsehood of the memory lies in the fact that the probability of providing a false word, i.e. a critical word, is as strong as the possibility of giving a listed word, whereas the respondents report that they remember the very moment of remembering a critical word. The aim of this article is to present the results of research on causing false memories and their effects carried out on the group of people with motor aphasia and the control group of those without this type of disorder. The study was conducted using the modified DRM procedure on the group of people with motor aphasia (N = 46) and the control group (N = 46). The study was conducted individually and the material was presented by means of visual and auditory ways. The conclusion is that the people with aphasia are prone to the effect of causing false memories to a similar extent as those without aphasia, even though this fact may be due to the non-linguistic deficits associated with aphasia.
Creating false memories with words is a research procedure mainly used in psychology. It is based on a high correlation between the probability of remembering-knowing a critical word (the memories of the fact of learning it) and the likelihood of providing this word as an association with a list of words. An unrepresented critical word appears as a memory because it is associated with thewords presented to the participants of the study. The falsehood of the memory lies in the fact that the probability of providing a false word, i.e. a critical word, is as strong as the possibility of giving a listed word, whereas the respondents report that they remember the very moment of remembering a critical word. The aim of this article is to present the results of research on causing false memories and their effects carried out on the group of people with motor aphasia and the control group of those without this type of disorder. The study was conducted using the modified DRM procedure on the group of people with motor aphasia (N = 46) and the control group (N = 46). The study was conducted individually and the material was presented by means of visual and auditory ways. The conclusion is that the people with aphasia are prone to the effect of causing false memories to a similar extent as those without aphasia, even though this fact may be due to the non-linguistic deficits associated with aphasia.
This article demonstrates how language and culture determine the use of German „Heimat”, „Heimatland” and „Vaterland” translated into Polish as „ojczyzna”. From the perspective of anthropocentric linguistics, the central research object is primarily the translator who is responsible for the appropriateness of the translation result. The explication reflects the theories within the scope of linguistic worldview, developed by J. Bartmiński and A. Wierzbicka. The cognitive aspects of literary translation will be explained on the example of Mascha Kaléko’s poems, originally written in German.
The paper presents the concept of functionality analysis as a universal research method applied in organisational and technical as well as economic and social systems. The methodology of functionality analysis is based on a functional approach, which indicates that systems are analysed from the perspective of the functions they perform. A functional approach translates to various methodologies, constituting a link between diagnosing research and designing. The paper presents functionality analysis as a diagnostic method focused on ratio and point assessment.
Many researchers argue that the analysis process of any narrative and biographical inquiry is a delicate, arduous and complex stage and requires creativity, advanced skills and the technique of the researcher. This research note, based on a research project carried out in Spain, makes a unique contribution to this debate by reflecting about the Cross-Narrative Model, whose father was Lewis (1973), introducing two concepts: Biographical Units and the Analysis Units. Furthermore, it describes the analysis process laying emphasis on the particular methodological challenges and possible benefits of using these units to build up a two-part biographical account. This research note concludes that the use of the Cross-Narrative Analysis model could be considered as a possible alternative to the on-going discussion on advancing the rigorous and resourcefulness narrative qualitative analysis endeavour.
While at first glance the difference between fruit and vegetables appears to be clear, there are some problematic cases. One of them is the tomato, which is commonly regarded as a vegetable, although – technically speaking – it is a fruit. The aim of the present paper is to explain the controversies concerning the classification of tomatoes and other similar examples. In particular, the prototype-based approach to categorisation appears to offer a better chance of revealing the mechanisms that stand behind the issue of categorisation, than the classical approach.
The aim of the study is an assessment of the possibility of semantic categorisation of common names and proper names in a disturbed discourse. The study used a case-experimental approach. The results were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. The best-preserved semantic relations were indicated and phenomena relating to the quality of access to the mental dictionary were determined. The symptoms of the degradation of the semantic dictionary were indicated. The quantitative assessment included a percentage description of the results obtained. The subject performed the process of semantic categorisation of proper names (names belonging to less fuzzy categories) better than common names (with numerous connotations).
According to Ernst Cassirer’s views expressed in Philosophy of Symbolic Forms and Essay on Man a man is ‘a symbolic animal’, which means that: /1/ every meaning is symbolic, /2/ symbolisation creates the world but it does not reflect it, /3/ symbolisations are not individual but cultural, /4/ culture consists of ‘symbolic forms’, i.e., science, common sense, religion, magic, language and art, which create the world in different ways. Nelson Goodman in Languages of Art and Ways of Worldmaking developed Cassirer’s view towards more radical epistemological pluralism and changed his semiotic assumption. Cassirer accepted Frege’s understanding of symbolisation as a relation between three elements: a symbol, its meaning and a denoted object. For Goodman symbolisation is a two-element relation: between a symbol and an object, without the category of meaning. Symbols can denote or exemplify or refer to objects in complex and indirect ways. The paper aims to address the problem of the efficiency of that categorisation.
In the linguistic picture of a path, which constitutes one of the elements adding up to the picture of the world created in “Armia’s” lyrics , a prototypical path, comprehended literally, leads to the abstract concept of the metaphor LIFE / DEATH IS A PATH. Not only is this particular metaphor constructed by the domain of space, but also by the domain of time (path - space-time continuum) since covering any distance consumes time, and life itself reflects existence in time. In this picture, life is a kind of path leading to death. This path strictly depends on man – a wanderer who, firstly, chooses a certain direction and, then acts according to the stipulated conditions. There are two types of path: a straight path, which imposes an upright way of behaviour, and a winding path – the antithesis of the former one. The choice of a proper path is troublesome and hence life understood as a constant struggle seems to be justified. It is only God who can lead the human being out of the path marked by sin. Therefore, the conceptual metaphor LIFE / DEATH IS A PATH may be analysed in the perspective of Christianity.
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