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The creation of the state: The fate of old institutions of political power and the creation of new ones in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes from 1918-1923

100%
Grgić S., Hrstić I.
Historyka Studia Metodologiczne
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2022
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vol. 52
185-203
EN
In the first years of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, the foundations were laid for a political crisis that later marked its entire existence until its collapse at the outset of World War II. One of the basic causes for this situation was the centralist policy implemented by the dominant political actors, despite the complexities and heterogeneity of the new state. This study analyses the direction and tempo with which this centralist system was built from 1918 to 1923, with a focus on the western regions which had been a part of the Austro‑Hungarian Empire until 1918, and whose political representatives most strongly opposed centralisation.
2
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AKTUÁLNE PRÍSTUPY A PROCESY VO VEREJNEJ SPRÁVE

88%
Adamcová M.
Central European Papers
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2022
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vol. 10
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issue 1
9-24
EN
Knowing the individual approaches to public administration helps us to thoroughly understand the identity of public administration. Among the basic approaches to public administration we includean interdisciplinary approach, an approach topublicadministration with an interdisciplinary character and an approach that supports public administration as a separate guided discipline. The classical methodological procedure is the basis of a systemic, institutional and structural-functional approach to public administration. In line with the previous availability of the current form of public administration, which are influenced by the processes of Europeanization and regionalization. They correspond to an adequate public administration that would be efficient and provide quality services to citizens. In this search, it turns out that the key is the degree of centralization and decentralization in public administration.
3
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People-Powered Planning: Planning from the bottom up in a top-down system

88%
Collins P.
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2021
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vol. 28
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issue 2
227-250
EN
This paper is concerned with spatial policy in Ireland. It adopts an historical lens to help explain why Ireland currently finds itself at the bottom of the European league table with regard to local governance. After categorising the Irish political and planning system as highly centralised, bureaucratic and linear, the paper uses a case study of the Moycullen village plan to show an alternate path towards place development in Ireland. This case study sets out to contrast the desire of a people to collaborate in the authorship of their place with the top down nature of spatial planning in Ireland. By making clear the methods and results of the project, this paper highlights the latent demand that exists in a community that is subject to national planning system that reduces their ability to affect change. Through the use of some innovative approaches, this project has sought to fire the geographic imaginary of a people with respect to their place.
4
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Funkcjonowanie samorządu lokalnego we współczesnym państwie niedemokratycznym. Przykład Republiki Białoruś w latach 1991–2019

63%
Czachor R.
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
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2021
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vol. 56
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issue 1
175-192
EN
The paper is devoted to the theoretical and practical aspects of local self-government institutions in non-democratic countries. Generally, such countries persistently avoid decentralisation and the strengthening of local authorities. Nevertheless, they make efforts that aim to reform and reshape these institutions. In the paper, theoretical establishments are confronted with the case of the Republic of Belarus. After becoming an independent state, the government undertook efforts to introduce local self-government; however, shortly after the President of Belarus election, Alexander Lukashenko reversed this trend. In the following years, Belarus evidenced re-centralisation and optimisation of the weak local governments. The main goal of these changes was to include local bodies in the policy of central authorities. The paper also presents general conclusions and recommendations concerning possible future decentralisation.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest teoretycznym i praktycznym aspektom funkcjonowania instytucji samorządu lokalnego w państwach niedemokratycznych. Co do zasady państwa takie unikają decentralizacji i rozwoju samorządności. Mimo to podejmują one rozmaite działania reformujące i zmieniające te instytucje. Ustalenia te skonfrontowano z przypadkiem współczesnej Białorusi. Po uzyskaniu niepodległości w 1991 r. podjęto pierwsze kroki na rzecz wzmocnienia samorządu lokalnego, lecz po przejęciu władzy przez Aleksandra Łukaszenkę proces ten został odwrócony. W kolejnych latach dokonano recentralizacji oraz optymalizacji szczątkowej formy samorządu, tak by służyła realizacji celów wyznaczanych przez władze centralne. Artykuł wieńczą wnioski i rekomendacje odnośnie do kierunku ewentualnych reform decentralizacyjnych.
5
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NGOs – czyli organizacje społeczne

54%
Stępień J.
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
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2017
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vol. 79
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issue 1
39-48
EN
of subsidiarity. The hierarchical vision of a State (they on top we at the bottom) must be replaced with a totally different idea of the essence of the State. This vision may be better illustrated by a horizontal arrangement of concentric circles with a citizen in the epicentre. Such a point of reference puts the territorial government, and the gmina (commune) authorities in particular, as well as non-governmental organisations in a different position. The latter are becoming an inseparable element of a civil state as they always operate in direct proximity to the citizens who form them. NGOs are citizen-based organisations very well known to us, which reappeared in Poland in the mid-1980s of the twentieth century, after their enforced absence during the time of real socialism. The break in civilisation that Poland experienced as a result of the Second World War is responsible for the fact that in broad social circles, organisations such as foundations continue to raise suspicions, which is used by these politicians who feel more comfortable with the vision of a centralised State of the previous epoch.
PL
Współczesne państwo typu zachodniego funkcjonuje z zastosowaniem zasady pomocniczości (subsydiarności). Hierarchiczna wizja państwa (oni na górze – my na dole) musi być zastąpiona całkowicie innym wyobrażeniem istoty państwa. Lepiej oddaje to horyzontalny układ koncentrycznych kół z obywatelem w epicentrum. Taki punkt odniesienia stawia w innej pozycji zarówno samorząd terytorialny, a szczególnie gminę, jak i organizacje pozarządowe (NGOs), które stają się niezastępowalnym elementem obywatelskiej organizacji państwa – funkcjonują bowiem w bezpośredniej bliskości tworzących je ludzi. NGOs to po prostu dobrze nam znane organizacje społeczne, do grona których wróciły w połowie lat 80. fundacje, dla których nie było miejsca w systemie tzw. realnego socjalizmu. Cywilizacyjna przerwa, której Polska doświadczyła w wyniku II wojny światowej, powoduje, że w szerokich kręgach społecznych fundacje budzą nadal podejrzenia. Wykorzystują to ci politycy, którym bliższa jest centralizacyjna wizja państwa poprzedniej epoki.
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